Tanakhתנ״ך

Divine Providence and the Canaanite Nations

These sources explore why God allowed other nations to inhabit Canaan before the Israelites, examining both practical and moral reasons for the gradual conquest. The sources suggest that the existing populations maintained the land's infrastructure, prevented desolation, and represented divine justice—their removal only occurring once their sins warranted it and Israel was ready to inherit.

לא שלם עון האמורי עד הנה

29 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The most fundamental answer is that the Canaanites had to fill their measure of sin before they could justly be dispossessed: Genesis 15:16 states explicitly that the return to the land had to await the moment when 'the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete,' and the Ramban on that verse explains that God extended the Amorites a full four generations to repent, and only when that window closed — with no repentance — did the dispossession become warranted. (Genesis) (Nachmanides on Genesis) (Rabbeinu Bahya, Bereshit)

Deuteronomy makes the same point from Israel's side: the nations were expelled not because of Israel's own righteousness but 'because of the wickedness of those nations,' and to fulfill the oath to the Patriarchs — meaning the prior inhabitants had a divinely assigned role as the party whose crimes warranted displacement. (Devarim – Not Your Righteousness But Their Wickedness)

The Ramban on Genesis 10:15 offers a striking structural account: at the dispersion of nations God gave the land to Canaan precisely because, as a servant, Canaan would 'keep it for Israel' until Israel was ready to claim it — likening Canaan's tenure to a steward holding a master's son's estate until the son comes of age. (Ramban on Genesis 10:15)

Leviticus 18 adds that the land itself is an active moral agent: it 'spewed out its inhabitants' on account of their abominations, and Israel is warned that the same fate awaits them if they defile it — framing the Canaanite presence as a necessary prologue whose end was the land's own moral rejection of those inhabitants. (Vayikra – The Land Vomits Out Its Inhabitants)

Finally, Rashi on Genesis 1:1, drawing on Bereshit Rabbah, explains that the Torah opens with Creation precisely so Israel can answer any charge of conquest: since God created the entire world, He gives land to whomever He chooses, took it from the Canaanites, and gave it to Israel — making the prior Canaanite settlement itself part of the theological proof of Israel's legitimate title. (Rashi – Why the Torah Begins with Creation) (Bereishit Rabbah – The World Created for Israel)

Source 1 · Tanach
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Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 7:22

Hashem explains that He will drive out the nations before Bnei Yisrael 'little by little,' so that the land will not become desolate and the wild animals numerous. This suggests a gradual conquest was necessary for practical reasons related to the preservation of the land.

וְנָשַׁל֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֱלֹהֶ֜יךָ אֶת־הַגּוֹיִ֥ם הָאֵ֛ל מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ מְעַ֣ט מְעָ֑ט לֹ֤א תוּכַל֙ כַּלֹּתָ֣ם מַהֵ֔ר פֶּן־תִּרְבֶּ֥ה עָלֶ֖יךָ חַיַּ֥ת הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃

The ETERNAL your God will dislodge those peoples before you little by little; you will not be able to put an end to them at once, else the wild beasts would multiply to your hurt.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Genesis

Genesis 15:13-16:4

In the covenant between the parts, Hashem informs Avraham that his descendants will be strangers in a land not theirs for 400 years. This period is necessary till the iniquity of the Amorites is full, indicating the land must be vacated by its current inhabitants due to moral sin before it is given to Avraham's descendants.

וְד֥וֹר רְבִיעִ֖י יָשׁ֣וּבוּ הֵ֑נָּה כִּ֧י לֹא־שָׁלֵ֛ם עֲוֺ֥ן הָאֱמֹרִ֖י עַד־הֵֽנָּה׃

And they shall return here in the fourth generation, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete.”

Source 3 · Tanach
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Vayikra – The Land Vomits Out Its Inhabitants

Leviticus 18:24-28:2

The Torah describes the land of Canaan as having been defiled by its prior inhabitants and warns that it will 'vomit out' those who defile it — including Israel. This frames the Canaanite presence as a moral test and establishes that the land itself has a unique sanctity that makes it intolerant of impurity.

וַתִּטְמָ֣א הָאָ֔רֶץ וָאֶפְקֹ֥ד עֲוֺנָ֖הּ עָלֶ֑יהָ וַתָּקִ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ אֶת־יֹשְׁבֶֽיהָ׃ כִּ֚י אֶת־כׇּל־הַתּוֹעֵבֹ֣ת הָאֵ֔ל עָשׂ֥וּ אַנְשֵֽׁי־הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לִפְנֵיכֶ֑ם וַתִּטְמָ֖א הָאָֽרֶץ׃ וְלֹֽא־תָקִ֤יא הָאָ֙רֶץ֙ אֶתְכֶ֔ם בְּטַֽמַּאֲכֶ֖ם אֹתָ֑הּ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר קָאָ֛ה אֶת־הַגּ֖וֹי אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִפְנֵיכֶֽם׃

Thus the land became defiled; and I called it to account for its iniquity, and the land spewed out its inhabitants. for all those abhorrent things were done by the people who were in the land before you, and the land became defiled. So let not the land spew you out for defiling it, as it spewed out the nation that came before you.

Source 4 · Tanach
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Devarim – Not Your Righteousness But Their Wickedness

Deuteronomy 9:4-5:1

Moshe explicitly tells Israel that they are not inheriting the land because of their own righteousness, but because of the wickedness of those nations — grounding the displacement of the Canaanites in divine moral justice and not merely in Israel's merit.

אַל־תֹּאמַ֣ר בִּלְבָבְךָ֗ בַּהֲדֹ֣ף יְהֹוָה֩ אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ אֹתָ֥ם ׀ מִלְּפָנֶ֘יךָ֮ לֵאמֹר֒ בְּצִדְקָתִי֙ הֱבִיאַ֣נִי יְהֹוָ֔ה לָרֶ֖שֶׁת אֶת־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֑את וּבְרִשְׁעַת֙ הַגּוֹיִ֣ם הָאֵ֔לֶּה יְהֹוָ֖ה מוֹרִישָׁ֥ם מִפָּנֶֽיךָ׃ לֹ֣א בְצִדְקָתְךָ֗ וּבְיֹ֙שֶׁר֙ לְבָ֣בְךָ֔ אַתָּ֥ה בָ֖א לָרֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־אַרְצָ֑ם כִּ֞י בְּרִשְׁעַ֣ת ׀ הַגּוֹיִ֣ם הָאֵ֗לֶּה יְהֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ מוֹרִישָׁ֣ם מִפָּנֶ֔יךָ וּלְמַ֜עַן הָקִ֣ים אֶת־הַדָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֤ע יְהֹוָה֙ לַאֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ לְאַבְרָהָ֥ם לְיִצְחָ֖ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹֽב׃

And when the ETERNAL your God has thrust them from your path, say not to yourselves, “GOD has enabled us to possess this land because of our virtues”; it is rather because of the wickedness of those nations that GOD is dispossessing them before you. It is not because of your virtues and your rectitude that you will be able to possess their country; but it is because of their wickedness that the ETERNAL your God is dispossessing those nations before you, and in order to fulfill the oath that GOD made to your fathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud Yerushalmi Sheviit

Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 6:1

The Yerushalmi suggests the presence of other nations allowed for the development of the land's resources so it would be ready for Israel's inheritance with functioning agriculture and infrastructure.

אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי כְּתִיב וַיִּבְרַח יִפְתַּח מִפְּנֵי אֶחָיו וַיֵּשֶׁב בְּאֶרֶץ טוֹב זוֹ סוּסִּיתָא. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ טוֹב שֶׁיִּפְטוֹר מִן הַמַּעְשְׂרוֹת. רִבִּי אִימִּי בָּעֵי וְלֹא מִמַּעֲלֵי מִיסִּין הֵן. סָבַר רִבִּי אִימִּי כְּמִי שֶׁנִּתְכַּבְּשׁוּ. דְּאָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן שָׁלֹשׁ פרסטיגיות שִׁילַּח יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוֹ לָאָרֶץ מִי שֶׁהוּא רוֹצֶה לְהִפָּנוֹת יְפַנֶּה. לְהַשְׁלִים יַשְׁלִים. לַעֲשׂוֹת מִלְחָמָה יַעֲשֶׂה. גִּרְגָּשִׁי פִּינָּה וְהֶאֱמִין לוֹ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְהָלַךְ לוֹ לְאַפְרִיקֵי. עַד בּוֹאִי וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם אֶל אֶרֶץ כְּאַרְצְכֶם. זוֹ אַפְרִיקֵי. גִּבְעוֹנִים הִשְׁלִימוּ וכִי הִשְׁלִימוּ יוֹשְׁבֵי גִּבְעוֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. שְׁלֹשִׁים וְאֶחָד מֶלֶךְ עָשׂוּ מִלְחָמָה וְנָפְלוּ.

Rebbi Joshua ben Levi said it is written (Jud. 11:3): “Jephtah fled because of his brothers and dwelled in the land Good,” that is Hippos. Why is it called “Good”, because it frees from tithes. [ Rebbi Immi asked: Are these not of the taxpayers? Rebbi Immi is of the opinion that taxpayers count as if they were conquered.] For Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman said, Joshua sent three orders to the Land of Israel before they entered the Land: Those who want to evacuate should evacuate, those who want to make peace should make peace, those who want to go to war should go to war. The Girgasites evacuated, believed in the Holy One, praised be He, and went to Africa. (2K. 18:32, Is. 36:17) “Until I come and take you to a land like your Land,” that is Africa. The people of Gibeon made peace, (Jos. 10:1) “… that the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel.” Thirty-one kings went to war and fell.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 91a:6

The Gemara discusses the deeds of the Canaanites, noting that nations are given time to repent, but their eventual inability or unwillingness to do so seals their fate. This period allowed Israel to develop before taking over.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה בְּנִיסָן אִיתְנְטִילוּ דֵּימוֹסְנָאֵי מִיהוּדָה וּמִירוּשָׁלַיִם. כְּשֶׁבָּאוּ בְּנֵי אַפְרִיקִיָּא לָדוּן עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן, אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן שֶׁלָּנוּ הִיא, דִּכְתִיב ״אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן לִגְבֻלֹתֶיהָ״, וּכְנַעַן אֲבוּהוֹן דְּהָנְהוּ אִינָשֵׁי הֲוָה. אֲמַר לְהוּ גְּבִיהָא בֶּן פְּסִיסָא לַחֲכָמִים: תְּנוּ לִי רְשׁוּת וְאֵלֵךְ וְאָדוּן עִמָּהֶן לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן. אִם יְנַצְּחוּנִי, אִמְרוּ: הֶדְיוֹט שֶׁבָּנוּ נִצַּחְתֶּם, וְאִם אֲנִי אֲנַצֵּחַ אוֹתָם, אִמְרוּ לָהֶם: תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה נִצְּחַתְכֶם. נָתְנוּ לוֹ רְשׁוּת, וְהָלַךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶם. אָמַר לָהֶם: מֵהֵיכָן אַתֶּם מְבִיאִים רְאָיָיה? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִן הַתּוֹרָה. אָמַר לָהֶן: אַף אֲנִי לֹא אָבִיא לָכֶם רְאָיָיה אֶלָּא מִן הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֹּאמֶר אָרוּר כְּנָעַן עֶבֶד עֲבָדִים יִהְיֶה לְאֶחָיו״. עֶבֶד שֶׁקָּנָה נְכָסִים – עֶבֶד לְמִי וּנְכָסִים לְמִי? וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁהֲרֵי כַּמָּה שָׁנִים שֶׁלֹּא עֲבַדְתּוּנוּ!

§ Apropos Geviha ben Pesisa and his cleverness in debate, the Gemara cites additional incidents where he represented the Jewish people in debates. The Sages taught in Megillat Ta’anit: On the twenty-fourth day in Nisan it is a joyous day, since the usurpers [dimusana’ei] were expelled from Judea and Jerusalem. When the people of Afrikiya came to judgment with the Jewish people before the emperor, Alexander of Macedon, they said to him: The land of Canaan is ours, as it is written: “This is the land that shall fall to you as an inheritance, the land of Canaan according to its borders” (Numbers 34:2). And the people of Afrikiya said, referring to themselves: Canaan is the forefather of these people. Geviha ben Pesisa said to the Sages: Give me permission and I will go and deliberate with them before Alexander of Macedon. If they will defeat me, say to them: You have defeated an ordinary person from among us, and until you overcome our Sages, it is no victory. And if I will defeat them, say to them: The Torah of Moses defeated you, and attribute no significance to me. The Sages gave him permission, and he went and deliberated with them. Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: From where are you citing proof that the land of Canaan is yours? They said to him: From the Torah. Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: I too will cite proof to you only from the Torah, as it is stated: “And he said: Cursed will be Canaan; a slave of slaves shall he be to his brethren” (Genesis 9:25). And with regard to a slave who acquired property, the slave belongs to whom and the property belongs to whom? The slave and his property belong to the master. And moreover, it is several years now that you have not served us. Therefore, not only are you not entitled to the land, there are additional debts that must be repaid, as well as a return to enslavement.

Source 7 · Chazal
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Bereishit Rabbah – The World Created for Israel

Bereshit Rabbah 1:2

The Midrash expounds that the world was created for the sake of Israel (who are called 'reishit') and for the Torah. This foundational idea implies that the prior history of Canaan, including its nations, was merely preparatory scaffolding for Israel's ultimate settlement and purpose.

כֹּחַ מַעֲשָׂיו הִגִּיד לְעַמּוֹ לָתֵת לָהֶם נַחֲלַת גּוֹיִם, מַה טַּעַם גִּלָּה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מַה שֶּׁנִּבְרָא בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן, וּמַה שֶּׁנִּבְרָא בַּיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי, מִפְּנֵי עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים וּמַזָּלוֹת, שֶׁלֹא יִהְיוּ מוֹנִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְאוֹמְרִין לָהֶם הֲלֹא אֻמָּה שֶׁל בָּזוֹזִים אַתֶּם, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל מְשִׁיבִין אוֹתָן וְאוֹמְרִין לָהֶם וְאַתֶּם הֲלֹא בְּזוּזָה הִיא בְּיֶדְכֶם, הֲלֹא (דברים ב, כג): כַּפְתֹּרִים הַיֹּצְאִים מִכַּפְתֹּר הִשְׁמִידֻם וַיֵּשְׁבוּ תַחְתָּם, הָעוֹלָם וּמְלוֹאוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּשֶׁרָצָה נְתָנָהּ לָכֶם, וּכְשֶׁרָצָה נְטָלָהּ מִכֶּם וּנְתָנָהּ לָנוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב:

What is the reason that the Holy One blessed be He revealed what was created on the first day and what was created on the second day? It is due to the idolaters, so they could not rebuke Israel and say to them: ‘You are a nation of robbers.’ Israel responds to them and says to them: ‘And you, is it [your own land] not in your hands by robbery? Is it not so that: “Kaftorim, who emerged from Kaftor, destroyed them [the Avites], and settled in their place”? (Deuteronomy 2:23). The world and all its contents belong to the Holy One blessed be He.

