Halachaהלכה

The Prohibition Against Self-Injury

Jewish law forbids inflicting bodily harm upon oneself, even with personal consent, grounded in the Torah's command to guard one's life and body. Sources range from biblical commandments to Talmudic debate and medieval codification, establishing self-preservation as a binding halachic obligation that applies to contemporary activities like contact sports.

אָסוּר לְאָדָם לַחֲבל בֵּין בְּעַצְמוֹ בֵּין בַּחֲבֵרוֹ

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 4:9

"Only take heed to yourself and guard your soul diligently" — the Torah's foundational verse commanding self-preservation and care for one's own body, widely cited as the biblical source for the prohibition of self-harm.

רַ֡ק הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֩ וּשְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁךָ֜ מְאֹ֗ד פֶּן־תִּשְׁכַּ֨ח אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֜ים אֲשֶׁר־רָא֣וּ עֵינֶ֗יךָ וּפֶן־יָס֙וּרוּ֙ מִלְּבָ֣בְךָ֔ כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּ֑יךָ וְהוֹדַעְתָּ֥ם לְבָנֶ֖יךָ וְלִבְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיךָ׃

But take utmost care and watch yourselves scrupulously, so that you do not forget the things that you saw with your own eyes and so that they do not fade from your mind as long as you live. And make them known to your children and to your children’s children:

Source 2 · Tanach
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Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 4:15

"Take great care of yourselves" (וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּם מְאֹד לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם) — a second Torah command to guard one's life and body, frequently invoked by poskim as the root prohibition against self-endangerment.

וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּ֥ם מְאֹ֖ד לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶ֑ם כִּ֣י לֹ֤א רְאִיתֶם֙ כׇּל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה בְּי֗וֹם דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהֹוָ֧ה אֲלֵיכֶ֛ם בְּחֹרֵ֖ב מִתּ֥וֹךְ הָאֵֽשׁ׃

For your own sake, therefore, be most careful—since you saw no shape when GOD spoke to you at Horeb out of the fire—

Source 3 · Tanach
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Leviticus

Leviticus 19:28

"You shall not make cuts in your flesh" (lo tittenu sheret b'vsarchem) — though primarily addressing mourning-rites, later authorities cite this verse as one of the biblical roots for the general prohibition against self-inflicted bodily harm.

וְשֶׂ֣רֶט לָנֶ֗פֶשׁ לֹ֤א תִתְּנוּ֙ בִּבְשַׂרְכֶ֔ם וּכְתֹ֣בֶת קַֽעֲקַ֔ע לֹ֥א תִתְּנ֖וּ בָּכֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃

You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead, or incise any marks on yourselves: I am GOD.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Bava Kamma

Bava Kamma 91b

The Talmud debates whether a person is permitted to injure himself. R. Akiva's view (adopted in halacha) is that one may NOT injure oneself even with one's own consent — the classic Talmudic source for the issur of chavalah b'atzmo.

וְקָתָנֵי: הַחוֹבֵל בְּעַצְמוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי – פָּטוּר! הָכִי קָאָמַר לֵיהּ: לָא מִבַּעְיָא בּוֹשֶׁת, דְּאָדָם רַשַּׁאי לְבַיֵּישׁ אֶת עַצְמוֹ; אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ חֲבָלָה, דְּאֵין אָדָם רַשַּׁאי לְחַבֵּל בְּעַצְמוֹ – אֲחֵרִים שֶׁחָבְלוּ בּוֹ, חַיָּיבִין. וְאֵין אָדָם רַשַּׁאי לְחַבֵּל בְּעַצְמוֹ? וְהָתַנְיָא: יָכוֹל נִשְׁבַּע לְהָרַע בְּעַצְמוֹ – וְלֹא הֵרַע, יְהֵא פָּטוּר? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״לְהָרַע אוֹ לְהֵטִיב״ – מָה הֲטָבָה רְשׁוּת, אַף הֲרָעָה רְשׁוּת; אָבִיא נִשְׁבָּע לְהָרַע בְּעַצְמוֹ וְלֹא הֵרַע!

