Israelארץ ישראל

The Ramban on Jerusalem's Eternal Holiness

Sources explore the Ramban's teachings on Jerusalem's enduring sanctity despite the Temple's destruction, grounding his perspective in Talmudic passages on prayer and the land, biblical designations of the Holy City, and the Jewish people's metaphysical bond with it. The sources collectively illustrate how the Ramban synthesized rabbinic tradition to argue for Jerusalem's irreplaceable place in Jewish spiritual and national life.

אִֽם־אֶשְׁכָּחֵ֥ךְ יְֽרוּשָׁלִָ֗ם תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח יְמִינִֽי

11 sources · 10 verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Lamentations — How Doth the City Sit Solitary

איכה א׳:א׳

Lamentations 1:1

The book opens with the image of Jerusalem sitting in ruins, once great and now desolate. The Ramban, in his personal letter from the Land, echoes the language of Lamentations to describe what he witnessed, making this the core biblical text behind his elegy for Jerusalem.

אֵיכָ֣ה ׀ יָשְׁבָ֣ה בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙ רַבָּ֣תִי עָ֔ם הָיְתָ֖ה כְּאַלְמָנָ֑ה רַבָּ֣תִי בַגּוֹיִ֗ם שָׂרָ֙תִי֙ בַּמְּדִינ֔וֹת הָיְתָ֖ה לָמַֽס׃

She that was great among nations Is become like a widow; The princess among states Is become a thrall.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy — The Place God Will Choose

דברים י״ב:י״א

Deuteronomy 12:11

The Torah's repeated command to bring offerings 'to the place which God will choose to rest His name there' is understood by Ramban as the definitive biblical designation of Jerusalem, around which all of the Temple's sanctity and the city's unique holiness are anchored.

וְהָיָ֣ה הַמָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁר־יִבְחַר֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֥ם בּוֹ֙ לְשַׁכֵּ֤ן שְׁמוֹ֙ שָׁ֔ם שָׁ֣מָּה תָבִ֔יאוּ אֵ֛ת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י מְצַוֶּ֣ה אֶתְכֶ֑ם עוֹלֹתֵיכֶ֣ם וְזִבְחֵיכֶ֗ם מַעְשְׂרֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ וּתְרֻמַ֣ת יֶדְכֶ֔ם וְכֹל֙ מִבְחַ֣ר נִדְרֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּדְּר֖וּ לַיהֹוָֽה׃

then you must bring everything that I command you to the site where the ETERNAL your God will choose to establish the divine name: your burnt offerings and other sacrifices, your tithes and contributions, and all the choice votive offerings that you vow to GOD.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms — If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem

תהילים קל״ז:ה׳-ו׳

Psalms 137:5-6

The psalmist vows never to forget Jerusalem even in exile, placing it above his highest joy. This verse is the foundational biblical expression of the eternal bond between the Jewish people and Jerusalem, and is cited by the Ramban in his discussions of the land's centrality.

אִֽם־אֶשְׁכָּחֵ֥ךְ יְֽרוּשָׁלָ֗͏ִם תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח יְמִינִֽי׃ תִּדְבַּֽק־לְשׁוֹנִ֨י ׀ לְחִכִּי֮ אִם־לֹ֢א אֶ֫זְכְּרֵ֥כִי אִם־לֹ֣א אַ֭עֲלֶה אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלַ֑͏ִם עַ֝֗ל רֹ֣אשׁ שִׂמְחָתִֽי׃

If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand wither; let my tongue stick to my palate if I cease to think of you, if I do not keep Jerusalem in memory even at my happiest hour.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Berakhot — The Gates of Prayer and Jerusalem

ברכות ל״ב ב

Berakhot 32b

The Talmud teaches that although the Temple was destroyed, the gates of prayer were not sealed and the Divine Presence never departed from the Western Wall. This Talmudic teaching underlies the Ramban's insistence on Jerusalem's enduring sanctity even in ruins.

