Mitzvotמצוות

Mitzvot in Parashat Re'eh: Laws and Purposes

The sources examine specific commandments and prohibitions found in Parashat Re'eh, including laws governing sacrificial offerings, the treatment of sacred objects, dietary restrictions, and social obligations. Each mitzvah is explained alongside its underlying ethical or spiritual purpose.

מִצְוָה לְהַקְרִיב כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת בְּבֵית הַבְּחִירָה

13 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The mitzvos of parshas Re'eh surveyed by the Sefer HaChinukh (437:1) and the Sefer HaChinukh (440:1) share a common axis of sanctity concentrated in one place: just as we are commanded to sacrifice all offerings specifically in the Temple, derived from Devarim 12:14, so too we are forbidden to destroy anything upon which God's name rests — the Temple, holy books, or His names — as derived from Devarim 12:4, the two mitzvos forming mirror images of building up and not tearing down the sacred.

A cluster of prohibitions guards the integrity of the sacrificial system itself: the Sefer HaChinukh (447:1) forbids eating the meat of a burnt-offering under any circumstance, and the Sefer HaChinukh (445:1) prohibits eating an unblemished firstborn animal outside Jerusalem, with the underlying logic that these offerings belong to the priests who serve God and must be consumed in their proper sacred context.

The parshah also addresses the prohibition against adding to or subtracting from the Torah's commandments, whose core rationale the Sefer HaChinukh (454:3) states plainly: God who commands the Torah is completely perfect, and therefore any addition to His commands is itself a deficit, all the more so any subtraction.

On the social and ethical plane, the Sefer HaChinukh (480:1) forbids withholding loans before the sabbatical year — rooting this in the imperative to strengthen generosity and uproot miserliness — while the Sefer HaChinukh (482:1) requires endowing a departing Hebrew slave with gifts, rooted in acquiring beautiful traits of soul through which one merits goodness from a God who desires to do good for His people.

Finally, the parshah demands both protection of Israel's spiritual borders — through the Sefer HaChinukh (462:1)'s prohibition against seducing a fellow Israelite toward idolatry and the Sefer HaChinukh (463:1)'s commandment to investigate witnesses with maximum rigor so that the innocent are never condemned — and a rhythmic national encounter with God, expressed in the Sefer HaChinukh (489:1)'s commandment for every male to appear before God in Jerusalem on Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot and bring an olat reiah there.

Source 1 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 447:1

The passage discusses the prohibition against eating meat of a burnt-offering (based on Deuteronomy 12:17), explaining that this negative commandment applies whether the blood has been sprinkled or not and whether one eats inside or outside the courtyard, and that this prohibition serves as a warning against all misappropriation of consecrated foods, with the underlying reason being that the burnt-offering must be completely consumed rather than eaten.

שֶׁלֹּא לֶאֱכֹל בְּשַׂר הָעוֹלָה – שֶׁלֹּא לֶאֱכֹל שׁוּם דָּבָר מִבְּשַׂר הָעוֹלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב יז) לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ וְגוֹ' נְדָרֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּדֹּר. וּפֵרוּשׁ הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ יֹאמַר לֹא תּוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל כָּל נְדָרֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּדֹּר. וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בַּעֲלֵי הַקַּבָּלָה (מכות יז, א) נְדָרֶיךָ זוֹ עוֹלָה, וְלֹא בָּא הַכָּתוּב אֶלָּא לְלַמֶּדְךָ לְאוֹכֵל עוֹלָה, בֵּין לִפְנֵי זְרִיקַת דָּמִים בֵּין לְאַחַר זְרִיקַת דָּמִים, בֵּין לִפְנִים מִן הַקְּלָעִים בֵּין חוּץ לַקְּלָעִים שֶׁהוּא עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. גַּם אָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (רמב"ם ספר המצוות ל"ת קמו) שֶׁזֶּה הַלָּאו, הוּא אַזְהָרָה לְכָל מוֹעֵל בַּקֳּדָשִׁים. כְּבָר כָּתַבְתִּי בְּסֵדֶר וְיִקְחוּ לִי תְּרוּמָה (מצוה צה), מָה שֶׁיָּדַעְתִּי עַל צַד הַפְּשָׁט בְּעִנְיַן הַקָּרְבָּן, וְהַתּוֹעֶלֶת הַיּוֹצֵא לָנוּ בְּשָׂרְפֵנוּ בַּעֲלֵי הַחַיִּים בַּבַּיִת הַגָּדוֹל, וְהָאַזְהָרָה בָּהֶם שֶׁלֹּא נֹאכַל מֵהֶם אֶלָּא שֶׁיִּשָּׂרֵף הַכֹּל נִמְשָׁךְ אַחַר אוֹתוֹ הַטַּעַם, קֶשֶׁר אֶחָד הוּא. וְנִתְיַחֲדָה הָאַזְהָרָה בָּעוֹלָה כִּי הִיא מִצְוָתָהּ לִהְיוֹתָהּ כָּלִיל, וּבִכְלַל הָאַזְהָרָה כָּל מוֹעֵל בַּקֳּדָשִׁים כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְתִּי.

To not eat meat of a burnt-offering: To not eat anything of the meat of a burnt-offering, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 12:17), “You may not eat in your gates, etc. your vows that you vow.” And the understanding of the verse is as if it stated, “You may not eat any vows that you vow.” And our Rabbis, the masters of the tradition, said (Makkot 17a), “‘Your vows’ — this is the burnt-offering [...] the verse only comes [to teach you] with regard to one who eats the meat of a burnt-offering [whether it is before the sprinkling of the bloods or] after the sprinkling [of the bloods, whether it is] inside the [courtyard or outside the courtyard], that he is [transgressing a negative commandment].” And they, may their memory be blessed, also said (Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 146) that this negative commandment is a warning for all that misappropriate sanctified foods. I have written in the Order of Vayikchu Li Terumah (Sefer HaChinukh 95) that which I know from the angle of the simple understanding about the matter of sacrifices and the benefit that comes out for us in our burning animals in the Great House. And the warning about them that we not eat from them, but rather that all of it be burnt follows from the same reason — it is one connection [that connects them both]. And this warning is specified with the burnt-offering because its commandment is that it be [completely] consumed, but included in this warning is all that misappropriate consecrated foods, as I have written.

Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaMitzvot (Rambam) — Positive Commandment 84

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 84

The passage discusses the mitzvah to bring all offerings at the chosen house, derived from the verse "there you shall bring your burnt offerings and there you shall do," and explains that the warning against bringing any offering outside this place is supported by the word "pens," which allows derivation that other holy sacrifices likewise require this centralized location, with the result that one who brings a burnt offering outside violates both a positive and negative commandment.

היא שצונו להקריב כל הקרבנות בבית הבחירה. והוא אמרו יתעלה שם תעלה עולותיך ושם תעשה, ובעבור שרצו לקיים האזהרה מהקריב שום קרבן מכל הקרבנות בחוץ לקחו ראיה מאמרו פן תעלה עולותיך, אמרו בספרי אין לי אלא עולה שאר קדשים מנין תלמוד לומר ושם תעשה כל אשר אנכי מצוך ועדיין אני אומר עולה בעשה ולא תעשה בשאר קדשים מנין תלמוד לומר ושם תעשה כמו שאבאר במקומו כשנדבר על האזהרה, וענין אמרם עולה בעשה ולא תעשה שיהיה מי שיקריב עולה בחוץ עובר על עשה ולא תעשה.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 445:1

The negative commandment prohibits both a non-priest from eating an unblemished firstborn anywhere and a priest from eating an unblemished firstborn outside Jerusalem, with the underlying reason being that priests as God's servants should be the ones to consume it.

שֶׁלֹּא לֶאֱכֹל בְּכוֹר תָּמִים חוּץ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם – שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל הַכֹּהֵן בְּכוֹר תָּמִים חוּץ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וּכְמוֹ כֵן שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל זֵר מִן הַבְּכוֹר בְּשׁוּם מָקוֹם, כִּי הַמִּצְוָה בּוֹ שֶׁיֹּאכְלוּהוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים מְשָׁרְתֵי הַשֵּׁם, מִן הַטַּעַם שֶׁכָּתַבְתִּי בְּסֵדֶר בֹּא אֶל פַּרְעֹה (מצוה יח). וְעַל כָּל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים יב יז) לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ וְגוֹ'. וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ. וּלְשׁוֹן סִפְרֵי (כאן, ועיין מכות יז א) וּבְכוֹרוֹת זֶה הַבְּכוֹר, וְלֹא בָּא הַכָּתוּב אֶלָּא לְזָר שֶׁאָכַל בְּכוֹר, בֵּין לִפְנֵי זְרִיקַת דָּמִים בֵּין לְאַחַר זְרִיקָה שֶׁעוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה. וְאֵין הַכַּוָּנָה שֶׁלֹּא יְלַמֵּד הַכָּתוּב זוּלָתִי עִנְיָן זֶה (עי' ספה"מ להרמב"ם ל"ת קמד), אֲבָל יֹאמַר שֶׁזֶּהוּ בִּכְלַל הַלָּאו הַזֶּה. וְנִמְצָא שֶׁכְּלוּלִים בּוֹ שְׁנֵי הָעִנְיָנִים שֶׁזָּכַרְנוּ, מְנִיעַת הַזָּר מִלֶּאֱכֹל בְּכוֹר תָּמִים בְּשׁוּם מָקוֹם, וּמְנִיעַת הַכֹּהֵן כְּמוֹ כֵן מִלֶּאֱכֹל אוֹתוֹ חוּץ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וּשְׁנֵי הָעִנְיָנִים תְּלוּיִם בִּבְכוֹר תָּמִים. וְשָׁם בְּסֵדֶר בֹּא אֶל פַּרְעֹה כָּתַבְתִּי מִצְוַת הַבְּכוֹר בְּאֵיזֶה זְמַן וּבְאֵי זֶה מָקוֹם נוֹהֶגֶת, וְחִלּוּק הַדֵּעוֹת לְרַבּוֹתַי יִשְׁמְרֵם אֵל בְּעִנְיַן הַבְּכוֹר בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. וּבְטַעַם הֱיוֹתוֹ נֶאֱכָל בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם אֵין צֹרֶךְ לְהַאֲרִיךְ, כִּי הוּא מִכְּלַל הַקֳּדָשִׁים, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁבָּא בַּמִּשְׁנָה בִּזְבָחִים פֶּרֶק ה' (מ"ח), הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר וְהַפֶּסַח קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים וְכוּ'. וּכְבָר הֶעְתַּרְתִּי דְּבָרַי בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת (מצוה שס) בְּטַעַם אֲכִילַת הַקֳּדָשִׁים בִּמְקוֹם הַקֹּדֶשׁ וֶאֱכֹל אוֹתָם מְשָׁרְתֵי הַשֵּׁם. מִדִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה. מִי הוּא הַזָּר אֵצֶל אֲכִילַת הַבְּכוֹר, וְהַמּוּמִין הַפּוֹסְלִין בּוֹ, וּזְמַן אֲכִילָתוֹ הַכֹּל מְבֹאָר בְּמַסֶּכֶת בְּכוֹרוֹת וּבִמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים מִקָּדָשִׁים קְצָת מִדִּינִין אֵלּוּ [הלכות בכורות פ"א]. וְכֹהֵן הָעוֹבֵר עַל זֶה וְאָכַל כַּזַּיִת מִבְּכוֹר תָּמִים חוּץ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְכֵן יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל מָקוֹם חַיָּב מַלְקוּת.