and it teaches: With regard to one who injures himself, although it is not permitted for him to do so, he is nevertheless exempt from any sort of penalty, indicating that the prohibition is in effect even with regard to humiliation. The Gemara answers: This is what Rabbi Akiva said to the man: It is not necessary to say with regard to humiliation, where it is permitted for a person to humiliate himself, that someone else who humiliated him is liable. But even with regard to injury, where it is not permitted for a person to injure himself, others who injured him are liable. § The Gemara discusses whether it is permitted to injure oneself. And is a person not permitted to injure himself? But isn’t it taught in a baraita: One might have thought that if one takes an oath to do evil to himself and did not do evil he will be exempt from bringing an offering for having transgressed this oath. Therefore, the verse states: “Or if anyone swear clearly with his lips to do evil or to do good” (Leviticus 5:4), which teaches that just as taking an oath to do good for which one is liable is referring to an optional activity, as opposed to taking an oath to perform a mitzva, so too, taking an oath to do evil is referring to an optional activity, as opposed to taking an oath to transgress. I can therefore include within the category of one who is liable if he transgressed his oath the person who takes an oath to do evil to himself and did not do evil. It is clear from this baraita that doing evil to oneself is permitted.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot

Pirkei Avot 2:13

"Do not be wicked in your own eyes" — one of the Mishnaic ethical teachings understood by later authorities as implying that a person must not treat himself with contempt or inflict harm upon himself.

וְאַל תְּהִי רָשָׁע בִּפְנֵי עַצְמְךָ:

Rabbi Shimon said: Be careful with the reading of Shema and the prayer, And when you pray, do not make your prayer something automatic, but a plea for compassion before God, for it is said: “for He is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, and renouncing punishment” (Joel 2:13); And be not wicked in your own esteem.

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Chovel uMazik

Mishneh Torah, One Who Injures a Person or Property 5:1

Rambam rules that it is forbidden to injure oneself or another Jew, and one who wounds himself is exempt from payment but has transgressed a prohibition — codifying the Talmudic issur as binding halacha.

אָסוּר לְאָדָם לַחֲבל בֵּין בְּעַצְמוֹ בֵּין בַּחֲבֵרוֹ. וְלֹא הַחוֹבֵל בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא כָּל הַמַּכֶּה אָדָם כָּשֵׁר מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל בֵּין קָטָן בֵּין גָּדוֹל בֵּין אִישׁ בֵּין אִשָּׁה דֶּרֶךְ נִצָּיוֹן הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה ג) "לֹא יֹסִיף" (דברים כה ג) "לְהַכֹּתוֹ".

It is forbidden for a person to injure anyone, neither his own self nor another person. Not only a person who causes an injury, but anyone who strikes in strife an upright Jewish person, whether a minor or an adult, whether a man or a woman, violates a negative commandment, as Deuteronomy 25:3 states: "Do not continue... to flog him." One may conclude that if the Torah adjures us against adding to the blows due a sinner

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Rotzeach uShmirat HaNefesh

Mishneh Torah, Murderer and the Preservation of Life 11:4

Rambam extends the obligation of self-preservation to include removing all dangerous objects and situations from one's domain, grounding bodily safety as a Torah-level obligation derived from the verse 'v'nishmarta me'od l'nafshecha.'

שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד ט) "הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ וּשְׁמֹר נַפְשְׁךָ". וְאִם לֹא הֵסִיר וְהֵנִיחַ הַמִּכְשׁוֹלוֹת הַמְּבִיאִין לִידֵי סַכָּנָה בִּטֵּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה וְעָבַר בְּ(דברים כב ח) "לֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים":

Similarly, it is a positive mitzvah to remove any obstacle that could pose a danger to life, and to be very careful regarding these matters, as Deuteronomy 4:9 states: "Beware for yourself; and guard your soul." If a person leaves a dangerous obstacle and does not remove it, he negates the observance of a positive commandment and violates the negative commandment: "Do not cause blood to be spilled."

Source 8 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah — Laws of Physicians

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 336:1

The Shulchan Arukh rules that a physician has permission to heal but must take great care not to cause harm; this section is the basis for extensive later discussion about when bodily risk or damage is permitted for a constructive purpose and when it is not.

נתנה התורה רשות לרופא לרפאות ומצוה היא ובכלל פיקוח נפש הוא ואם מונע עצמו הרי זה שופך דמים ואפי' יש לו מי שירפאנו שלא מן הכל אדם זוכה להתרפאות ומיהו לא יתעסק ברפואה אא"כ הוא בקי ולא יהא שם גדול ממנו שאם לא כן הרי זה שופך דמים ואם ריפא שלא ברשות בית דין חייב בתשלומין אפי' אם הוא בקי ואם ריפא ברשות ב"ד וטעה והזיק פטור מדיני אדם וחייב בדיני שמים ואם המית ונודע לו ששגג גולה על ידו:

If he caused death and it became known to him that he acted inadvertently, he is banished on account of him.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 420:31

The Shulchan Arukh rules that a person is forbidden to wound himself, even though another person who wounds him with his permission is exempt from payment — establishing that consent does not remove the prohibition of self-harm.