Source 8 · Chazal
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Shemot Rabbah 20:15

Shemot Rabbah 20:15

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְלֹא נָחָם אֱלֹהִים, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן וְהָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִתֵּן לוֹ יְרֻשָׁה, וְאוֹמֵר, אִם נוֹתְנָהּ לוֹ אֲנִי עַכְשָׁו, עֲדַיִן קָטָן הוּא וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לְשָׁמְרָהּ, אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁיִּלְמַד בְּנִי כְּתָבִין וְיַעֲמֹד עַל עָמְקָן, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אֲנִי נוֹתְנָהּ לוֹ. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִם אֲנִי מַכְנִיס עַכְשָׁו יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, עֲדַיִן לֹא נִתְעַסְּקוּ בְּמִצְווֹת, וְאֵינָן יוֹדְעִין עִסְקֵי תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת, אֶלָּא אֶתֵּן לָהֶם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אַכְנִיסֵם לָאָרֶץ.

Another matter, “God did not lead them [naḥam].” This is analogous to a king who had a son and he sought to bequeath him an inheritance, and he said: ‘If I give it to him now, he is still young and unable to retain it; rather, [I will wait] until my son learns the laws and appreciates their significance, and then I will give it to him.’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If I take Israel into the Land now, they have not yet engaged in the mitzvot, and they do not know the matters of terumot and tithes, Rather, I will give them the Torah and then I will take them into the Land.’

Source 9 · Chazal
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Bamidbar Rabbah 23:10

Bamidbar Rabbah 23:10

הֲרֵי אַתֶּם נִכְנָסִים לְתוֹכָהּ. כִּי אַתֶּם בָּאִים אֶל הָאָרֶץ כְּנָעַן, מַהוּ כְּנָעַן, אֶרֶץ שֶׁל פְּרַקְמַטְיָא שֶׁבָּהּ סְחוֹרָה, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאַתָּה אוֹמֵר (ישעיה כג, ח): אֲשֶׁר סֹחֲרֶיהָ שָׂרִים כִּנְעָנֶיהָ נִכְבַּדֵּי אָרֶץ.

You are entering into it, “for you are coming to the land of Canaan.” What is Canaan? It is a land of merchandise in which there is trade – just as it says: “Whose merchants are princes, its peddlers [kinaneha] the eminent of the land” (Isaiah 23:8).

Source 10 · Chazal
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Shemot Rabbah 20:14

Shemot Rabbah 20:14

רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר בָּנִים וְהָיָה לוֹ עֶשֶׂר אוּסִיּוֹת, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ אִם אֶתֵּן אוֹתָם לְבָנַי נִמְצָא אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה בֵּינֵיהֶן מְרִיבָה, אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי מַמְתִּין עַד שֶׁאֶקְנֶה עוֹד שְׁתַּיִם וַאֲחַר כָּךְ אֲחַלְּקֵם בֵּינֵיהֶם. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִם אֲנִי מַכְנִיסָן עַכְשָׁיו לָאָרֶץ אֵין בָּהּ חֵלֶק לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׁבָטִים, אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי מְעַכְּבָן בַּמִּדְבָּר עַד שֶׁיִּירְשׁוּ אֶת עֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵן וְיִטְלוּהוּ בְּנֵי רְאוּבֵן וּבְנֵי גָד וַחֲצִי שֵׁבֶט הַמְנַשֶּׁה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אֲנִי מַכְנִיסָן לָאָרֶץ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר:

Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: This is analogous to a king who had twelve sons and ten estates. The king said: ‘If I give them to my sons, I will cause a quarrel between them. Rather, I will wait until I acquire another two, and then I will distribute them between them.’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If I take them into the Land now, there will not be a portion for [each of] the twelve tribes.

Source 11 · Chazal
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Talmud Sanhedrin – The Nations' Claim to Eretz Yisrael

Sanhedrin 91b:9

The Talmud records a dramatic scene before Alexander the Great where Canaanite descendants claim ownership of the land. Geviha ben Pesisa responds using the Torah itself to prove that their ancestor Canaan was cursed and enslaved — implying the Canaanite settlement was legally null and morally forfeit from the start.

עוּלָּא רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת לָנֶצַח וּמָחָה ה׳ דִּמְעָה מֵעַל כׇּל פָּנִים״, וּכְתִיב ״כִּי הַנַּעַר בֶּן מֵאָה שָׁנָה יָמוּת לֹא יִהְיֶה מִשָּׁם עוֹד עוּל יָמִים״. לָא קַשְׁיָא: כָּאן – בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּאן – בְּאוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם. וְאוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מַאי בָּעוּ הָתָם? הָנָךְ דִּכְתִיב בְּהוּ ״וְעָמְדוּ זָרִים וְרָעוּ צֹאנְכֶם וּבְנֵי נֵכָר אִכָּרֵיכֶם וְכֹרְמֵיכֶם״.

Ulla raises a contradiction. It is written: “He will swallow death forever; and the Lord God will wipe tears from all faces” (Isaiah 25:8), indicating that death will no longer exist at the end of days. And it is written: “There shall be no more an infant a few days old then…for the youngest shall die one hundred years old” (Isaiah 65:20). The Gemara answers that this contradiction is not difficult. The verse here, in Isaiah chapter 25, is written with regard to the Jewish people, who will live forever after resurrection; the verse there, in Isaiah chapter 65, is written with regard to gentiles, who will ultimately die after an extremely long life. The Gemara asks: And what do gentiles seek, i.e., why will they merit to live, in that era? The Gemara answers that the verse is referring to those gentiles about whom it is written: “And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and aliens shall be your plowmen and vinedressers” (Isaiah 61:5).

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Rashi on Exodus

Rashi on Exodus 23:30

Rashi comments on Hashem's plan to drive out the inhabitants slowly, reasoning that a swift expulsion would lead to desolation and danger from wild animals. The gradual process ensures Bnei Yisrael would be able to settle comfortably and securely in the land.

עד אשר תפרה. תִּרְבֶּה, לְשׁוֹן פְּרִי, כְּמוֹ פְּרוּ וּרְבוּ (בראשית א'):

עד אשר תפרה UNTIL THOU BE FRUITFUL — i. e. until you become many. תפרה is of the same root and meaning as no fruit, as, (Genesis 1:28) פרו ורבו “be fruitful and multiply”.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Nachmanides on Genesis

Ramban on Genesis 15:16

Nachmanides explains that the Canaanites were allowed to inhabit the land until their sins reached a peak, necessitating their removal. Thus, their presence was provisional and contingent on their behavior, while Israel's right to the land was pre-ordained.