To not eat an unblemished firstborn [animal] outside of Jerusalem: That a priest not eat an unblemished firstborn [animal] outside of Jerusalem; and so too that a foreigner [non-priest] not eat from a firstborn in any place, as the commandment with it is that the priests — the servants of God — should eat it, from the reason that I wrote in the Order of Bo el Pharoah (Sefer HaChinukh 18). And about all of this is it written (Deuteronomy 12:17), “You may not eat in your gates, etc. and the firstborn of your cattle and your flocks.” And the language of Sifrei Devarim 72 (see [also] Makkot 17a) is “‘And the firstborn’ — this is the firstborn. And the verse only comes for a foreigner that ate the firstborn, whether before the sprinkling of the bloods or whether after the sprinkling, [to teach] that he transgresses a negative commandment.” And the intent is not that the verse does not teach anything except this matter (see Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 144), but rather it is saying that this is [also] included in this negative prohibition. And it comes out that included in it are two matters that we mentioned: prevention of the foreigner from eating an unblemished firstborn in any place; and so too, prevention of the priest from eating it outside of Jerusalem. And both of the matters are predicated upon [it being] an unblemished firstborn. And there in the Order of Bo el Pharaoh, I wrote at what time and in what place the commandment of the firstborn is practiced and the disagreement among my teachers — God protect them — about the matter of the firstborn at this time. And there is no need to write at length about the reason for its being eaten in Jerusalem, as it is part of the consecrated foods — and as it is written in the Mishnah Zevachim 5:8, “The firstborn, the tithe and the Pesach-sacrifice-offering are low-level consecrated foods (kodashim kalim), etc.” — and I have already lavished my words in several places (Sefer HaChinukh 360) about the reason [for] the eating of consecrated foods in the holy place and their being eaten by the servants of God. From the laws of the commandment — who is the foreigner regarding the eating of the firstborn, the blemishes that disqualify it, the time of its eating — it is all elucidated in Tractate Bekhorot. And a few of these laws are in other places in [the Order,] Kodashim. (See Mishneh Torah, Laws of Firstlings 1.) And a priest who transgresses it and eats a kazayit from an unblemished firstborn outside of Jerusalem, and so [too,] an Israelite in any place, is liable for lashes.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 482:1

Mitzvah 482: The law of the Hebrew servant (Eved Ivri) — the terms of his service and his release in the seventh year with gifts. This reflects both the dignity of the human being and the memory of Israel's own servitude in Egypt.

לְהַעֲנִיק לוֹ בְּצֵאתוֹ לַחָפְשִׁי – לָתֵת מִמָּה שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָנוּ לְעֶבֶד עִבְרִי בִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּצֵא מִתַּחַת יָדֵינוּ לְחֵרוּת וְלֹא נְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ בְּיָדַיִם רֵיקָנִיּוֹת, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים טו יד) הַעֲנֵק תַּעֲנִיק לוֹ מִצֹּאנְךָ וּמִגָּרְנְךָ וּמִיִּקְבֶךָ אֲשֶׁר בֵּרַכְךָ יְיָ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּתֶּן לוֹ. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. לְמַעַן נִקְנֶה בְּנַפְשֵׁנוּ מִדּוֹת מְעֻלּוֹת יְקָרוֹת וַחֲמוּדוֹת, וְעִם הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַיְּקָרָה וְהַמְּעֻלָּה נִזְכֶּה לְטוֹב, וְהָאֵל הַטּוֹב, חָפֵץ לְהֵיטִיב לְעַמּוֹ, וְהוֹדֵנוּ וַהֲדָרֵנוּ הוּא שֶׁנְּרַחֵם עַל מִי שֶׁעָבַד אוֹתָנוּ וְנִתֵּן לוֹ מִשֶּׁלָּנוּ בְּתוֹרַת חֶסֶד מִלְּבַד מָה שֶׁהִתְנֵינוּ עִמּוֹ לָתֵת לוֹ בִּשְׂכָרוֹ, וְדָבָר מֻשְׂכָּל הוּא, אֵין צֹרֶךְ לְהַאֲרִיךְ בּוֹ.

To endow him upon his leaving to freedom: To give from what we have to the Hebrew slave at the time that he leaves from under our hand to freedom, and we should not send him empty-handed. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 15:14), “You shall surely endow him; from your flock and from your threshing floor and from your vat that the Lord, your God, has blessed you, shall you give to him.” It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] in order that we acquire for our souls virtuous, dear and beautiful traits; [such that] with a dear and virtuous soul, we will merit the good — and the good God wants to do good for His people. And it is our glory and our splendor that we should have mercy upon the one who served us, and that we give from what is ours as a rite of kindness — besides that which we have stipulated with him to give him his wage. And it is a rational thing — there is no need to be lengthy about it.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 454:3

Mitzvah 454: The prohibition against eating blood. The Torah connects blood with the soul/life-force (nefesh), and the prohibition trains reverence for life itself.

מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. כִּי הָאָדוֹן הַמְצַוֶּה אוֹתָנוּ עַל הַתּוֹרָה בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּתַכְלִית הַשְּׁלֵמוּת, וְכָל מַעֲשָׂיו וְכָל צִוּוּיָיו הֵם שְׁלֵמִים וְטוֹבִים, וְהַתּוֹסֶפֶת בָּהֶם חִסָּרוֹן, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן הַגֵּרָעוֹן, זֶה דָּבָר בָּרוּר הוּא.

It is from the roots of the commandment that the Master Who commanded us about the Torah, blessed be He, is completely perfect and all of His acts and commands are perfect and good. [Hence] adding to them is a deficit — and all the more so, subtracting. This is a clear thing.

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 437:1

The prohibition against destroying things upon which God's name is called—such as the Temple, holy books, and God's precious names—is derived from Deuteronomy 12:4 and enforced by lashing according to Talmudic teaching; the root of this mitzvah is that when Israel approaches the holy with fear and trembling, they internalize great awe and reverence toward God.

שֶׁלֹּא לְאַבֵּד דְּבָרִים שֶׁנִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ עֲלֵיהֶם – שֶׁלֹּא נְאַבֵּד וְנִמְחֶה הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁשֵּׁם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִקְרָא עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּגוֹן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְסִפְרֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ וּשְׁמוֹתָיו הַיְּקָרִים בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְעַל כָּל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים יב ד) לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כֵּן לַיְיָ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, אַחַר שֶׁקָּדַם הַמִּצְוָה לְאַבֵּד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְלִמְחוֹת שְׁמָהּ וְלַהֲרֹס בָּתֶּיהָ וּמִזְבְּחוֹתֶיהָ כֻּלָּם מָנַע וְאָמַר לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כֵּן לַיְיָ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם. וּבְסוֹף מַסֶּכֶת מַכּוֹת (כב, א) אָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה מִי שֶׁשָּׂרַף עֲצֵי הֶקְדֵּשׁ לוֹקֶה, וְאַזְהָרָתֵהּ מִוְּאִבַּדְתֶּם אֶת שְׁמָם לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כֵּן. וְגוֹ' וּכְמוֹ כֵן אָמְרוּ שָׁם, שֶׁהַמּוֹחֵק אֶת הַשֵּׁם לוֹקֶה, וְאַזְהָרָתֵהּ מִזֶּה הַכָּתוּב בְּעַצְמוֹ. שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה נִגְלֶה, כִּי בְּגֶשֶׁת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ בְּאֵימָה בִּרְתֵת וּבְזִיעַ, מִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ יַכְנִיסוּ בְּלִבָּם הַפַּחַד וְהַיִּרְאָה גְּדוֹלָה אֶל הַשֵּׁם בָּרוּךְ הוּא.