מִיּוֹם שֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִפְסְקָה חוֹמַת בַּרְזֶל בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לַאֲבִיהֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאַתָּה קַח לְךָ מַחֲבַת בַּרְזֶל וְנָתַתָּ אוֹתָהּ קִיר בַּרְזֶל בֵּינְךָ וּבֵין הָעִיר״. אָמַר רַבִּי חָנִין אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא:

On the subject of prayer, Rabbi Elazar also said: Since the day the Temple was destroyed the gates of prayer were locked and prayer is not accepted as it once was, as it is said in lamentation of the Temple’s destruction: “Though I plead and call out, He shuts out my prayer” (Lamentations 3:8). Yet, despite the fact that the gates of prayer were locked with the destruction of the Temple, the gates of tears were not locked, and one who cries before God may rest assured that his prayers will be answered, as it is stated: “Hear my prayer, Lord, and give ear to my pleading, keep not silence at my tears” (Psalms 39:13).

See also

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Sanhedrin — The Three Royal Commands

סנהדרין כ׳ ב

Sanhedrin 20b

The Talmud derives from Deuteronomy three sequential commandments upon entering the land: appoint a king, destroy Amalek, and build the Temple in Jerusalem. This sugya is the Talmudic basis for Ramban's view that Jerusalem and the Temple represent the culmination of Israel's national mission.

וְכֵן הָיָה רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: שָׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְנִיסָתָן לָאָרֶץ – לְהַעֲמִיד לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ, וּלְהַכְרִית זַרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק, וְלִבְנוֹת לָהֶם בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה. תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: שָׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְנִיסָתָן לָאָרֶץ – לְהַעֲמִיד לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ, וּלְהַכְרִית זַרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק, וְלִבְנוֹת לָהֶם בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה. וְאֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ אֵיזֶה מֵהֶן תְּחִילָּה. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״כִּי יָד עַל כֵּס יָהּ מִלְחָמָה לַה׳ בַּעֲמָלֵק״, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: לְהַעֲמִיד לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ תְּחִילָּה. וְאֵין ״כִּסֵּא״ אֶלָּא מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֵּשֶׁב שְׁלֹמֹה עַל כִּסֵּא ה׳ לְמֶלֶךְ״. וַעֲדַיִין אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם לִבְנוֹת לָהֶם בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה תְּחִלָּה, אוֹ לְהַכְרִית זַרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק תְּחִלָּה. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וְהֵנִיחַ לָכֶם מִכׇּל אוֹיְבֵיכֶם וְגוֹ׳ וְהָיָה הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר ה׳ וְגוֹ׳״, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: לְהַכְרִית זַרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק תְּחִלָּה.

The baraita continues: And so would Rabbi Yehuda say: Three mitzvot were commanded to the Jewish people upon their entrance into Eretz Yisrael, which apply only in Eretz Yisrael: They were commanded to establish a king for themselves (see Deuteronomy 17:14–15), and to cut off the seed of Amalek in war (see Deuteronomy 25:17–19), and to build the Chosen House, i.e., the Temple, in Jerusalem (see Deuteronomy 12:10–12). It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yosei says: Three mitzvot were commanded to the Jewish people upon their entrance into Eretz Yisrael: To establish a king for themselves, and to cut off the seed of Amalek in war, and to build for themselves the Chosen House in Jerusalem. But I do not know which one they are obligated to do first. When the verse states: “The hand upon the throne [kes] of the Lord: The Lord will have war with Amalek from generation to generation” (Exodus 17:16), you must say that this means they are obligated to establish a king for themselves first, before waging war with Amalek, and the verse is interpreted as follows: “Throne of the Lord” is nothing other than a symbolic name for a king, as it is stated: “Then Solomon sat on the throne [kisei] of the Lord as king” (I Chronicles 29:23), indicating that a king sits on “the throne of the Lord.” The baraita continues: And still I do not know whether building them the Chosen House is first, or cutting off the seed of Amalek is first, i.e., after the appointing of the king. When the verse states: “And He will give you rest from all your enemies round about, so that you dwell in safety; then it shall come to pass that the place that the Lord your God shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, there shall you bring all that I command you” (Deuteronomy 12:10–11), you must say that the Jewish people were to cut off the seed of Amalek first.