וְדוֹר רְבִיעִי יָשׁוּבוּ הֵנָּה לְאַחַר שֶׁיִּגְלוּ לְמִצְרַיִם יִהְיוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה דּוֹרוֹת, וְכֵן הָיָה יַעֲקֹב גּוֹלֶה, צֵא וַחֲשֹׁב דּוֹרוֹתָיו, יְהוּדָה פֶּרֶץ חֶצְרוֹן, וְכָלֵב בֶּן חֶצְרוֹן מִבָּאֵי הָאָרֶץ הָיָה, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית ט"ו:ט"ז). וְאֵינֶנּוּ נָכוֹן כְּלָל. וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי כִּי "דּוֹר רְבִיעִי", לָאֱמֹרִי הַמַּשְׁלִים עֲוֹנוֹ, כִּי מִיּוֹם הַגְּזֵרָה הֶאֱרִיךְ לוֹ, כִּי הוּא פּוֹקֵד עָוֹן עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים, כִּי אִם יָשׁוּבוּ לֹא יַחֲרִימֵם אֲבָל יִהְיוּ לְמַס עוֹבֵד אוֹ יִפְנוּ לָהֶם: עֲוֹן הָאֱמֹרִי הִזְכִּיר הַתַּקִּיף שֶׁבָּהֶם אֲשֶׁר כְּגֹבַהּ אֲרָזִים גָּבְהוֹ וְלֹא יוּכְלוּ לוֹ עַד שֶׁתִּתְמַלֵּא סְאָתוֹ וַעֲוֹנֹתָיו יִלְכְּדֻנוֹ, וְעוֹד כִּי הוּא הַנִּלְכָּד לָהֶם אֲשֶׁר הוֹרִישׁוּ בַּתְּחִלָּה:

AND IN THE FOURTH GENERATION THEY SHALL COME BACK HITHER. After they are exiled into Egypt, they will be there for three generations. And thus it happened; Jacob was exiled into Egypt. Go and reckon his generations: Judah, Peretz, Chetzron, and Caleb the son of Chetzron was amongst those who entered the Land. Thus the language of Rashi. But this is not correct at all. The correct interpretation appears to be that the fourth generation refers to the Amorite whose sin will then become full, for from the day of the decree He prolonged the time of the Amorite, as He visits iniquity upon the third and fourth generation. Had the Amorites repented of their iniquities He would not have utterly destroyed them. Rather, they would have been a levy of bondservants, or they might have gone elsewhere. THE INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE. He mentioned the strongest among them, Whose height was like the height of the cedars. The Israelites would not be able to overpower him until his measure of sin was full and his own iniquities will ensnare him. Moreover the Amorite was the first one to be captured by them, and it was his land which they inherited first.

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Rabbeinu Bahya, Bereshit

Rabbeinu Bahya, Bereshit 15:16

The passage explains that the fourth generation of Jews would return to the land because the Amorites' iniquity would only be complete at that time, and it interprets "return" rather than "come" as a reference to the patriarchs who had already dwelt there and whose descendants would thus be returning to their ancestral land.

והרמב"ן ז"ל כתב כי דור רביעי לאמורי המשלים עונו, כי מיום הגזרה האריך לו כי הוא פוקד עון על שלשים ועל רבעים, כי אם ישובו לא יחרימם אבל יהיו למס עובד, או יפנו להם ע"כ. ומה שאמר עון האמורי, כאלו אמר הכנעניים, אבל הזכיר האמורי לפי שהוא התקיף שבהם, אשר כגובה ארזים גבהו וחסון הוא כאלונים. עד הנה. עד שתתמלא סאתו, והיה הכתוב ראוי לומר יבאו הנה, אבל אמר ישובו מפני שכבר נתישבו שם יצחק ויעקב ובניו שהם זרעם, שהרי יצחק לא יצא מן הארץ לעולם, יעקב ג"כ כתוב בו (בראשית לז) וישב יעקב בארץ מגורי אביו, ועל כן יאמר עתה ודור רביעי ישובו הנה, כי מאחר שהאבות שהם הכלל היו משם, יכול הכתוב לומר על כלל ישראל היוצאים מהם ישובו הנה. או נוכ לומר עוד כי רומז על מעלת הארץ הקדושה ששם שער השמים, בית המקדש של מעלה מכוון כנגד בהמ"ק של מטה, ומשם הנשמות נכנסות ויוצאות, ועל כן אמר ישובו הנה, כלומר מכאן יצאו וכאן ישובו, ומפני זה הצדיקים והחסידים נכספים להאסף שם כדי שתמצא הנשמה מסלול ודרך לעלות ולשוב לשרשה אל האלהים אשר נתנה.

According to Nachmanides the words “the fourth generation will return here,” refer to the Emorite The cumulative sins of the Emorites who were in the land at the time G-d concluded the covenant with Avram would be sufficient for G-d to dispossess them by that time. We know that G-d allows up to three or four generations of people to continue in the evil footsteps of their ancestors until He intervenes and brings retribution upon them. According to Nachmanides the period of four generations commenced only at that time. The word ישובו would allude to a possible repentance by the Emorite in which event G-d would not dispossess them. When the Torah singled out the “Emorite,” this was only an example of what would be in store for all the Canaanite tribes. Seeing that the Emorite was the strongest tribe amongst the Canaanites, the Torah singled out that tribe for special mention. The prophet Amos 2,9 describes the Emorites as “stout as the oak.” The words עד הנה mean: “until the measure of their sin is full.” Actually, the Torah should have written: יבואו הנה “they will come here.” The reason the Torah chose to write ישובו הנה ‘they will return here,” is to point out that they will be considered as if they had already been settled in the land of Canaan previously seeing that Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov and his children had lived in Canaan before descending to Egypt. Remember that Yitzchak had never left the land of Canaan. Concerning Yaakov the Torah had written וישב יעקב בארץ “Yaakov settled in the land.” This is why now the Torah wrote that the fourth generation would return “here.” They would return to what had already been their land. Another message contained in these words may be an allusion to the sanctity of the land, the land in which there is found the “gateway to heaven” (Genesis 28, 17). This means that the Sanctuary of the terrestrial regions is on the soil of the land of Canaan. This is the point from which the souls ascend to the celestial regions. This is also where they enter the terrestrial regions. It is appropriate therefore to describe the land of Canaan as the place to which the souls return. The righteous and pious people therefore experience an urge to die near that location in order for their souls to immediately find the path to the celestial regions.

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Sforno on Deuteronomy

Sforno on Deuteronomy 7:17

Sforno elucidates that gradual conquest was intended to maintain the land's productivity and prevent desolation. Sudden vacating of vast areas could lead to neglect, whereas steady settlement assured the land's ongoing cultivation.

כְּשֶׁתֹּאמַר אֵיכָה אוּכַל לְהוֹרִישָׁם בִּהְיוֹתָם רַבִּים מִמֶּנִּי, לֹא תֹאמַר זֶה עַל צַד שֶׁתִּירָא מֵהֶם, אֶלָּא עַל צַד שֶׁתַּכִּיר שֶׁזֶּה הָיָה נִמְנָע לוּלֵא ה׳ שֶׁהָיָה לְךָ. וְזֶה כִּי זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְפַרְעֹה וּלְכָל מִצְרָיִם, שֶׁהָיוּ רַבִּים וַחֲזָקִים מִמְּךָ וּנְתָנָם בְּיָדְךָ וְהַאֲבַדְתָּ אֶת שְׁמָם.

כי תאמר...איכה אוכל להורישם, לא תירא מהם, for you will say that they outnumber you. Do not say this in a manner which will inspire fear in you, but reflect on the fact that this would be an argument only if the Lord your G’d had not already demonstrated that with His help you can overcome. זכור תזכור את אשר עשה ה' אלוקיך לפרעה וכל מצרים, they outnumbered you by a far greater margin than the Canaanites and they were stronger than the Canaanites.

Source 16 · Rishonim
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Rashi – Why the Torah Begins with Creation

Rashi on Genesis 1:1

Rashi famously opens his commentary by asking why the Torah begins with Creation rather than the first commandment: so that if the nations accuse Israel of stealing the land of Canaan, Israel can respond that God created the world and grants it to whomever He wishes — implying that prior Canaanite settlement was part of a deliberate divine plan to establish clear legal and moral grounds for Israel's inheritance.

בראשית. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק לֹֹֹֹֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לְהַתְחִיל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא מֵהַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם, שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ בָּהּ יִשׂרָאֵל, וּמַה טַּעַם פָּתַח בִּבְרֵאשִׁית? מִשׁוּם כֹּחַ מַעֲשָׂיו הִגִּיד לְעַמּוֹ לָתֵת לָהֶם נַחֲלַת גּוֹיִם (תהילים קי"א), שֶׁאִם יֹאמְרוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם לְיִשְׁרָאֵל לִסְטִים אַתֶּם, שֶׁכְּבַשְׁתֶּם אַרְצוֹת שִׁבְעָה גוֹיִם, הֵם אוֹמְרִים לָהֶם כָּל הָאָרֶץ שֶׁל הַקָּבָּ"ה הִיא, הוּא בְרָאָהּ וּנְתָנָהּ לַאֲשֶׁר יָשַׁר בְּעֵינָיו, בִּרְצוֹנוֹ נְתָנָהּ לָהֶם, וּבִרְצוֹנוֹ נְטָלָהּ מֵהֶם וּנְתָנָהּ לָנוּ:

בראשית IN THE BEGINNING — Rabbi Isaac said: The Torah which is the Law book of Israel should have commenced with the verse (Exodus 12:2) “This month shall be unto you the first of the months” which is the first commandment given to Israel. What is the reason, then, that it commences with the account of the Creation? Because of the thought expressed in the text (Psalms 111:6) “He declared to His people the strength of His works (i.e. He gave an account of the work of Creation), in order that He might give them the heritage of the nations.” For should the peoples of the world say to Israel, “You are robbers, because you took by force the lands of the seven nations of Canaan”, Israel may reply to them, “All the earth belongs to the Holy One, blessed be He; He created it and gave it to whom He pleased. When He willed He gave it to them, and when He willed He took it from them and gave it to us” (Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 187).

Source 17 · Rishonim
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Ramban – 'And the Canaanite Was Then in the Land'

Ramban on Genesis 12:6

Ramban addresses why the Torah notes the Canaanite presence in the land when Avraham arrived, explaining that God was showing Avraham that he was walking through a land that would one day belong to his descendants — the current inhabitants' presence is part of the prophetic drama unfolding before him.

וַאֲנִי מוֹסִיף כִּי הֶחֱזִיק אַבְרָהָם בַּמָּקוֹם הַהוּא תְּחִלָּה וְקֹדֶם שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ אֶת הָאָרֶץ, נִרְמַז לוֹ מִזֶּה כִּי בָּנָיו יִכְבְּשׁוּ הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא תְּחִלָּה קֹדֶם הֱיוֹתָם זוֹכִים בּוֹ, וְקֹדֶם הֱיוֹת עֲוֹן יוֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ שָׁלֵם לְהַגְלוֹתָם מִשָּׁם. וְלָכֵן אָמַר "וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי אָז בָּאָרֶץ".

Now Rashi wrote, “He entered it unto the place of Shechem in order to pray on behalf of Jacob’s sons when they would come grieved from the field.” This is correct. And I add that Abraham took possession of this place at the very beginning, even before the land was given to him.

Source 18 · Rishonim
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Ramban on Deuteronomy 19:8

Ramban on Deuteronomy 19:8

וְהַטַּעַם בָּזֶה כִּי הָיָה הָרָצוֹן לְפָנָיו יִתְבָּרַךְ שֶׁיַּנְחִיל אוֹתָם בִּימֵי מֹשֶׁה וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ הַשִּׁבְעָה אֲשֶׁר הִבְטִיחָם בְּמִצְרַיִם וּבַמִּדְבָּר, כִּי הָיָה גָּלוּי לְפָנָיו שֶׁתַּגִּיעַ זְכוּתָם לְכָךְ, וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה חִיֵּב אוֹתָם בְּכָל הַמִּצְוֹת בַּיְּרֻשָּׁה שֶׁל אֵלּוּ, וְחִיֵּב אוֹתָם בְּשֵׁשׁ עָרֵי מִקְלָט וְהִבְדִּילָם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ

The reason for this is, that it was the Divine Will before Him, blessed be He, that yet in the days of Moses and Joshua, He would give them possession of the lands of the seven nations which He had promised them while they were still in Egypt and in the wilderness, because it was known to Him that they were deserving [of the lands] by virtue of their merits.

Source 19 · Rishonim
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Kuzari – The Unique Quality of Eretz Yisrael

Kuzari 2:14

Rav Yehuda HaLevi argues that Eretz Yisrael has unique metaphysical properties suited only to prophecy and the Jewish people's spiritual flourishing — the prior inhabitation by Canaanites who did not tap into this potential can be understood as the land lying spiritually dormant awaiting its true inheritors.

וַהֲלֹא תִרְאֶה כִּי הָעְתַּק אַבְרָהָם מִאַרְצוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הִצְלִיחַ וְהָיָה רָאוּי לְהִדָּבֵק בָּעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי, וְהָיָה לֵב הַסְּגֻלָּה הַהִיא, אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר בּוֹ תִגָּמֵר הַשְׁלָמָתוֹ, כַּאֲשֶׁר יִמְצָא עוֹבֵד הָאֲדָמָה אִילָן "שֶׁפִּרְיוֹ טוֹב" בַּמִּדְבָּר וּמַעְתִּיקוֹ אֶל אֲדָמָה נֶעֱבֶדֶת, מִטִּבְעָהּ שֶׁיַצְלִיחַ בָּהּ הַשֹּׁרֶש הַהוּא, וּמְגַדְלוֹ שָׁם וְיָשׁוּב פַּרְדֵּסִי אַחֵר שֶׁהָיָה מִדְבָּרִי וְיִרְבֶּה אַחֵר שֶׁלֹא הָיָה נִמְצָא אֶלָּא בְעֵת שֶׁיִזְדַּמֵּן וּבַמָּקוֹם שֶׁיִּזְדַּמֵּן. וְכֵן שָׁבָה הַנְּבוּאָה בְזַרְעוֹ בְאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, רַבּוּ אֲנָשֶׁיהָ כָּל יְמֵי עָמְדָם בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, עִם הָעִנְיָנִים הָעוֹזְרִים מֵהַטְּהָרוֹת וְהָעֲבוֹדוֹת והַקָּרְבָּנוֹת, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן בְּהִמָּצֵא הַשְּׁכִינָה.

