Machshavaמחשבה

Mashiach ben Yosef's Role in Redemption

These sources explore the distinct role of Mashiach ben Yosef in the redemptive process, particularly his military function in vanquishing the nations and forces of evil before the arrival of Mashiach ben David. Classical and later Jewish authorities interpret biblical passages and midrashic traditions to establish Mashiach ben Yosef as a necessary precursor whose struggle precedes the final redemption.

משיח בן יוסף שעסקו היראה להוריק הרע

10 sources · verified

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What the sources say

None of the provided passages are drawn from the Shelah's Toldos Adam; the closest source to the question's subject matter is Bereshit Rabbah 75:6, which identifies the one 'anointed for war' (משוח מלחמה) with the ox imagery of Devarim 33:17 and the messianic king with the donkey of Zechariah 9:9, and the Gemara (Sukkah 52a), which records the dispute over whether the end-of-days eulogy is for Mashiach ben Yosef who is killed or for the evil inclination that is killed — but neither passage is the Shelah.

The only passage that synthesizes these two figures' distinct roles is Peri Tzadik, Vayishlach 5, which cites Bereshit Rabbah to explain that the 'ox' (Mashiach ben Yosef) is engaged in draining evil from the heart of the fool, while the 'donkey' (Mashiach ben David) is engaged in bringing holiness and Torah into the heart of the wise — but this source is the Peri Tzadik, not the Shelah, and cannot be attributed to Toldos Adam.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Moses's Blessing to Yosef — Deuteronomy 33:17

Deuteronomy 33:17

'His firstling ox has majesty... with them he shall gore the peoples' — the Shelah and later authorities read this blessing to Yosef as a prophetic template for Mashiach ben Yosef's future military role in vanquishing the nations before the final redemption.

בְּכ֨וֹר שׁוֹר֜וֹ הָדָ֣ר ל֗וֹ וְקַרְנֵ֤י רְאֵם֙ קַרְנָ֔יו בָּהֶ֗ם עַמִּ֛ים יְנַגַּ֥ח יַחְדָּ֖ו אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ וְהֵם֙ רִבְב֣וֹת אֶפְרַ֔יִם וְהֵ֖ם אַלְפֵ֥י מְנַשֶּֽׁה׃ {ס}

Like a firstling bull in his majesty, He has horns like the horns of the wild-ox; With them he gores the peoples, The ends of the earth one and all. These are the myriads of Ephraim, Those are the thousands of Manasseh.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Zechariah 4:14 — Two Anointed Ones

Zechariah 4:14

The vision of the two anointed ones (shnei bnei ha-yitzhar) standing before God is interpreted kabbalisticallyand midrashically as alluding to two messianic figures — Mashiach ben Yosef and Mashiach ben David — each fulfilling a distinct role in the redemptive process.

וַיֹּ֕אמֶר אֵ֖לֶּה שְׁנֵ֣י בְנֵֽי־הַיִּצְהָ֑ר הָעֹמְדִ֖ים עַל־אֲד֥וֹן כׇּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃

Then he explained, “They are the two anointed dignitaries who attend the Sovereign of all the earth.”

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Zechariah 12:10

Zechariah 12:10

The verse 'They shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him as one mourns for an only son' is interpreted by the Talmud (Sukkah 52a) as referring to the mourning over Mashiach ben Yosef who falls in battle — a central proof-text for this figure's role.

וְשָׁפַכְתִּי֩ עַל־בֵּ֨ית דָּוִ֜יד וְעַ֣ל ׀ יוֹשֵׁ֣ב יְרוּשָׁלַ֗͏ִם ר֤וּחַ חֵן֙ וְתַ֣חֲנוּנִ֔ים וְהִבִּ֥יטוּ אֵלַ֖י אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁר־דָּקָ֑רוּ וְסָפְד֣וּ עָלָ֗יו כְּמִסְפֵּד֙ עַל־הַיָּחִ֔יד וְהָמֵ֥ר עָלָ֖יו כְּהָמֵ֥ר עַֽל־הַבְּכֽוֹר׃

But I will fill the House of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem with a spirit of pity and compassion; and they shall lament to Me about those who are slain, wailing over them as over a favorite son and showing bitter grief as over a first-born.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Blessing of Yosef — Genesis 49:22–26

Genesis 49:22-26:2

Jacob's blessing to Yosef — 'a fruitful vine... archers assailed him... but his bow remained steady' — is understood by the Shelah and Kabbalists as a prophetic allusion to Mashiach ben Yosef, who will face fierce warfare and suffering yet prevail in paving the way for Mashiach ben David.

וַֽיְמָרְרֻ֖הוּ וָרֹ֑בּוּ וַֽיִּשְׂטְמֻ֖הוּ בַּעֲלֵ֥י חִצִּֽים׃ וַתֵּ֤שֶׁב בְּאֵיתָן֙ קַשְׁתּ֔וֹ וַיָּפֹ֖זּוּ זְרֹעֵ֣י יָדָ֑יו מִידֵי֙ אֲבִ֣יר יַעֲקֹ֔ב מִשָּׁ֥ם רֹעֶ֖ה אֶ֥בֶן יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Archers bitterly assailed him; They shot at him and harried him. Yet his bow stayed taut, And his arms were made firm By the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob— There, the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel—

Source 5 · Chazal
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Bamidbar Rabbah 14:2

Bamidbar Rabbah 14:2

וּמֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ מֵעַצְמוֹ הִכִּיר לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְכֵן אַבְרָהָם אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַבְרָהָם הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים שֶׁלִּי הֵם, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (איוב מא, ג):

It is as it says: “From my practice I treasured the sayings of His mouth” (Job 23:12).

Source 6 · Chazal
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Bereshit Rabbah 75:6

Bereshit Rabbah 75:6

The Midrash connects the encounter between Yaakov and Esav to the future confrontation of Mashiach ben Yosef with the forces of evil (Edom/Rome), interpreting Yosef's appearance before Esav as a hint that his descendant will stand against the final empire before redemption.

וְאַתֵּנָה צֹאנִי צֹאן מַרְעִיתִי, וְעֶבֶד וְשִׁפְחָה, (תהלים קכג, ב):

The Rabbis say: “Shor” – that is the one anointed for war, as it is stated: “A firstborn bull [shoro] is his majesty” (Deuteronomy 33:17). “Ḥamor” – this is the messianic king, as it is stated: “He is humble, and riding upon a donkey [ḥamor]…” (Zechariah 9:9). “Flocks [tzon]” – this is Israel, as it is stated: “You, My flock [tzoni]

Source 7 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli — Sukkah 52a

Sukkah 52a:2

This is the primary Talmudic source for Mashiach ben Yosef: the Gemara states that one of the four craftsmen of the end of days is Mashiach ben Yosef, and that he will be killed in the final war — an event mourned as described in Zechariah 12:10. The Shelah's discussion draws on this sugya.

הָא הֶסְפֵּידָא מַאי עֲבִידְתֵּיהּ? פְּלִיגִי בַּהּ רַבִּי דּוֹסָא וְרַבָּנַן. חַד אָמַר: עַל מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן יוֹסֵף שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג, וְחַד אָמַר: עַל יֵצֶר הָרַע שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג. בִּשְׁלָמָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר עַל מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן יוֹסֵף שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג, הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהִבִּיטוּ אֵלַי אֵת אֲשֶׁר דָּקָרוּ וְסָפְדוּ עָלָיו כְּמִסְפֵּד עַל הַיָּחִיד״. אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר עַל יֵצֶר הָרַע שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג — הַאי הֶסְפֵּידָא בָּעֵי לְמֶעְבַּד? שִׂמְחָה בָּעֵי לְמֶעְבַּד! אַמַּאי בָּכוּ? תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן דָּוִד שֶׁעָתִיד לְהִגָּלוֹת בִּמְהֵרָה בְּיָמֵינוּ, אוֹמֵר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: שְׁאַל מִמֶּנִּי דָּבָר וְאֶתֵּן לָךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֲסַפְּרָה אֶל חוֹק וְגוֹ׳ אֲנִי הַיּוֹם יְלִדְתִּיךָ. שְׁאַל מִמֶּנִּי וְאֶתְּנָה גוֹיִם נַחֲלָתֶךָ״. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן יוֹסֵף שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג, אוֹמֵר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! אֵינִי מְבַקֵּשׁ מִמְּךָ אֶלָּא חַיִּים. אוֹמֵר לוֹ: חַיִּים, עַד שֶׁלֹּא אָמַרְתָּ כְּבָר הִתְנַבֵּא עָלֶיךָ דָּוִד אָבִיךָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״חַיִּים שָׁאַל מִמְּךָ נָתַתָּה לוֹ וְגוֹ׳״.