See also

  • I Kings 21unverifiedFiled under: Dina DeMalchuta Dina - The Authority of the Law of the Land
  • Bava Batra 55aunverifiedFiled under: Dina DeMalchuta Dina - The Authority of the Law of the Land
  • Bava Kamma 113unverifiedFiled under: Dina DeMalchuta Dina - The Authority of the Law of the Land
Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Ketubot — Living in the Land of Israel

כתובות ק״י ב-קי״א א

Ketubot 110b-111a

A major Talmudic discussion on the obligation to dwell in Eretz Yisrael, including the famous statement that living in Israel equals all the commandments combined. The Ramban draws on this sugya extensively to argue for the mitzvah of yishuv ha'aretz and, by extension, dwelling in Jerusalem.

נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה בְּקַפּוֹטְקְיָא וְגֵרְשָׁהּ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל — נוֹתֵן לָהּ מִמְּעוֹת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: נוֹתֵן לָהּ מִמְּעוֹת קַפּוֹטְקְיָא. נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה בְּקַפּוֹטְקְיָא וְגֵרְשָׁהּ בְּקַפּוֹטְקְיָא — נוֹתֵן לָהּ מִמְּעוֹת קַפּוֹטְקְיָא.

MISHNA: All may force their family to ascend to Eretz Yisrael, i.e., one may compel his family and household to immigrate to Eretz Yisrael, but all may not remove others from Eretz Yisrael, as one may not coerce one’s family to leave. Likewise, all may force their family to ascend to Jerusalem, and all may not, i.e., no one may, remove them from Jerusalem. Both men and women may force the other spouse to immigrate to Eretz Yisrael or to move to Jerusalem.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Ramban on Torah, Numbers 33:53

Ramban on Numbers — Mitzvah to Settle Eretz Yisrael

רמב"ן על במדבר ל״ג:נ״ג

Ramban on Numbers 33:53

Ramban counts the conquest and settlement of Eretz Yisrael as a biblical positive commandment in every generation. His commentary here is the classical source for the mitzvah of yishuv ha'aretz, and implies that dwelling in Jerusalem is the fulfillment of this obligation par excellence.

וְאִלּוּ יַעֲלֶה עַל דַּעְתָּם לָלֶכֶת וְלִכְבּוֹשׁ אֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר אוֹ אֶרֶץ אַשּׁוּר וְזוּלָתָן וּלְהִתְיַשֵּׁב שָׁם, יַעַבְרוּ עַל מִצְוַת ה'. וּמַה שֶׁהִפְלִיגוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (כתובות קי) בְּמִצְוַת הַיְּשִׁיבָה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְשֶׁאָסוּר לָצֵאת מִמֶּנָּה, וְיָדוּנוּ כְּמוֹרֶדֶת הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁאֵינָהּ רוֹצָה לַעֲלוֹת עִם בַּעְלָהּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכֵן הָאִישׁ - בְּכָאן נִצְטַוִּינוּ בַּמִּצְוָה הַזּוֹ, כִּי הַכָּתוּב הַזֶּה הִיא מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וְיַחְזִיר הַמִּצְוָה הַזּוֹ בִּמְקוֹמוֹת רַבִּים: ״בֹּאוּ וּרְשׁוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ״ (דברים א ח).