For the divine influence, one might say, singles out him who appears worthy of being connected with it, such as prophets and pious men, and is their God. Reason chooses those whose natural gifts are perfect, viz. Philosophers and those whose souls and character are so harmonious that it can find its dwelling among them.

Source 20 · Rishonim
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Sulam on Zohar, Lech Lecha 45

Sulam on Zohar, Lech Lecha 45

באילן שולט הערלה שלש שנים, שהם נקראים שני ערלה. ובבן אדם, שלש עשרה שנה נקראים בו שני ערלה. כיון שאלו השנים עוברות על הגוף, והנשמה מתעוררת לעבוד עבודה הקדושה, היא פוקדת את הגוף, ומעוררת בו רצון טוב, להכניע את הנחש הזה. ואז לא יוכל הנחש לשלוט עליו כמו שהיה מקודם לכן.

Source 21 · Rishonim
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Ramban on Genesis 10:15

Ramban on Genesis 10:15

וְדַע כִּי אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן לִגְבוּלוֹתֶיהָ מֵאָז הָיְתָה לְגוֹי הִיא רְאוּיָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְהִיא חֶבֶל נַחֲלָתָם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לב ח) "בְּהַנְחֵל עֶלְיוֹן גּוֹיִם בְּהַפְרִידוֹ בְּנֵי אָדָם יַצֵּב גְּבֻלֹת עַמִּים לְמִסְפַּר בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל", אֲבָל נְתָנָהּ הקב"ה בְּעֵת הַפַּלָּגָה לִכְנַעַן מִפְּנֵי הֱיוֹתוֹ עֶבֶד, לִשְׁמֹר אוֹתָהּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּאָדָם שֶׁמַּפְקִיד נִכְסֵי בֶּן הָאָדוֹן לְעַבְדּוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּגְדַּל וְיִזְכֶּה בַּנְּכָסִים וְגַם בָּעֶבֶד.

Perhaps the rest of the land of the Philistines, excluding that of these five of their lords, was not given to Israel. Know that the land of Canaan with its boundaries, since it became a nation, was qualified for Israel, and this was the lot of their inheritance, as it is said, When the Most High gave to the nations their inheritance, when He separated the children of men, He set the borders of the peoples according to the number of the children of Israel. But at the time of the dispersion of the nations, the Holy One, blessed be He, gave it to Canaan, on account of his being a servant, to keep it for Israel.

Source 22 · Rishonim
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Moreh Nevuchim – Reasons for Destroying Canaanite Nations

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 3:50

Rambam explains that the Canaanite nations were to be driven out because of their extreme moral and religious corruption, particularly their idolatrous practices, which would have a corrupting influence on Israel — their prior settlement thus served as a foil to highlight the land's need for moral renewal through Israel.

Source 23 · Rishonim
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Sforno – The Iniquity of the Amorites Not Yet Complete

Sforno on Genesis 15:16

Sforno explains that God in His justice allowed the Amorites to remain in the land until their sin reached its fullness — only then could they justly be displaced. The prior Canaanite settlement served divine justice by giving those nations opportunity to repent before Israel's inheritance was activated.

Source 24 · Acharonim
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Malbim on Deuteronomy

Malbim on Deuteronomy 7:22

Malbim views the gradualist approach as necessary to avoid the land falling into disorder. The existing societies maintained the infrastructure, preventing ruin and ensuring readiness for Israel's settlement.

ונשל, הנה מצאנו במלחמת יהושע שתחילה התקבצו מלכים רבים ויועדו להלחם עם יהושע ויהושע הכה אותם ואת מלכיהם, ובכ"ז מצאנו שאח"כ ארכה המלחמה ימים רבים ולא לכדם בפעם אחד, וזה היה בהשגחת ה' שאמר בפ' משפטים מעט מעט אגרשנו מפניך לא תוכל כלותם מהר פן תהיה הארץ שממה ורבה עליך חית השדה, אולם אם היה כל המלחמה מעט מעט היו מתקבצים בכל עת והיו לו מלחמות כבדות ולכן סבב ה' שבתחלה התקבצו כלם יחד וה' הממם במהומה כמ"ש (יהושע יו"ד) ויהומם ה' לפני ב"י והכה אותם ואת מלכיהם, ומאז נפל עליהם פחד ולא התקבצו עוד וכבשם אח"כ מעט מעט לבל תרבה עליהם חית השדה וז"ש ונשל ה' אלהיך את הגוים מעט מעט, אבל בל תאמר שהלא באופן זה יתקבצו תמיד ויהיה לכם מלחמה כבדה בתמידות, עז"א:

Source 25 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

Or HaChaim on Genesis 15:16

Or HaChaim notes that the presence of other nations served both as a test and a means to demonstrate G-d’s just handling of the land's occupants, creating a clear moral picture before Israel took possession.