Not to destroy things upon which His name, may He be blessed, are called: That we should not destroy and erase the things upon which the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, are called, such as the Temple and holy books and His precious names, blessed be He. And about all this is it stated (Deuteronomy 12:4), “Do not do this to the Lord, your God.” After it was preceded by the commandment to destroy idolatry and to erase its name and to demolish all of its houses and altars, it prevented [it here] and stated, “Do not do this to the Lord, your God.” And at the end of Tractate Makkot 22a, they, may their memory be blessed, said, “One who burns consecrated wood is lashed, and its warning is from ‘and you shall destroy their name from that place[...] Do not do this, etc.’” And so too did they say there that one who erases the name [of God] is lashed, and its warning is from the very same verse. The root of the commandment is revealed. As when people approach the holy with fear, with trembling and with perspiration — through that, they will bring into their hearts great fear and awe towards God, blessed be He.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 462:1

Mitzvah 462: The positive commandment to destroy idolatry and its appurtenances in the Land of Israel. The purpose is to utterly remove the temptation and influence of foreign worship.

שֶׁלֹּא לְהָסִית אֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה – שֶׁלֹּא נָסִית אֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְהָעוֹשֶׂה כֵּן נִקְרָא מֵסִית, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר בְּסוֹף הַפָּרָשָׁה שֶׁל מֵסִית (דברים יג יב) וְלֹא יוֹסִפוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת כַּדָּבָר הָרָע הַזֶּה בְּקִרְבֶּךָ. שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה נִגְלֶה לַכֹּל.

To not seduce one of Israel to worship idolatry: To not seduce one of Israel to worship idolatry. And one who does so is called a seducer. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 13:12), “and they shall not continue to do like this evil in your midst.” The root of this commandment is revealed to all.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 440:1

The commandment requires sacrificing all offerings exclusively in the Temple and not outside the Land, derived from Deuteronomy 12:14; burnt-offerings are subject to both a positive commandment (to offer them in the chosen place) and a negative commandment (not to offer them anywhere else), while other consecrated offerings are bound by the same dual obligation through the phrase "there you shall do all," with the underlying purpose being to establish a singular sanctified place whose constancy draws divine blessing and moves human hearts toward repentance and fear of God.

מִצְוָה לְהַקְרִיב כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת בְּבֵית הַבְּחִירָה – שֶׁנִּצְטַוִּינוּ לְהַקְרִיב כָּל קָרְבָּן בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְלֹא בַּחוּץ, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים יב יד) כִּי אִם בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְיָ וְגוֹ' שָׁם תַּעֲלֶה עֹלֹתֶיךָ וְשָׁם תַּעֲשֶׂה כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּךָּ. וְכֵן הוּא בְּסִפְרֵי (כאן) אֵין לִי אֶלָּא עוֹלוֹת, שְׁאָר קָדָשִׁים מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וְשָׁם תַּעֲשֶׂה כָּל וְגוֹ' וַעֲדַיִן אֲנִי אוֹמֵר עוֹלָה בַּעֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, פֵּרוּשׁ עֲשֵׂה זֶה שֶׁזָּכַרְנוּ, וְלָאו מִמָּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּפָּרָשָׁה הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תַּעֲלֶה עֹלֹתֶיךָ בְּכָל מָקוֹם אֲשֶׁר תִּרְאֶה, שֶׁהִזְכִּיר עוֹלוֹתֶיךָ בְּפֵרוּשׁ, אֲבָל שְׁאָר קָדָשִׁים לֹא יְהוּ אֶלָּא בַּעֲשֵׂה? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר שָׁם תַּעֲשֶׂה וְכוּ'. כְּמוֹ שֶׁבָּא לְשָׁם, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב לְעֵיל בְּסֵדֶר זֶה בְּסָמוּךְ (מצוה תלט). וּכְלַל הָעִנְיָן שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁאָר קָדָשִׁים הַמַּקְרִיבָן בַּחוּץ עוֹבֵר בַּעֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, וְחַיָּבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כָּרֵת. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. כִּי בִּהְיוֹת מָקוֹם מְיֻחָד בָּעוֹלָם לַקָּרְבָּנוֹת, וְהַהַתְמָדָה בּוֹ לְבַקֵּשׁ מִשָּׁם אֶת הַשֵּׁם יִתְקַדֵּשׁ הַמָּקוֹם וְנָחָה עָלָיו רְצוֹן הָאֵל, וְשֶׁפַע בִּרְכָתוֹ שׁוֹפֵעַ עָלָיו תָּמִיד, וְיִהְיוּ לִבְבוֹת בְּנֵי אָדָם מִתְפַּחֲדִים וּמִתְרַכְּכִים לְזָכְרוֹ, וְיָשׁוּב כָּל אִישׁ מִדַּרְכּוֹ הָרָעָה וּמִן הֶחָמָס אֲשֶׁר בְּכַפָּיו בִּרְאוֹתוֹ אוֹתוֹ, וְאִם כָּל הַמְּקוֹמוֹת יֻכְשְׁרוּ לְהַקְרָבָה לֹא יִהְיֶה כֵּן בְּכֻלָּן, יָדוּעַ הַדָּבָר, וְזֶה נֹאמַר אֶל הַיְּלָדִים, עַד אֲשֶׁר יִגְדְּלוּ בַּחָכְמָה וְיָבִינוּ בְּכָל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה סוֹדוֹת נִפְלָאִים.