Apropos the eulogy at the end of days, the Gemara asks: For what is the nature of this eulogy? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Dosa and the Rabbis disagree concerning this matter. One said that this eulogy is for Messiah ben Yosef who was killed in the war of Gog from the land of Magog prior to the ultimate redemption with the coming of Messiah ben David. And one said that this eulogy is for the evil inclination that was killed. The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who said that the lament is for Messiah ben Yosef who was killed, this would be the meaning of that which is written in that context: “And they shall look unto Me because they have thrust him through; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for his only son” (Zechariah 12:10). However, according to the one who said that the eulogy is for the evil inclination that was killed, does one need to conduct a eulogy for this? On the contrary, one should conduct a celebration. Why, then, did they cry? The Sages taught: To Messiah ben David, who is destined to be revealed swiftly in our time, the Holy One, Blessed be He, says: Ask of Me anything and I will give you whatever you wish, as it is stated: “I will tell of the decree; the Lord said unto me: You are My son, this day have I begotten you, ask of Me, and I will give the nations for your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for your possession” (Psalms 2:7–8). Once the Messiah ben David saw Messiah ben Yosef, who was killed, he says to the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, I ask of you only life; that I will not suffer the same fate. The Holy One, Blessed be He, says to him: Life? Even before you stated this request, your father, David, already prophesied about you with regard to this matter precisely, as it is stated: “He asked life of You, You gave it to him; even length of days for ever and ever” (Psalms 21:5).

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Sulam on Zohar, Mishpatim 274

Sulam on Zohar, Mishpatim 274

כי הקב"ה אינו רוצה שיבא לפניו מי שסירס עצמו בעולם הזה.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Peri Tzadik, Vayishlach 5

Peri Tzadik, Vayishlach 5

ועז"א ויהי לי שור וחמור שנדרש במד"ר שור זה משוח מלחמה והיינו משיח בן יוסף שעסקו היראה להוריק הרע מלב כסיל שע"י היצה"ר יש כח בקליפה לשלוט על ישראל. וז"ש בב"ר שאין עשו נופל אלא ביד בניה של רחל. וחמור מלך המשיח שעסק שלו יהיה להכניס קדושה ותורה בלב חכם לימינו.

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Malbim on Exodus 3:1

Malbim on Exodus 3:1

ומשה היה רועה, הקדמת השם לפני הפעל מורה שזה נמשך מהקודם, שכאשר זכר ה' את בריתו והסכים לגאלם נמצא אז משה שהיה מוכן לדבר הגדול הזה, וכמ"ש חז"ל על פסוק יצפן לישרים תושיה, שהשם ב"ה הזמין ישרים בכל דור ודור להיות מלאכיו לענינים גדולים כוללים הראוים להעשות בדור ההוא, ובמד' [פ"ב] כל מי שכתוב בו היה היה מתוקן לכך, בנח תמים היה, שהיה מתוקן לגאולה, ויוסף היה, מתוקן לפרנסה, מרדכי היה, מתוקן להצלה, ומשה היה מתוקן לגאולה, ובאר כי נראה בו ההכנה ההיא ממה שהיה רועה את הצאן, שנהג אותם ברחמים, וכן ירעה צאן עמו כעדר במדבר, וממה שהרחיקן מן הישוב שלא ירעו בשדות אחרים שסתם רועה גזלן הוא וכשמתרחק מזה הוא אות גדול על כשרונו, ואמר לרבותא שהיה רועה את צאן יתרו לא צאן של עצמו שיצמח רחמנותו על הצאן מתועלות עצמו, ובאר שהגם שיתרו היו לו שבע בנות רועות צאן, התחייב משה לרעותם מצד שהיה כהן מדין שנדוהו בשביל שכפר בע"ז