In my opinion this is a positive commandment, in which He is commanding them to dwell in the Land and inherit it, because He has given it to them and they should not reject the inheritance of the Eternal. Thus if the thought occurs to them to go and conquer the land of Shinar or the land of Assyria or any other country and to settle therein, they are [thereby] transgressing the commandment of G-d. And that which our Rabbis have emphasized, the significance of the commandment of settling in the Land of Israel, and that it is forbidden to leave it [except for certain specified reasons] and [the fact] that they consider a woman who does not want to emigrate with her husband to live in the Land of Israel as a “rebellious [wife],” and likewise the man — the source of all these statements is here [in this verse] where we have been given this commandment, for this verse constitutes a positive commandment.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Ramban on Torah, Deuteronomy 12:5

Ramban on Deuteronomy — The Chosen Place

רמב"ן על דברים י״ב:ה׳:א׳

Ramban on Deuteronomy 12:5:1

Ramban explains the verse 'the place which God will choose' as referring specifically to Jerusalem, discussing why divine choice fixed uniquely on this site and the special sanctity that radiates from it.

וּבְסִפְרֵי (ראה ח) תִּדְרְשׁוּ, דְּרֹשׁ עַל פִּי הַנָּבִיא. יָכוֹל תַּמְתִּין עַד שֶׁיֹּאמַר לְךָ נָבִיא, ת"ל לְשִׁכְנוֹ תִדְרְשׁוּ וּבָאתָ שָׁמָּה, דְּרֹשׁ וּמְצָא ואח"כ יֹאמַר לְךָ נָבִיא. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּדָוִד וְכוּ'. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת לְשִׁכְנוֹ תִדְרְשׁוּ, לִכְבוֹדוֹ תִּדְרְשׁוּ. וּבָאתָ שָּׁמָּה, לִרְאוֹת אֶת פְּנֵי הָאָדֹן ה' אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

The meaning thereof is that you are to come from distant countries asking, “Where is the road leading to the House of G-d?,” and you should say to one another, ‘Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the Eternal, to the House of the G-d of Jacob,’ similar to the expression, They shall inquire concerning Zion with their faces hit herward. And in the Sifre it is stated: “Ye shall seek — seek [the place where G-d intended that His House be built] through the command of the prophet. I might think that you are to wait until the prophet tells you [when and where to build it]; Scripture therefore states, unto His habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come — seek and find [the place], and afterwards the prophet will tell you [whether your choice is the correct one]. And so you find it in the case of David etc.” And by way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], l’shichno (unto His habitation) shall ye seek means that you are to inquire after His Glory [that abides there]; and thither thou shalt come to appear before the Lord, Eternal G-d, the G-d of Israel.

Source 9 · Rishonim
External

Ramban on Leviticus — The Desolation of Eretz Yisrael

Ramban on Torah, Leviticus 26:16

Ramban famously argues that the Land of Israel 'vomits out' its inhabitants when they sin, and that the land's desolation under foreign rulers is itself a sign of its holiness — it awaits the return of its people and will not yield its fruit to others.

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal — Netzach Yisrael on Jerusalem and Exile

נצח ישראל א׳

Netzach Yisrael 1

The Maharal expounds on the indestructible nature of the Jewish people's connection to Jerusalem, arguing that the city's destruction was a historical necessity but that its restoration is equally certain because of Israel's essential metaphysical bond with it.