אָכֵן כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הִיא עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה בְּמַסֶּכֶת בְּרָכוֹת (ז:) פֶּרֶק רִאשׁוֹן בְּפָסוּק (חבקוק א:יג) ״בְּבַלַּע רָשָׁע צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ״ – צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ בּוֹלֵעַ, צַדִּיק גָּמוּר אֵינוֹ בּוֹלֵעַ, עַד כָּאן. פֵּרוּשׁ, כִּי אִם יִהְיֶה רָשָׁע עֲדַיִן יֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ קְצָת זְכוּת, וְיָבֹא צַדִּיק שֶׁרֻבּוֹ זְכֻיּוֹת לְהִתְגָּרוֹת בּוֹ – אֵין כֹּחַ בַּצַּדִּיק לְאַבְּדוֹ, כִּי עֲדַיִן יֵשׁ לָרָשָׁע לְהִשְׁתַּלֵּם זְכוּת הַנִּשְׁאָר לוֹ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וְהָרָשָׁע יִתְנַקֵּם מֵהַצַּדִּיק לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיַד הַצַּדִּיק מֵהַתִּעוּב שֶׁאֵינוֹ צַדִּיק גָּמוּר. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁיִּהְיֶה גָּמוּר, הֲגַם שֶׁיִּשָּׁאֵר לָרָשָׁע חֵלֶק מֵהַטּוֹב – יֻפְקַע כְּלִילָתוֹ, וְכֵן אִם יִהְיֶה הָרָשָׁע מֻחְלָט וְנִגְמַר דִּינוֹ לָמוּת, בַּכֹּל עוֹשֶׂה הַשֵּׁם שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ לְאַבְּדוֹ, וְכָל הַקּוֹדֵם בּוֹ זָכָה, וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵינוֹ צַדִּיק גָּמוּר יָכוֹל לְאַבְּדוֹ מִן הָעוֹלָם. וְהִנֵּה בְּצֵאת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם וּכְשֶׁשָּׁלְחוּ הַמְרַגְּלִים הָיוּ בְּמַדְרֵגַת צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִים, וַהֲגַם שֶׁעָשׂוּ הָעֵגֶל, כְּבָר נֶעֶנְשׁוּ עָלָיו, וְהַשִּׁמְצָה אֵין בּוֹ שִׁעוּר שֶׁיִּמְנַע מֵהֶם שֵׁם צַדִּיק גָּמוּר לְעִנְיָן זֶה שֶׁלֹּא יִקָּרְאוּ צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִים בְּעֵרֶךְ הָאֱמוֹרִי, וְהֵן הֵנָּה דּוֹר חָסִיד (סנהדרין קי:) דִּכְתִיב (תהלים נ:ה) ״אִסְפוּ לִי חֲסִידָי כּוֹרְתֵי״ וְגוֹ׳ אֲשֶׁר לֹא כֵן הָיוּ אַחַר שְׁלִיחוּת הַמְרַגְּלִים שֶׁהִקְנִיטוּ אֶת ה׳ וְהִמְרוּ וְכוּ׳, וְאָז נִכְנְסוּ בְּגֶדֶר צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ בְּעֵרֶךְ הָאֱמוֹרִי. וְלָכֵן כְּשֶׁהָיוּ צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִים קֹדֶם הַמְרַגְּלִים הָיָה בָּהֶם כֹּחַ לִדְחוֹת הָאֱמוֹרִי, כִּי יֹאמְרוּ אֵלָיו פַּנֵּה מָקוֹם מֵאַרְצֵנוּ אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָנוּ ה׳, וּכְשֶׁלֹּא יִרְצֶה הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹרֵד וּבֶן מָוֶת הוּא, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן אַחַר שֶׁחָטְאוּ וְהִמְרוּ אִמְרֵי אֵל לֹא נִשְׁאֲרוּ בְּחֶזְקַת צַדִּיק גָּמוּר. וְלֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא שָׁלֵם עֲוֹן הָאֱמוֹרִי אֵין בְּיָדָם לְהַשְׁמִידוֹ. וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא כְּשֶׁהֶעְפִּילוּ לַעֲלוֹת הָהָרָה יָצָא הָאֱמוֹרִי וּרְדָפוּם וַיַּכּוּם כַּאֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂינָה הַדְּבוֹרִים, וְזֶה יַגִּיד בַּלַּע רָשָׁע צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ. וְתִמְצָא עוֹד שֶׁבִּכְנִיסָתָם אָמַר מֹשֶׁה (דברים ט:ה): ״לֹא בְצִדְקָתְךָ וְגוֹ׳ כִּי אִם בְּרִשְׁעַת הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה״, כִּי נִשְׁלַם עֲוֹנָם. וּכְפִי זֶה, הֲגַם שֶׁאֵינְכֶם צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִים, ״אַתָּה בָּא לָרֶשֶׁת״ וְגוֹ׳, כִּי אֵין לוֹ שׁוּם זְכוּת לֵיאָמֵר עָלָיו ״צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ״. כִּי מַשְׁמָעוּת ״צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ״ יוֹרֶה שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ קְצָת זְכוּת שֶׁיֻּצְדַּק לֵיאָמֵר ״צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ״, אֲבָל מֻחְלָט בְּרֶשַׁע אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק הַצַּדְקוּת לֵיאָמֵר ״צַדִּיק מִמֶּנּוּ״, וְהָבֵן.

We must understand the Torah in terms of how the Talmud Berachot 7 explains Chabakuk 1,13: למה תביט בוגדים, תחריש בבלע רשע צדיק ממנו, "Why do You countenance treachery, and stand by idly when the one in the wrong devours the one in the right?" The Talmud says that while it is possible that the wicked triumphs over someone relatively more righteous than he, he will never triumph over someone truly righteous. This means that the wicked are not totally devoid of merits, and we find on occasion that by using their merit they can overcome someone else who is generally more pious than they (while on this earth). The reason is that the wicked at that time can point at the imperfections of the person who thinks of himself as righteous. When the wicked is absolutely wicked however, it is not only permissible to destroy him but whichever righteous person does so first deserves credit. One need not be a totally righteous person in order to be entitled to wipe out such a wicked person. At the time of the Exodus as well as at the time when they despatched the spies about 15 months later, the Israelites were on the level of perfectly righteous people. Although they had sinned during the episode of the golden calf, they had been punished for that sin and had regained their status as צדיקים גמורים, as perfectly righteous people. The "echo" of that sin was not strong enough to deprive them of that title especially vis-a-vis the Emorites. In Sanhedrin 110 Rabbi Eliezer describes the people at that time as pious, quoting Psalms 50,5: "bring in My devotees, who made a covenant with Me over sacrifice" as his support. After the episode with the spies, Israel lost this status. From that moment on their moral superiority over the Emorites was marginal. As long as they had been considered חסידים their merit was enough to overcome the Emorites immediately. If the Emorites had refused to vacate the land in order to allow Israel to return there, they could have easily overcome them in battle. Now they had to wait until the Emorites accumulated a further measure of sin before their own moral superiority would suffice to overcome the Emorites in their homeland. Proof of our contention is found in Numbers 14,44 when the Israelites had realised that they had sinned grievously in fearing the Canaanites, and volunteered to fight them. Moses warned them against such an enterprise. They insisted and were defeated. Had they been considered as righteous they certainly would not have been defeated. All of this is an elaboration of what the prophet Chabakuk spoke about. The point is underscored by Moses in Deut. 9.5, where Moses credits Israel's conquest of the land of the Canaanites not to their piety but to the wickedness of the inhabitants of that land at that time. Moses meant that the measure of their sins had become full by that time. Moses told the Israelites at that time that though they were not totally righteous, their merit was sufficient to overcome the complete lack of it in their opponents. He emphasised this lack of righteousness by the Israelites three times! However, the Emorites had absolutely no merits left that they could have used to help them triumph against Israel's various moral shortcomings.

Source 26 · Acharonim
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Meshech Chochmah on Deuteronomy

Meshech Chochmah on Deuteronomy 7:22

Meshech Chochmah discusses the practical and moral aspects of gradual conquest, ensuring Israel was worthy and ready to properly manage the land.

Source 27 · Acharonim
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Maharal – Netiv HaTorah

Netivot Olam, Netiv Hatorah 1

The Maharal develops the idea that Israel's connection to the Land is not coincidental but ontological — Eretz Yisrael is uniquely suited to Israel's spiritual nature. The prior existence of other nations in the land can be understood within his framework as the world existing in an incomplete state until Israel rectifies it.

ומה שדברי תורה תומכין כל העולם, דבר זה מדברי חכמים, שאמרו (שבת פח.) כי לכך הוסיף ה"א ב"ששי" (בראשית א, לא), לומר כי כל מעשה בראשית היו תלוים ועומדים עד ששי בסיון; אם יקבלו ישראל התורה, מוטב. ואם לאו, יחזור העולם לתוהו ובוהו. ואם כן דברי תורה מחזקים ותומכים הכל, עד שיש לעולם קיום.

Source 28 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal – Netzach Yisrael

Netzach Yisrael 17

The Maharal explains that Israel's exile and the prior occupation of Eretz Yisrael by other nations is part of a divinely ordered process: the nations' temporary hold on the land serves to elevate its ultimate sanctity when Israel finally inherits it, just as darkness precedes and intensifies light.