The commandment to sacrifice all the sacrifices in the Choice House: That we were commanded to sacrifice all the sacrifices in the Temple and not outside of the Land. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 12:14), “But only in the place that the Lord will choose, etc. there you shall offer up your burnt-offerings and there shall you do all that I command you.” And so is it [found] in Sifrei Devarim 70, “This tells me only of burnt-offerings. From where [do I derive the same for] other offerings? [Hence] we learn to say ‘and there shall you do all, etc.’ But I still would say that burnt-offerings are [subject] to a positive commandment and a negative commandment” — the explanation of the positive commandment is that which we have mentioned and [of] the negative commandment is from that which is stated in this section “Guard yourself, lest you offer up your burnt-offerings in every place that you see,” which mentions “your burnt-offerings” explicitly. “But other offerings are subject only to a positive commandment. [From where do I know that they are also subject to a negative commandment? Hence] we learn to say ‘there shall you do, etc.,’” as it appears there, and as it is written above in this Order adjacently (Sefer HaChinukh 439). And the general principle of the matter is that even with other consecrated things, one who sacrifices them outside violates a positive commandment and a negative commandment and is liable excision for it. It is from the roots of the commandment that in there being a specific place in the world for sacrifices and it having constancy of [being the place] from where one seeks God, the place becomes sanctified, the will of God rests upon it and the emanation of His blessing always emanates upon it. And [so] the hearts of people will be afraid and softened to remember Him, and every man will repent from his evil way and from the violence that is in his palms when he sees it. And if all places were fitting for sacrificing, it would not be like this in all of them; and the thing is well-known. And this is said to the children until they grow in wisdom and understand the wondrous secrets in all the words of the Torah.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 476:1

The passage presents a mitzvah to press the foreigner (non-Jew) for repayment of debt without mercy or extension, cited from Deuteronomy 15:3, with the underlying purpose being to train oneself not to develop compassion for idol-worshippers lest one be drawn to their deeds and counsel; however, Ramban disputes whether this is a positive commandment, arguing instead that the verse warns us to show compassion to Israelites through a positive and negative commandment, making pressing a foreigner (but not a brother) a negative commandment derived from a positive one, analogous to the laws of interest.

מִצְוָה לִנְגֹּשׂ אֶת הַנָּכְרִי – לִנְגֹּשׂ הַנָּכְרִי עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁיִּפְרַע מָה שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לָנוּ, וְלֹא נַחְמֹל וּנְרַחֵם עָלָיו לְהַאֲרִיךְ לוֹ הַמִּלְוָה. וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים טו ג) אֶת הַנָּכְרִי תִּגֹּשׂ. וְכֵן אָמְרוּ בְּסִפְרֵי אֶת הַנָּכְרִי תִּגֹּשׂ זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. שֶׁלֹּא נְלַמֵּד נַפְשׁוֹתֵינוּ לַחְמֹל וּלְרַחֵם עֲלֵיהֶם, לְמַעַן לֹא נִמָּשֵׁךְ אַחַר מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וְאַחַר עֲצָתָם בְּשׁוּם דָּבָר. וְהָרַמְבַּ"ן זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה כָּתַב (בספר המצוות שרש ו) שֶׁאֵין זֶה מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה כְּלָל, אֲבָל עִנְיַן הַכָּתוּב לְהַזְהִיר עַל הַחֶמְלָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל בַּעֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, וְאָמַר אֶת הַנָּכְרִי תִּגֹּשׂ וְלֹא אָחִיךָ, וְהוּא לָאו הַבָּא מִכְּלַל עֲשֵׂה, דְּקַיְמָא לַן, שֶׁהוּא כְּמוֹ עֲשֵׂה, וְהַלָּאו הַמְּבֹאָר בּוֹ כְּמוֹ כֵן, וּלְאָחִיךְ לֹא תִּגֹּשׂ. וְכֵן הָעִנְיָן מַמָּשׁ בְּאִסּוּר רִבִּית, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּכְתֹּב בְּסֵדֶר כִּי תֵצֵא (מצוה תקעג) בְּעֶזְרַת הַשֵּׁם.

The commandment to press the foreigner: To press the foreigner that worships idolatry, to pay what he is obligated to us. And we should not have pity and not have mercy upon him, to prolong the loan. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 15:3), “You shall press the foreigner.” And so did they say in Sifrei Devarim 113, “‘You shall press the foreigner’ — this is a positive commandment.” It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] so that we not teach our souls to have pity and to have mercy upon them, so that we are not pulled after their deeds and their counsel in anything. And Ramban, may his memory be blessed, wrote (in Sefer HaMitzvot, Shorashim 6) that this is not a positive commandment at all; but rather the matter of the verse is to warn us [to have] pity towards the Israelite with a positive commandment and a negative commandment: And it stated, “Press the foreigner,” but not “your brother.” And [so] it is a negative commandment that comes from the implication of a positive — about which it is established for us that it is like a positive commandment. And the negative commandment is also elucidated by it, “and you shall not press your brother.” And so is the matter exactly with the prohibition of interest, like we will write in the Order of Ki Tetseh (Sefer HaChinukh 573).

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 463:1

The mitzvah of thoroughly investigating witnesses requires rigorous examination of their testimony to ascertain the complete truth, as the stakes involve protecting the innocent from execution and preventing monetary loss, and the Torah's repeated warnings on this matter underscore its grave importance as the foundation upon which the lives of people depend.