החובל בעצמו אע"פ שאינו רשאי [ פטור] אחרי' שחבלו בו חייבים:

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Responsa Radbaz, Vol. 3

Teshuvot HaRadbaz Volume 3

The Radbaz rules in a famous responsum that one is not obligated to sacrifice a limb to save another's life, reasoning that the body belongs to God — an early explicit formulation that a person does not have full ownership over their own body to do with as they wish.

הרי אתה רואה בעיניך שהשוה אותם לכלי חרס ממש וע"פ שלא הוזכר בה שם המשיב מ"מ הספר שכתוב בו השאלות הזאת הוא ישן מאד ויש למעלה ממנה ולמטה ממנה שאלות לרבינו האי גאון ז"ל וגאונים אחרים. ולא דמיא לטבילת כלים שאין שם מלאכה אבל הגעלת כלים יש מלאכה ואסור. וי"ל דכלים הצריכים טבילה לא חזו למידי ומשום הכי מחזי כמתקן למר ושמא ישהא כליו בטומאה למר.

Response: Sacrificing a limb to save a fellow Jew] is a pious trait, but the logical argument could ‎be ‎disputed… Further, perhaps by cutting off his limb, even though his life does not depend upon ‎this ‎limb, he might lose much blood and die. “Who says that you friend’s blood is redder? Perhaps ‎your ‎blood is redder? (See Sanhedrin 74a)” I witnessed one who died resulting from small holes ‎pierced in ‎his ear to remove blood’ he lost so much [blood] that he died, even though man has no ‎limb smaller ‎than the ear! Certainly [he could die] if they would cut it off.‎ Further, it is written [of Torah] “its ways are pleasant ways” [Proverbs 3:17] and the Torah’s laws ‎must ‎be consistent with intellect and logic.

Source 11 · Modern
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Nefesh HaChayyim, Gate I

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 4

R. Chaim Volozhiner teaches that the human body is not merely the person's own possession but a vessel of the divine image — providing a philosophical grounding for why one may not damage the body even with personal consent.

ולכן האדם מעם הקדש שכולל ג״כ כל סדרי בראשית וסדרי המרכבה כלל הבריאת כולה. הוא ג״כ דוגמת ותבנית המשכן והמקדש וכל כליו. מכוון בסדר התקשרות פרקי אבריו וגידיו וכל כחותיו. וכן מחלק בזוהר כלל תבנית המשכן וכליו. שהמה רמוזים כולם באדם אחד באחד יגשו כסדר: לזאת הרי כי ודאי עיקר ענין הקדש והמקדש ושריית שכינתו ית' הוא האדם שאם יתקדש עצמו כראוי בקיום המצות כולן שהם תלויין ג״כ בשורשן העליון בפרקי אברי השיעור קומה כביכול של כלל כל העולמות כולם. (וע' זוהר תרומה קס״ב ב' ואת המשכן תעשה גו'. הא הכא רזא דיחודא כו' עש״ה) אז הוא עצמו המקדש ממש ובתוכו ה' ית״ש. כמ״ש (ירמיה ז') היכל ה' היכל ה' המה. וכמאמרם ז״ל. ושכנתי בתוכם בתוכו לא נאמר אלא בתוכם כו'

And therefore a man from the holy nation, who is also comprised of all the structures and processes of creation, and all the structures and processes of the Vehicle, the totality of creation, he is also the model and plan of the Tabernacle and the Temple and all its utensils, organized according to the plan of the organs/limbs and components and sinews and all its powers. And therefore the Zohar details the entirety of the plans of the Tabernacle and its utensils, for they are all hinted at in man, a one-to-one correspondence. For this reason, definitely the focal point of holiness and the Holy Temple, and the appearance in a particular place of the Sh’kheena, is man. For if he makes himself as holy as is possible by fulfilling all of the commandments (for they are also dependent on their upper roots, in the components of the organs/limbs of the Stature, so to speak, of the entirety of all the worlds taken together, and refer to Zohar T’rooma 162b “and you shall make the Tabernacle… this is the secret of the unity…”,—refer there in depth), then he becomes the actual Holy Temple, and within him is YHV”H (blessed be He), as is written (Yirmiya 7:4):” They [emphatic—three times] are the abode of YHV”H. And as they (OBM) said: “and I will dwell within them”—it does not say “among them” but rather “within them.”

Source 12 · Modern
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Mishnah Berurah

Mishnah Berurah 328:16

The Chafetz Chaim rules that one must violate Shabbat to save life even for a potential danger, and explicitly states that 'the Torah commanded us to guard our bodies' — reflecting the broad scope poskim assign to bodily self-preservation.

(טז) ומכירים באותו חולי שממתין - ר"ל שמכירים בבירור שלא יתגבר החולי יותר ע"י שנמתין עד הלילה במו"ש: