Halachaהלכה

Halacha of Jews Fighting Jews in War

Jewish law addresses the permissibility and limits of lethal force between Jews in military conflict, drawing on biblical precedents of civil war and strife, rabbinic principles governing pursuits and zealous intervention, and codified rulings on obligatory versus permitted warfare. The sources examine when—if ever—such conflict is justified and what constraints apply.

הָרוֹדֵף אַחַר חֲבֵרוֹ לְהָרְגוֹ

11 sources · verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

II Samuel

II Samuel 2:12-28

The battle of Givon between the forces of David (Joab) and those of Ish-Boshet (Abner) — Jews fighting Jews — serves as a central biblical case study for civil war, ending with Abner's plea to halt the fratricidal killing.

וַיִּקְרָ֨א אַבְנֵ֜ר אֶל־יוֹאָ֗ב וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ הֲלָנֶ֙צַח֙ תֹּ֣אכַל חֶ֔רֶב הֲל֣וֹא יָדַ֔עְתָּה כִּי־מָרָ֥ה תִֽהְיֶ֖ה בָּאַֽחֲרוֹנָ֑ה וְעַד־מָתַי֙ לֹא־תֹאמַ֣ר לָעָ֔ם לָשׁ֖וּב מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י אֲחֵיהֶֽם׃ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יוֹאָ֔ב חַ֚י הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים כִּ֥י לוּלֵ֖א דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ כִּ֣י אָ֤ז מֵהַבֹּ֙קֶר֙ נַעֲלָ֣ה הָעָ֔ם אִ֖ישׁ מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י אָחִֽיו׃ וַיִּתְקַ֤ע יוֹאָב֙ בַּשּׁוֹפָ֔ר וַיַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ כׇּל־הָעָ֔ם וְלֹא־יִרְדְּפ֥וּ ע֖וֹד אַחֲרֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְלֹא־יָסְפ֥וּ ע֖וֹד לְהִלָּחֵֽם׃

Abner then called out to Joab, “Must the sword devour forever? You know how bitterly it’s going to end! How long will you delay ordering your troops to stop the pursuit of their own kindred?” And Joab replied, “As God lives, if you hadn’t spoken up, the troops would have given up the pursuit of their kindred only the next morning.” Joab then sounded the horn, and all the troops halted; they ceased their pursuit of Israel and stopped the fighting.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

I Kings

I Kings 12:21-24

Rehoboam assembles an army to wage war against the northern tribes of Israel after the split of the kingdom; God intervenes through the prophet Shemaiah and forbids Jews from fighting their brothers, establishing a divine prohibition on intra-Jewish war.

(ויבאו) [וַיָּבֹ֣א] רְחַבְעָם֮ יְרוּשָׁלַ֒͏ִם֒ וַיַּקְהֵל֩ אֶת־כׇּל־בֵּ֨ית יְהוּדָ֜ה וְאֶת־שֵׁ֣בֶט בִּנְיָמִ֗ן מֵאָ֨ה וּשְׁמֹנִ֥ים אֶ֛לֶף בָּח֖וּר עֹשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָ֑ה לְהִלָּחֵם֙ עִם־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לְהָשִׁיב֙ אֶת־הַמְּלוּכָ֔ה לִרְחַבְעָ֖ם בֶּן־שְׁלֹמֹֽה׃ {פ} וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַ֣ר הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶל־שְׁמַֽעְיָ֥ה אִישׁ־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵאמֹֽר׃ אֱמֹ֗ר אֶל־רְחַבְעָ֤ם בֶּן־שְׁלֹמֹה֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֔ה וְאֶל־כׇּל־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָ֖ה וּבִנְיָמִ֑ין וְיֶ֥תֶר הָעָ֖ם לֵאמֹֽר׃ כֹּ֣ה אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֡ה לֹא־תַעֲלוּ֩ וְלֹא־תִלָּ֨חֲמ֜וּן עִם־אֲחֵיכֶ֣ם בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל שׁ֚וּבוּ אִ֣ישׁ לְבֵית֔וֹ כִּ֧י מֵאִתִּ֛י נִֽהְיָ֖ה הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַֽיִּשְׁמְעוּ֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה וַיָּשֻׁ֥בוּ לָלֶ֖כֶת כִּדְבַ֥ר יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}

On his return to Jerusalem, Rehoboam mustered all the House of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin, 180,000 of the best warriors, to fight against the House of Israel, in order to restore the kingship to Rehoboam son of Solomon. But the word of God came to Shemaiah, the agent of God: “Say to King Rehoboam son of Solomon of Judah, and to all the House of Judah and Benjamin and the rest of the people: Thus said GOD: You shall not set out to make war on your kindred the Israelites. Return to your homes, for this thing has been brought about by Me.” They heeded the word of GOD and turned back, in accordance with the word of GOD.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Judges, Chapter 20

Judges 20

The war of the tribes against Benjamin (over the concubine of Gibeah) is the Torah's fullest depiction of Jews waging organized war against a fellow tribe, including repeated battles, mass casualties, and divine consultation — a key biblical precedent for intra-Jewish warfare.

וַֽיִּשְׁלְח֞וּ שִׁבְטֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֲנָשִׁ֔ים בְּכׇל־שִׁבְטֵ֥י בִנְיָמִ֖ן לֵאמֹ֑ר מָ֚ה הָרָעָ֣ה הַזֹּ֔את אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִהְיְתָ֖ה בָּכֶֽם׃ וְעַתָּ֡ה תְּנוּ֩ אֶת־הָאֲנָשִׁ֨ים בְּנֵי־בְלִיַּ֜עַל אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּגִּבְעָה֙ וּנְמִיתֵ֔ם וּנְבַעֲרָ֥ה רָעָ֖ה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְלֹ֤א אָבוּ֙ [בְּנֵ֣י] בִנְיָמִ֔ן לִשְׁמֹ֕עַ בְּק֖וֹל אֲחֵיהֶ֥ם בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ וַיֵּאָסְפ֧וּ בְנֵֽי־בִנְיָמִ֛ן מִן־הֶעָרִ֖ים הַגִּבְעָ֑תָה לָצֵ֥את לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה עִם־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Come, hand over those scoundrels in Gibeah so that we may put them to death and stamp out the evil from Israel.” But the Benjaminites would not yield to the demand of their fellow Israelites. So the Benjaminites gathered from their towns to Gibeah in order to take the field against the Israelites. On that day the Benjaminites mustered from the towns 26,000 fighters, mustered apart from the inhabitants of Gibeah; 700 elite troops

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers — Pinchas

Numbers 25:7-13

Pinchas kills Zimri, a prince of Israel, in an act of zealotry (kana'ut) to stop public desecration of God's name — the Bible's central case of one Jew killing another outside of judicial process, rewarded by God with a covenant of peace.

וַיַּ֗רְא פִּֽינְחָס֙ בֶּן־אֶלְעָזָ֔ר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַכֹּהֵ֑ן וַיָּ֙קׇם֙ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הָֽעֵדָ֔ה וַיִּקַּ֥ח רֹ֖מַח בְּיָדֽוֹ׃ וַ֠יָּבֹ֠א אַחַ֨ר אִֽישׁ־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶל־הַקֻּבָּ֗ה וַיִּדְקֹר֙ אֶת־שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם אֵ֚ת אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־הָאִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־קֳבָתָ֑הּ וַתֵּֽעָצַר֙ הַמַּגֵּפָ֔ה מֵעַ֖ל בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

When Phinehas, son of Eleazar son of Aaron the priest, saw this, he left the assembly and, taking a spear in his hand, he followed the Israelite man into the chamber and stabbed both of them, the Israelite man and the woman, through the belly. Then the plague against the Israelites was checked.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Sanhedrin

Mishnah Sanhedrin 9:2

The Mishnah discusses cases of zealous extrajudicial killing (kana'in pog'in bo) — where zealots may strike down a fellow Jew who commits certain public violations — another context where lethal intra-Jewish force is discussed.

נִתְכַּוֵּן לַהֲרֹג אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה וְהָרַג אֶת הָאָדָם, לַנָּכְרִי וְהָרַג אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לִנְפָלִים, וְהָרַג בֶּן קְיָמָא, פָּטוּר.

since his intent was to kill one for whose murder he is not liable.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 49a

The Talmud discusses the case of Joab's killing of Amasa and Abner, both Jews, analyzing whether one Jew killing another in a military context constitutes murder or justified warfare, raising foundational questions about intra-Jewish conflict.

מַאי טַעְמָא קְטַלְתֵּיהּ לַעֲשָׂאֵל? עֲשָׂאֵל רוֹדֵף הָיָה. הָיָה לְךָ לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרָיו! לָא יְכֵילִי לֵיהּ. הַשְׁתָּא בְּדוֹפֶן חֲמִישִׁית כַּוֵּונְתְּ לֵיהּ, בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרָיו לָא יְכֵלְתְּ לֵיהּ? ״לְדַבֵּר אִתּוֹ בַּשֶּׁלִי״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: עַל עִיסְקֵי שָׁלוּ. ״וַיַּכֵּהוּ שָׁם אֶל הַחֹמֶשׁ״, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בְּדוֹפֶן חֲמִישִׁית, מָקוֹם שֶׁמָּרָה וְכָבֵד תְּלוּיִין בּוֹ.

Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Joab judged Abner according to the halakha of the Sanhedrin, which would sit in judgment by the gate of the city. How so? Joab said to Abner: What is the reason that you killed Asahel? Abner said to him: Asahel was pursuing me with the intention to kill me, and therefore he had the status of a pursuer, whom I had the right to kill in self-defense. Joab said to Abner: Even so, you could have saved yourself by wounding one of his limbs. Abner replied: I was not able to do so as I was running and could not aim with precision. Joab said to him: Now seeing that you were able to aim and hit him precisely in the fifth rib, could you not have successfully aimed at one of his limbs?

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Laws of the Sanhedrin

Mishneh Torah, The Sanhedrin and the Penalties within Their Jurisdiction 18:6

Rambam rules on the law of the rodef (pursuer) — the obligation to stop a Jew who is pursuing another Jew to kill him, even by lethal force — a foundational principle that directly governs intra-Jewish violence and killing.

וְזֶה שֶׁהָרַג יְהוֹשֻׁעַ עָכָן וְדָוִד לְגֵר עֲמָלֵקִי בְּהוֹדָאַת פִּיהֶם הוֹרָאַת שָׁעָה הָיְתָה אוֹ דִּין מַלְכוּת הָיָה.

The Sanhedrin, however, may not execute or lash a person who admits committing a transgression, lest he become crazed concerning this matter.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Laws of Murder

Mishneh Torah, Murderer and the Preservation of Life 1:6-7

Rambam discusses the law of rodef in detail, ruling that it is a mitzva to kill a Jew who is pursuing another Jew to kill him, and that failure to do so when possible violates the prohibition of standing idly by one's brother's blood.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשֶׁעָבַר וְעָשָׂה הֶעָוֹן שֶׁחַיָּב עָלָיו מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. אֲבָל הָרוֹדֵף אַחַר חֲבֵרוֹ לְהָרְגוֹ אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה הָרוֹדֵף קָטָן הֲרֵי כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְצֻוִּין לְהַצִּיל הַנִּרְדָּף מִיַּד הָרוֹדֵף וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּנַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁל רוֹדֵף: כֵּיצַד. אִם הִזְהִירוּהוּ וַהֲרֵי הוּא רוֹדֵף אַחֲרָיו אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא קִבֵּל עָלָיו הַתְרָאָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁעֲדַיִן הוּא רוֹדֵף הֲרֵי זֶה נֶהֱרָג. וְאִם יְכוֹלִים לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּאֵיבָר מֵאֵיבְרֵי הָרוֹדֵף כְּגוֹן שֶׁיַּכּוּ אוֹתוֹ בְּחֵץ אוֹ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְּסַיִף וְיִקְטְעוּ אֶת יָדוֹ אוֹ יִשְׁבְּרוּ אֶת רַגְלוֹ אוֹ יְסַמּוּ אֶת עֵינוֹ עוֹשִׂין. וְאִם [אֵינָן] יְכוֹלִין לְכַוֵּן וּלְהַצִּילוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הֲרָגוּהוּ לַרוֹדֵף הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ הוֹרְגִין אוֹתוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא הָרַג שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יב) "וְקַצֹּתָה אֶת כַּפָּהּ לֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ":

When does the above apply? When the person has already transgressed and performed the transgression for which he is liable to be executed by the court. When, however, a person is pursuing a colleague with the intention of killing him - even if the pursuer is a minor - every Jewish person is commanded to attempt to save the person being pursued, even if it is necessary to kill the pursuer. What is implied? If the rodef was warned and continues to pursue his intended victim, even though he did not acknowledge the warning, since he continues his pursuit he should be killed. If it is possible to save the pursued by damaging one of the limbs of the rodef, one should. Thus, if one can strike him with an arrow, a stone or a sword, and cut off his hand, break his leg, blind him or in another way prevent him from achieving his objective, one should do so. If there is no way to be precise in one's aim and save the person being pursued without killing the rodef, one should kill him, even though he has not yet killed his victim. This is implied by Deuteronomy 25:11-12, which states: "If a man is fighting with his brother, and the wife of one... grabs the attacker by his private parts, you must cut off her hand; you may not show pity."

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings and Wars

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 5:1-3

Rambam codifies the categories of obligatory war (milchemet mitzvah) and permitted war (milchemet reshut), providing the halakhic framework for when war is authorized — implicitly raising the question of when, if ever, such categories could apply to intra-Jewish conflict.

אֵין הַמֶּלֶךְ נִלְחָם תְּחִלָּה אֶלָּא מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה. וְאֵי זוֹ הִיא מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה זוֹ מִלְחֶמֶת שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים. וּמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק. וְעֶזְרַת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּד צָר שֶׁבָּא עֲלֵיהֶם. וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִלְחָם בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת וְהִיא הַמִּלְחָמָה שֶׁנִּלְחָם עִם שְׁאָר הָעַמִּים כְּדֵי לְהַרְחִיב גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְהַרְבּוֹת בִּגְדֻלָּתוֹ וְשִׁמְעוֹ: מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִטּל בָּהּ רְשׁוּת בֵּית דִּין. אֶלָּא יוֹצֵא מֵעַצְמוֹ בְּכָל עֵת. וְכוֹפֶה הָעָם לָצֵאת. אֲבָל מִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא הָעָם בָּהּ אֶלָּא עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים וְאֶחָד:

A king should not wage other wars before a milchemet mitzvah. What is considered as milchemet mitzvah? The war against the seven nations who occupied Eretz Yisrael, the war against Amalek, and a war fought to assist Israel from an enemy which attacks them. Afterwards, he may wage a milchemet hareshut, i.e. a war fought with other nations in order to expand the borders of Israel or magnify its greatness and reputation. There is no need to seek the permission of the court to wage a milchemet mitzvah. Rather, he may go out on his own volition and force the nation to go out with him. In contrast, he may not lead the nation out to wage a milchemat hareshut unless the court of seventy one judges approves.

Source 10 · Hasidic
Verified

Noam Elimelekh, Vayishlach

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bereshit, Vayishlach

The Noam Elimelekh interprets Jacob's fear of fighting Esau in the context of a tzaddik's duty to avoid violence and bloodshed, touching on when a Jew must resist or yield rather than engage in mortal conflict — with implicit application to intra-communal strife.

"וישובו המלאכים אל יעקב לאמר באנו אל אחיך כו'", ר"ל הרמז הגם שהדיבורים של הצדיק פועלים ונכנסים בלב עשו שיתהפך לאחיו כנ"ל, אעפ"כ "וגם הולך לקראתך" פירוש אעפ"כ הוא מתנגד והולך לקראתך ומעשיו הם התנגדות והיפך מעשיך הטובים. "וארבע מאות איש עמו" רמז שגם שעושה כל מעשים רעים אעפ"כ אומר שהוא בן עולם הבא, שיש לו ת' עלמין דכסופין, וזהו "עמו" שאומר שעמו הם ארבע מאות רמז לת' עלמין כנ"ל. או יאמר "ויהי לי שור וחמור" דהנה כתיב "ויאמר אלקים ישרצו המים שרץ נפש חיה ועוף יעופף על הארץ".

(4) "Thus you will say to my master, Esav" (Genesis 32:5) - behold the holy Torah teaches us how to behave in this bitter exile in which we are under the hand of the nations, and we are compelled to accept the exile with love until Hashem will have compassion towards us and redeems us in a complete redemption, soon. And while we are in the bitter exile we are compelled to be submissive to them and call them 'masters'. And this is "thus you will say to my master, to Esav" - meaning, call him master when you talk to him, and then he will continue to do evil to you, through taxes and forced contributions - they will be charged with stealing, and through this Hashem will have compassion on us, since it is enough that we should be submissive to them and give them honor.

Source 11 · Hasidic
Verified

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Parashat Korach

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Korach

The author reflects on Korach's rebellion as the paradigm of destructive intra-Jewish conflict — machloket not for Heaven's sake — drawing moral lessons about the spiritual dangers when Jews wage ideological or physical war against each other.

העולה מזה, כי מן השלום יוצא ב' תועלת, א' שיכול כל אחד מישראל לקיים כל התרי"ג מצות על ידי השלום וכו'. ב' כשיש שלום אין מקום לעונש לחול, כמ"ש בש"ס (ירושלמי פאה פ"א ה"א) דורו של אחאב גם שהיו עובדי ע"ז, לפי שהי' שלום ביניהם נצחו וכו'. בהיפך כשאין שלום אז אי אפשר לכל אחד