מִצְוַת חֲקִירַת הָעֵדִים הֵיטֵב – לַחְקֹר הָעֵדוּת חֲקִירָה גְּדוֹלָה וְלִדְרֹשׁ אוֹתָהּ הֵיטֵב בְּכָל כֹּחֵנוּ, כְּדֵי לָדַעַת שֹׁרֶשׁ הַדָּבָר וַאֲמִתָּתוֹ עַל הַכִּוּוּן הַגָּמוּר. וּמִיְּסוֹד עִנְיָן זֶה אָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (אבות א א) הָווּ מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַכֹּל לְמַעַן נִתְיַשֵּׁב עַל הַדָּבָר וְנֵדַע בּוֹ כָּל הָאֱמֶת וְלֹא נִהְיֶה נִמְהָרִין בַּדִּין, פֶּן נָמִית הַזַּכַּאי אוֹ נַפְסִיד מָמוֹנוֹ בְּהַעֲלָמַת הָאֱמֶת, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים יג טו) וְדָרַשְׁתָּ וְחָקַרְתָּ וְשָׁאַלְתָּ הֵיטֵב וְהִנֵּה אֱמֶת נָכוֹן הַדָּבָר. כָּל אֲשֶׁר עֵינָיו בְּרֹאשׁוֹ יַבִּיט וְיִרְאֶה כִּי רִבּוּי הָאַזְהָרוֹת וְכֶפֶל הָעִנְיָן בְּמִלּוֹת שׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁתִּכְפֹּל הַתּוֹרָה בְּדָבָר זֶה הוּא לְהַזְהִירֵנוּ יָפֶה בָּעִנְיָן, כִּי דָּבָר גָּדוֹל הוּא וְעַמּוּד חָזָק שֶׁדַּם נֶפֶשׁ הַבְּרִיּוֹת מֻנָּח עָלָיו. וְאֵין לְהַאֲרִיךְ בְּשֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה, כִּי נִגְלֶה הוּא.

The commandment of investigating the witnesses well: To make a formidable investigation of the testimony and to inquire about it well according to all of our ability, so as to know the root of a thing and its completely exact truth. And from the foundation of this matter, they, may their memory be blessed, said (Avot 1:1), “Be deliberate in judgment.” And it is all so that we can reflect on the thing and know the truth about it; and that we not hurry in judgment, lest we kill the innocent and cause a loss of money, because the truth is concealed. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 13:15), “And you shall inquire and investigate and ask well, and behold, the thing is correct truth.” And anyone who has eyes in his head will observe and see that the multitude of warnings and repetition of the matter in different words that the Torah repeated about this thing is to properly warn us about the matter; as it is a great thing and a strong pillar upon which the blood of the souls of the creatures depends. And there is no [need] to write at length about the root of the commandment, as it is revealed to all.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 489:1

All males must appear before God in the Temple in Jerusalem three times yearly at Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot, bringing a burnt-offering of no fixed minimum value; the commandment aims to instill in all Israel, through the sacrificial act, awareness that they are God's chosen and holy people dedicated to guarding His covenant.

לְהֵרָאוֹת בָּרְגָלִים בְּבֵית הַבְּחִירָה – שֶׁנִּצְטַוִּינוּ לְהֵרָאוֹת כָּל זָכָר בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם בְּבֵית הַבְּחִירָה שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים קְבוּעִים בַּשָּׁנָה. וְהֵן, פֶּסַח וְשָׁבוּעוֹת וְסֻכּוֹת, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים טז טז) שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה יֵרָאֶה כָל זְכוּרְךָ אֶת פְּנֵי יְיָ אֱלֹהֶיךָ. וְעִנְיַן הַמִּצְוָה, שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה כָּל אָדָם עִם כָּל בֵּן זָכָר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ שֶׁיּוּכַל לָלֶכֶת לְבַדּוֹ בְּרַגְלָיו לַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְיִתְרָאֶה שָׁם. וּמֵחִיּוּב רְאִיָּה זוֹ, שֶׁיַּקְרִיב שָׁם קָרְבַּן עוֹלָה, וְזֶה הַקָּרְבָּן נִקְרָא עוֹלַת רְאִיָּה וְאֵין לְקָרְבָּן זֶה שִׁעוּר, אֲפִילּוּ תּוֹר אֶחָד אוֹ גּוֹזָל פּוֹטֵר. וּכְבָר כָּתַבְתִּי בְּמִשְׁפָּטִים בְּמִצְוַת לָחֹג בָּרְגָלִים (מצוה פח), מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (חגיגה י ב) שָׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּרֶגֶל, חֲגִיגָה רְאִיָּה, שִׂמְחָה, וְעַל כָּל אַחַת מִשָּׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת אֵלּוּ, הָיוּ מְבִיאִין קָרְבָּן, וְנִקְרָאִים, קָרְבַּן חֲגִיגָה, שַׁלְמֵי שִׂמְחָה, עוֹלַת רְאִיָּה. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. לְמַעַן יִרְאוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִתְּנוּ אֶל לִבָּם בִּפְעֻלַּת הַקָּרְבָּן הַמְעוֹרֵר הַלְּבָבוֹת, כִּי כֻּלָּם מִקְּטַנָּם וְעַד גְּדוֹלָם חֵלֶק הַשֵּׁם וְנַחֲלָתוֹ, עַם קָדוֹשׁ וְנִבְחַר, נוֹצְרֵי עֵדוּתוֹ, סְגֻלַּת כָּל הָעַמִּים אֲשֶׁר תַּחַת כָּל הַשָּׁמָיִם, לִשְׁמֹר חֻקָּיו וּלְקַיֵּם דָּתוֹ, עַל כֵּן יָבוֹאוּ שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה בֵּית הַשֵּׁם, וְהוּא כְּאָמְרָם עַל דֶּרֶךְ מָשָׁל הִנְנוּ לָאֵל לַעֲבָדִים, נִכְנָסִים וּבָאִים בְּצֵל קוֹרָתוֹ, וּבְחֶזְקָתוֹ סְמוּכִים לָעַד לְעוֹלָם בְּאַהֲבָתוֹ וּבְיִרְאָתוֹ, וְזָר לֹא יָבֹא בְּתוֹכֵנוּ, כִּי אֲנַחְנוּ לְבַדֵּנוּ בְּנֵי בֵּיתוֹ. וְעִם הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הַזֶּה, תִּתְעוֹרֵר דַּעְתֵּנוּ, וְנַכְנִיס בְּלִבֵּנוּ מוֹרָאוֹ, וְנִקְבַּע בְּרַעְיוֹנֵנוּ אַהֲבָתוֹ, וְנִזְכֶּה לְקַבֵּל חַסְדּוֹ וּבִרְכָתוֹ. וּבָא עָלֵינוּ הַחִיּוּב בַּזְּכָרִים לְבַד, כִּי הֵם עִקַּר הַבַּיִת, וְהַטַּף וְהַנָּשִׁים טְפֵלָה לָהֶם, וְעִם הַחְזָקָה בָּהֶם לַעֲבָדִים, נַעֲשֵׂית הַחְזָקָה בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא תַּחַת יָדָם. וּמִזֶּה הַיְּסוֹד, נִתְיַחֲדָה לָנוּ מִצְוָה בְּמֹעֵד שְׁנַת הַשְּׁמִטָּה בְּחַג הַסֻּכּוֹת, לְהַקְהִיל שָׁם הָאֲנָשִׁים וְהַנָּשִׁים וְהַטַּף וְהַגֵּרִים, לְפִי שֶׁאוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁנָה, מְשַׁחְרֶרֶת הַכֹּל וּמַפְקַעַת הַשִּׁעְבּוּד מִכָּל הָחַי מִכָּל בָּשָׂר, לְהָשִׁיב הַכֹּל תַּחַת יַד הָאָדוֹן הַשֵּׁם צְבָאוֹת, וְאָז בְּאוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁנָה, לֹא תּוֹעִיל חֶזְקָתָם לַאֲשֶׁר תַּחְתֵּיהֶם, שֶׁאֵין שֵׁם אַדְנוּת בָּאָרֶץ בָּעֵת הַהִיא. וְעוֹד יֵשׁ עִמָּנוּ טַעַם אַחֵר בְּמִצְוַת הַקָּהָל, נִכְתֹּב אוֹתוֹ בִּמְקוֹמוֹ בְּסֵדֶר אַתֶּם נִצָּבִים בְּעֶזְרַת הַשֵּׁם.

To appear on the festivals in the Choice House: That we were commanded to have all males appear in Jerusalem at the Choice House three set times a year — and they are Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 16:16), “Three times a year all your males shall appear before the Lord, your God.” And the content of the commandment is that every man go up to the Temple and appear there with any male child that he has who is able to walk by himself on his [own] feet. And from this obligation of appearing is also that he sacrifice a burnt-offering there. And this sacrifice is called the burnt-offering of being seen (olat reiah). And there is no measure for this sacrifice — even a dove or a fledgling exempts [one]. And I have already written in Mishpatim on the commandment to celebrate on the festivals (Sefer HaChinukh 88), that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Chagigah 10b) [that] three commandments were Israel commanded on the holiday: celebration, being seen and joy. And they would bring a sacrifice for each one of these three commandments and they are called the festive sacrifice, the peace-offerings of joy and the burnt-offering of being seen. It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] in order that all of Israel see and place upon their hearts, through the act of the sacrifice which awakens the hearts, that all of them — from the small to the great — are God’s portion and His inheritance, a holy and chosen people, those that guard His testimonies, the treasure from all the peoples under all of the skies [that] keep His statutes and observe His religion. Hence they come three times a year to the House of God. And it is like their saying metaphorically, “Behold, we are like slaves to God, entering and coming under the shade of His roof, relying upon His strength forever and ever in the love for Him and in the fear of Him; and no foreigner shall come among us, as we alone are the children of His house.” And with this act, our minds are aroused and we place His fear into our hearts and we fix His love into our thoughts, and we merit to receive His kindness and His blessing. And the obligation comes to us only upon the males, since they are the essence of the household, and the children and wives are attached to them; and when there is control over [the males] as slaves, the control is [also] established over all that is under their hand. And from this foundation was the commandment at the appointed time of the sabbatical year during the holiday of Sukkot made unique, to gather there the men, women, children and strangers. As that year liberates all and removes the subjugation from all the living — from all flesh — to return everything back under the hand of the Master, the Lord of Hosts. And then during that year the control over those under them is not effective, as there is no domination in the Land at that time. And there is another reason with us for the commandment of gathering (hakhel) — we shall write it in its place in the Order of Atem Netsavim (Sefer HaChinukh 612) with God’s help.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 480:1

Mitzvah 480: The commandment to be openhanded and lend generously to the poor, and the prohibition against hardening one's heart or closing one's hand. Generosity is a defining mark of Israel's character.

שֶׁלֹּא נִמָּנַע מִלְּהַלְווֹת קֹדֶם שְׁמִטָּה – שֶׁלֹּא לְהִמָּנַע מֵהַלְווֹת אֶל הַצְּרִיכִים מִפְּנֵי פַּחַד הַשְּׁמִטָּה שֶׁלֹּא תַּפְקִיעַ הַחוֹב, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים טו ט), הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן יִהְיֶה דָבָר עִם לְבָבְךָ בְלִיַּעַל לֵאמֹר קָרְבָה שְׁנַת הַשֶּׁבַע. וּלְשׁוֹן סִפְרֵי (כאן) הִשָּׁמֶר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה, פֶּן יִהְיֶה בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁאֵלּוּ שְׁנֵי לָאוִין בָּאוּ בְּזֶה הָעִנְיָן, זֶה אַחַר זֶה לְחִזּוּק. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. לְחַזֵּק וְלִקְבֹּעַ בִּלְבָבֵנוּ מִדַּת הַנְּדִיבוּת, וּלְהַרְחִיק תַּכְלִית הַהַרְחָקָה מִדַּת הַכִּילוּת, וְאֵין נָדִיב בְּעוֹלָם כְּמַלְוֶה מְעוֹתָיו עִם הֱיוֹתוֹ יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהַזְּמַן קָרֵב לְהַשְׁמִיט הַלְוָאָתוֹ וּלְהַפְסִידָהּ מִמֶּנּוּ, אִם אוּלַי יֶאֱרַע בּוֹ אֹנֶס אוֹ שׁוּם מִקְרֶה שֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל לִתְבֹּעַ הַלְוָאָתוֹ קֹדֶם שְׁנַת הַשְּׁמִטָּה. וְכָל מֵבִין דַּרְכֵי הַתּוֹרָה וּמַשִּׂיג לָדַעַת אֲפִלּוּ מְעַט בְּחִין עֶרְכָּהּ יֵדַע בְּבֵרוּר, כִּי הַמְּפַזֵּר מָמוֹנוֹ אֶל הַצְּרִיכִים, נוֹסָף עוֹד, וְחוֹשֵׂךְ מִיֹּשֶׁר אַךְ לְמַחְסוֹר, כִּי הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ יָדִין אֶת הָאָדָם לְפִי מַעֲשָׂיו, וְיַעֲנִיקֵהוּ מִבִּרְכָתוֹ כְּפִי הִתְקָרְבוֹ אֵלֶיהָ, וּמִדַּת הַכִּילוּת מְחִצָּה שֶׁל בַּרְזֶל בֵּינוֹ וּבֵין הַבְּרָכָה, וְהַנְּדִיבוּת חֵלֶק מֵחֶלְקֵי הַבְּרָכָה, וְנִמְצָא הַמִּתְנַהֵג בָּהּ שֶׁהוּא בְּתוֹכָהּ, יִשְׁמַע חָכָם וְיוֹסֶף לֶקַח.