וכמו שהתבאר למעלה כי אין זמן אחד לשני דברים אשר הם מחולקים והם הפכים. הרי בפירוש כי מלכות המשיח לא יקום עד שיגמרו ד' מלכיות מלכותם. וכשיהיה תם וכלה מלכותם, אז יתגלה מלכות המשיח.

Source 29 · Acharonim
Verified

Malbim on Deuteronomy 29:21

Malbim on Deuteronomy 29:21

שמן הראוי היה להעניש אותם בעצמן בעונש חמור כאשר ענש ז' האומות שעשו התועבות בארץ וקאה אותם הארץ המה הלכו לאבוד, והארץ נשארה פוריה זבת חלב ודבש ועתה היה בהפך ששמם את הארץ כמהפכת סדום (והארץ מה חטאה ונהפוך הוא ששבח הוא להארץ במה שתקיא ממנה עושי התועבות) ואת בני ישראל בעצמן אף שהשליכם בארץ אחרת באף וחמה עכ"ז לא עשה בהם כליה, וגם לא ירדו ממדרגתם ולא נתערבו בין הגוים ברבות הימים והמה עוד בחשיבותם כמו שהיה הגלות ביום הזה, והוא כנגד הטבע אם לא מפני שהשגחת ה' עליהם, והוא שוכן אתם גם בתוך הגולה, ומצפה לתשובתם ואז יחזירם למקומם, ולזה נתן את הארץ שממה, בכדי שלא יתישבו שם אחרים, והארץ יושבת גלמודה, כאשה שהלך בעלה למדה"י ומצפה לעת שובו, ואף אם יתמהמה תחכה לו:

Source 31 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi, Genesis, Lech Lecha

Kedushat Levi, Genesis, Lech Lecha 33

The passage explains that righteous people's words create an impression that influences reality, so when Abraham spoke negatively about his heir, God immediately responded to him with a corrective statement so that Abraham's own words would nullify the negative statement and establish a positive impression instead.

ונראה דהנה הדיבורים מן הצדיק עושה רושם כמו שכתוב (איוב כח, כח) ותגזור אומר וכו', ומיד שאמר משה למה יאמרו מצרים, עשה משה רשימה ובודאי אם היה רוצה השם שלא יאמרו בודאי היה כך אלא מחמת שאמר משה למה יאמרו כו'. וזהו שפירש רש"י כדבריך בשביל דבריך שעשו רושם בודאי יאמרו ועל ידי זה סלחתי ואם כן צריך הצדיק לשמור שלא יצא דבר רע מפיו.

In order for ‎the decree that Avram would not sire any children to be rescinded ‎or altered, he himself had to mention his grief about such a ‎decree in a prayer. Only then could G’d respond to this prayer. ‎G’d had to use provocative statements in order to get the ‎obedient and unquestioningly loyal Avram to be provoked into ‎making a comment that appeared to question G’d’s promise that ‎he would have children to be converted. The word ‎לאמור‎ in verse ‎‎1 is the Torah’s hint that G’d engaged Avram in the conversation ‎following in order for him in the course of this conversation to ‎reveal to Him that he experienced mental anguish at not having ‎children of his own.

Source 32 · Hasidic
Verified

Toldot Yaakov Yosef – Lech Lecha

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Lech Lecha

The Toldot Yaakov Yosef, drawing on Baal Shem Tov teachings, discusses Avraham's arrival in a land already inhabited by Canaanites as spiritually significant — Avraham's mission was to begin the process of elevating and extracting the holy sparks embedded even within the corrupt Canaanite civilization inhabiting the land.

ועפ"ז כתבתי לקמן על מה אבדה הארץ וכו', וביאר ש"ס אני ברי' וכו' (ברכות יז.), שאז נעשה הרע כסא לטוב. וכן שמעתי ממורי זלה"ה וירא ה' כי סר לראות וכו' (שמות ג, ד), כי השכינה כוללת כל העולמות, דומם צומח חי מדבר, וכל הנבראים שבעולם הן טובים או רעים, והי' תמוה לו למשה רבינו ע"ה שהיחוד האמיתי היא השכינה, ואיך כוללת ב' הפכים בנושא אחד, טוב ורע והם ב' הפכים והוא הייחוד. וכן שמו של משה כולל הכל טוב ורע, וז"ש משה רבכם קוביוסטוס וכו' (בכורות ה.), ואיך נעשה היחוד על ידו וכו'. אבל באמת אתי שפיר, כי הרע הוא כסא אל הטוב, כמו ופרעה הקריב וכו' (שמות יד, י), או על ידי שרואה מעשה הרשעים והוא אינו בגדר שלהם, יש לו תענוג ויתרון לאור מן החשך, ונעשה זה התענוג בכל העולמות ע"י הרע, וכמעט שעי"ז יש לרע עליה, רק כשעולה משם יתפרדו כל פועלי און וכו', ודפח"ח.

Source 33 · Modern
Verified

Rav Kook – Orot, Eretz Yisrael

Orot, Lights from Darkness, Land of Israel 1

Rav Kook teaches that Eretz Yisrael is not merely a political homeland but an organic expression of Israel's soul. The land had to pass through the hands of other nations as part of its own spiritual journey toward readiness to receive the full holiness of Israel.

אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הִיא חֲטִיבָה עַצְמוּתִית קְשׁוּרָה בְּקֶשֶׁר חַיִּים עִם הָאֻמָּה, חֲבוּקָה בִּסְגֻלוֹת פְּנִימִיּוֹת עִם מְצִיאוּתָהּ. ומתוך כך אי אפשר לעמוד על התוכן של סגולת קדושת ארץ ישראל, ולהוציא לפועל את עומק חבתה, בשום השכלה רציונלית אנושית כי אם ברוח ד' אשר על האומה בכללה, בהטבעה הטבעית הרוחנית אשר בנשמת ישראל, שהיא ששולחת את קויה בצבעים טבעיים בכל הארחות של ההרגשה הבריאה, ומזרחת היא את זריחתה העליונה על פי אותה המדה של רוח הקדושה העליונה, הממלאת חיים ונעם עליון את לבב קדושי הרעיון ועמוקי המחשבה הישראלית. המחשבה על דבר ארץ ישראל, שהיא רק ערך חיצוני כדי העמדת אגודת האומה, אפילו כשהיא באה כדי לבצר על ידה את הרעיון היהדותי בגולה, כדי לשמור את צביונו ולאמץ את האמונה והיראה והחזוק של המצות המעשיות בצורה הגונה, אין לה הפרי הראוי לקיום, כי היסוד הזה הוא רעוע בערך איתן הקודש של ארץ ישראל. האמוץ האמתי של רעיון היהדות בגולה בא יבא רק מצד עמק שקועו בארץ ישראל, ומתקות ארץ ישראל יקבל תמיד את כל תכונותיו העצמיות. צפית ישועה היא כח המעמיד של היהדות הגלותית, והיהדות של ארץ ישראל היא הישועה עצמה.

The land of Israel is not an external thing, an external national acquisition, a means to the goal of general unity and strengthening of the physical or even spiritual. The land of Israel is an intrinsic section of the nation, attached to it with a living bond, entwined with its existence in internal uniqueness. It is therefore impossible to explain the uniqueness of the sanctity of the land of Israel, to actualize the depths of love for her, in any humanly rational way. It is only through the divine spirit which is on the nation as a whole, through the natural spiritual nature which exists in the soul of Israel, which spreads out through