ועוד שיש לבאר ענין הגלות תחלה, כי הגלות בעצמו הוא ראיה והוכחה ברורה על הגאולה. וזה כי אין ספק כי הגלות הוא שנוי ויציאה מן הסדר, שהשם יתברך סדר כל אומה במקומה הראוי לה, וסדר את ישראל במקום הראוי להם, שהוא ארץ ישראל. והגלות מן מקומם הוא שנוי ויציאה לגמרי. וכל הדברים כאשר הם יוצאים ממקום הטבעי, והם חוץ למקומם, אין להם עמידה במקום הבלתי טבעי להם, רק הם חוזרים למקומם הטבעי. כי אם היו נשארים במקומם הבלתי טבעי להם, היה הבלתי טבעי נעשה טבעי, ודבר זה אי אפשר שיהיה הבלתי טבעי נעשה טבעי. משל זה, אם אתה מכריח את חלק האש שיהיה עומד בארץ, שמקומו הטבעי שלו הוא למעלה, ואתה מכריח אותו חוץ למקום הטבעי להיות עומד למטה. וכן הארץ, מקומה הטבעי למטה, ואם אתה מכריח את חלק ממנו לעמוד למעלה, אם היה נשאר עומד שלא במקום הטבעי, כבר היה הבלתי טבעי נעשה טבעי: וכן ישראל בעצמם, אם היו עומדים בגלות לעולם, שאין זה מקומם הראוי להם, כי מקומם הראוי להם לפי סדר המציאות להיותם בארץ ישראל ברשות עצמם, ולא ברשות אחר. כמו כל דבר ודבר מן הנמצאים הטבעים יש להם לכל אחד מקום בפני עצמו, כמו שגזרו חז"ל (אבות פ"ד, מ"ג) 'אין לך דבר שאין לו מקום', וכל דבר הוא ברשות עצמו. ואם היו נשארים בגלותם לעולם, היה הדבר הזה - שהוא העמידה חוץ למקומם, שהוא בלתי טבעי - נעשה טבעי. שאין עומד בתמידות רק הדברים הטבעיים, כי הטבע שנתן השם יתברך לכל דבר ודבר מקיים אותו עד שהוא מקוים עומד תמיד. ואם הדבר הבלתי הטבעי קיים תמיד גם כן, אף כי אינו כסדר וכטבע המציאות, היה הטבע ההוא דבר מותר ובטל לגמרי ללא צורך, ודבר זה לא יתכן:

There is another reason to explain the concept of exile first. The exile itself is proof and clear imperative for redemption. This is because there is no doubt that exile is an alteration and departure from the normal order. The Blessed Holy One arranged each nation in the place which is appropriate for it, so he arranged the People of Israel into the place which is appropriate for it, namely the Land of Israel. Exile from their place is a complete alteration and departure [from that order]. Anything which departs from its natural place, which is outside its place, is unable to stay in the place which is not natural for it. Rather they need to return to their natural place. Because if they remain in a place which is unnatural for them, then the unnatural would become natural. And it is impossible for the unnatural to become natural. A metaphor: it is like trying to force fire to stay down, when it's natural state is to rise - or like trying to hold up solid matter, when its natural state is to fall to the earth. If you could achieve that, then you would be making the unnatural natural. Similarly with the People of Israel themselves. If they were to stay in exile for ever, which is not the right place for them to be (since the right place for them, according to the order of existence, is the Land of Israel under their own sovereignty and not under the sovereignty of any other). Just like everything in natural existence, each one has its own place as our sages decreed (Pirkei Avot 4:3) "There is nothing which does not have its place". Each thing under its own sovereignty. If they would remain in exile forever, then this thing (unnaturally standing outside their place) would become natural. Only natural things can stand permanently, because the nature which the Blessed Holy One gave to each thing is what sustains it such that it is established to stand forever. If an unnatural state of affairs were to exist forever, even though it was not according to the order and nature of existence, then the nature of that thing would be loosened and nullified completely for no purpose, and such a thing could not happen.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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recovered from “Netivot Olam, Netivot Olam, Netiv Ahavat Hashem 1

Maharal — Love of God and Jerusalem

נתיבות עולם, נתיב אהבת השם א׳

Netivot Olam, Netiv Ahavat Hashem 1

The Maharal connects love of God with longing for Jerusalem and the Temple, explaining that just as the love between the Jewish people and God is eternal and not contingent on circumstances, so too the bond with Jerusalem transcends exile and destruction.

וכאשר היה הש"י מחריב ירושלים ודבר זה בודאי הוא רע, מ"מ דבר זה מצד המקבלים הם בני אדם ואינו רע מצד הש"י כי הוא עושה דין ומשפט לבער הרע והחטאים מן העולם, ופעל זה מצד שהוא יתב' הטוב שונא הרע.

So [through this] he deposits his soul in God's hands, may He be blessed.

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