To not refrain from lending before the sabbatical year: To not refrain from lending to those that need, due to fear of the sabbatical year, that it not remove the debt. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 15:9), “Guard yourself, lest there be a wanton thing in your heart saying, ‘The sabbatical year is approaching.’” And the language of Sifrei Devarim 117 is “‘Guard yourself’ as a negative commandment; ‘lest there be’ as a negative commandment” — meaning to say that these two negative commandments come about this matter, one after the other to strengthen [it]. It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] to strengthen and to fix the trait of generosity in our hearts and to completely distance the trait of stinginess. And there is no more generous person in the world than one who lends out his money while knowing that the time is approaching to release his loan and to lose it for him — if maybe some accident will occur or some circumstance that he will not be able to claim his loan before the sabbatical year. And anyone who understands the ways of the Torah and grasps to understand even a little of the grace of its value knows with certainty that “one who distributes his money to the ones that need it, will have more added; but the one who refrains from the straight [deeds], it will be [a cause] for lacking.” As God, may He be blessed, judges a man according to his deeds, and endows him from His blessing according to his coming close to it. And the trait of stinginess is an iron partition between him and the blessing, whereas generosity is a part of the blessing. And [so] it comes out that the one that practices it is [already] in it. “The wise man listens and adds insight.”

Source 13 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 473:1

The second tithe must be separated from produce in four of the seven-year cycle after the first tithe is given to Levites, eaten in Jerusalem, and may be redeemed for its monetary value plus a fifth if distance makes transport impractical, with the redemption money spent only on food and drink in Jerusalem, with a precise halakhic distinction that only a man (not a woman) may redeem his own tithe (not another's), the reason being to cultivate reverence for God.

מִצְוַת מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי – לְהוֹצִיא מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי מִן הַתְּבוּאָה בְּאַרְבַּע שְׁנֵי הַשְּׁמִטָּה. כְּלוֹמַר, אַחַר שֶׁנַּפְרִישׁ מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן הַנִּתָּן לַלְּוִיִּם שֶׁנַּפְרִישׁ עוֹד מַעֲשֵׂר אַחֵר, וְעַל כֵּן הוּא נִקְרָא שֵׁנִי. וְזֶה הַמַּעֲשֵׂר הוּא דִּינוֹ שֶׁיֵּאָכֵל בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים יד כב ) עַשֵּׂר תְּעַשֵּׂר אֵת כָּל תְּבוּאַת זַרְעֶךָ. וּבֵאֵר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁאִם יִרְחַק מִמֶּנּוּ הַמָּקוֹם וְלֹא נוּכַל שְׂאֵתוֹ שָׁם רַק בְּטֹרַח גָּדוֹל וּבְהוֹצָאָה מְרֻבָּה, שֶׁנִּפְדֶּה אוֹתוֹ וְנַעֲלֶה דָּמָיו בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם וְנוֹצִיאֵם שָׁם בְּצָרְכֵי אֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה לְבַד. וּבֵאֵר הַכָּתוּב כְּמוֹ כֵן, שֶׁהַפּוֹדֶה מַעֲשֵׂר שֶׁלּוֹ שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ בְּדָמִים כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁאִם הוּא שָׁוֶה אַרְבָּעָה דִּינָרִים שֶׁיֹּאכַל בִּמְקוֹמוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה דִּינָרִים בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא כז, לא) וְאִם גָּאֹל יִגְאַל אִישׁ מִמַּעַשְׂרוֹ חֲמִשִׁיתוֹ יֹסֵף עָלָיו. וְדִקְדְּקוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (קדושין כד, א) מִמַּעַשְׂרוֹ וְלֹא מִמַּעֲשֵׂר חֲבֵרוֹ, אִישׁ מִמַּעַשְׂרוֹ וְלֹא אִשָּׁה. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. כָּתַבְתִּי בְּמִצְוַת מַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמוֹת בְּסֵדֶר אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי (מצוה שס), וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָעִנְיָן מְבֹאָר טַעְמוֹ בַּכָּתוּב שֶׁהוּא לְמַעַן תִּלְמַד לְיִרְאָה אֶת יְיָ אֱלֹהֶיךָ כָּל הַיָּמִים.

The commandment of the second tithe: To remove the second tithe from the produce in four years of the sabbatical cycle, meaning to say, after we separate the first tithe that is given to the Levites, that we separate yet another tithe. And hence it is called the second tithe. And the law of this tithe is that it be eaten in Jerusalem. And about it is it stated (Deuteronomy 14:22), “You shall surely tithe the produce of your seed.” And Scripture elucidates that if the place is far from us and we cannot carry it there except with great burden and much expense, that we can redeem it and bring up its value [to] Jerusalem and spend it there only for the needs of eating and drinking. And Scripture likewise elucidates that the one who redeems his tithe needs to add a fifth to the value — which is to say that if it was worth four dinar, that he eat instead of it [that which costs him] five dinar in Jerusalem. And about this is it stated (Leviticus 27:31), “And if a man surely redeems from his tithe, he shall add its fifth to it.” And they, may their memory be blessed, made a precise inference (Kiddushin 24a): “‘From his tithe — but not from the tithe of his fellow; ‘a man from his tithe’ — but not a woman.” I have written from the roots of this commandment in the commandment of the animal tithe in the Order of Bechukotai (Sefer HaChinukh 360). And even though the matter is clear, its reason is in Scripture, which is “so that you may learn to revere the Lord, your God, all of the days” (Deuteronomy 14:23).