Machshavaמחשבה

Jewish Identity in Diaspora: Primary or Plural?

These sources examine whether Jewish identity functions as a constitutive and inalienable primary category or can coexist as one layer among multiple civic and national affiliations. They span biblical narrative convention, rabbinic principle, and medieval Jewish philosophy to explore the ontological and spiritual character of Jewish belonging.

אִישׁ יְהוּדִי הָיָה בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה

12 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Esther

Esther 2:5-6

Mordecai is introduced first as 'a Jewish man' (ish Yehudi) and only then located geographically in Shushan — modeling the narrative convention of Jewish identity as the primary, name-giving category even in diaspora.

אִ֣ישׁ יְהוּדִ֔י הָיָ֖ה בְּשׁוּשַׁ֣ן הַבִּירָ֑ה וּשְׁמ֣וֹ מׇרְדֳּכַ֗י בֶּ֣ן יָאִ֧יר בֶּן־שִׁמְעִ֛י בֶּן־קִ֖ישׁ אִ֥ישׁ יְמִינִֽי׃

In the fortress Shushan lived a Jew by the name of Mordecai, son of Jair son of Shimei son of Kish, a Benjaminite.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 7:6

God declares Israel 'a treasured people' (am segulah) chosen from all the nations — establishing that Jewish identity is constitutive, not merely a background characteristic that sits alongside other national identities.

כִּ֣י עַ֤ם קָדוֹשׁ֙ אַתָּ֔ה לַיהֹוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ בְּךָ֞ בָּחַ֣ר ׀ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ לִהְי֥וֹת לוֹ֙ לְעַ֣ם סְגֻלָּ֔ה מִכֹּל֙ הָֽעַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָֽה׃

For you are a people consecrated to the ETERNAL your God: of all the peoples on earth, the ETERNAL your God chose you to be the treasured one.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 4:20

'But you did God take and bring out of the iron furnace, out of Egypt, to be to Him a people of inheritance' — the language of being 'taken out' of one nation to become God's people raises the question of whether entry into another nation's domain can re-layer one's foundational identity.

וְאֶתְכֶם֙ לָקַ֣ח יְהֹוָ֔ה וַיּוֹצִ֥א אֶתְכֶ֛ם מִכּ֥וּר הַבַּרְזֶ֖ל מִמִּצְרָ֑יִם לִהְי֥וֹת ל֛וֹ לְעַ֥ם נַחֲלָ֖ה כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃

whereas you were taken and brought out of Egypt, that iron blast furnace, to be GOD’s very own people, as is now the case.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Kiddushin

Kiddushin 68b

The principle that a Jew who sins is still a Jew ('af al pi shechata Yisrael hu') establishes Jewish belonging as inalienable and unconditional — it is not a status that can be subordinated to or displaced by a parallel civic identity.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״כִּי יָסִיר אֶת בִּנְךָ מֵאַחֲרַי״ – בִּנְךָ הַבָּא מִיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית קָרוּי בִּנְךָ, וְאֵין בִּנְךָ הַבָּא מִן הַנׇּכְרִית קָרוּי בִּנְךָ, אֶלָּא בְּנָהּ.

Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: As the verse states with regard to the same issue: “Your daughter you shall not give to his son…for he will turn away your son from following Me” (Deuteronomy 7:3–4). Since the verse is concerned that after one’s daughter marries a gentile, the father will lead his children away from the service of God, this indicates that your son, i.e., your grandson, from a Jewish woman is called “your son” by the Torah, but your son from a gentile woman is not called your son, but her son.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Berakhot

Berakhot 13a

The Talmud discusses why Yaakov was renamed Yisrael yet the name Yaakov was not abolished — both names carry distinct covenantal significance. This reflects a broader Talmudic comfort with layered, dual identity rather than a single flattened label.

לֹא שֶׁיֵּעָקֵר ״יַעֲקֹב״ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ, אֶלָּא ״יִשְׂרָאֵל״ עִיקָּר וְ״יַעֲקֹב״ טָפֵל לוֹ. אֵלּוּ הֵן בֵּין הַפְּרָקִים:

not that the name Jacob will be entirely uprooted from its place, but that the name Israel will be the primary name to which the name Jacob will be secondary, as the Torah continues to refer to him as Jacob after this event. The Gemara answers: It is different there, as the verse reverts back and God Himself refers to Jacob as Jacob, as it is written before his descent to Egypt: “And God said to Israel in the visions of the night, and said, Jacob, Jacob, and he said, ‘Here I am’” (Genesis 46:2).

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Megillah

Megillah 13a

The Talmud explains that Mordecai is called 'Yehudi' (a Judean/Jew) despite being from the tribe of Benjamin, because he publicly rejected idolatry — suggesting that 'Jewish' as an identity marker points to active religious commitment, not merely ethnic or geographic origin.

רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם מִבִּנְיָמִן קָאָתֵי, וְאַמַּאי קָרֵי לֵיהּ ״יְהוּדִי״? עַל שׁוּם שֶׁכָּפַר בָּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. שֶׁכׇּל הַכּוֹפֵר בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה נִקְרָא ״יְהוּדִי״, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״אִיתַי גּוּבְרִין יְהוּדָאיִן וְגוֹ׳״.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said a different explanation of the verse: Actually, Mordecai came from the tribe of Benjamin. Why, then, was he referred to as Yehudi? On account of the fact that he repudiated idol worship, for anyone who repudiates idolatry is called Yehudi. It is understood here in the sense of yiḥudi, one who declares the oneness of God, as it is written: “There are certain Jews [Yehuda’in] whom thou hast appointed over the affairs of the province of Babylonia, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego; these men, O king, have not regarded you: They serve not your gods, nor worship the golden image which you have set up” (Daniel 3:12). These three individuals were in fact Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, who were not all from the tribe of Judah but are referred to as Yehuda’in because they repudiated idol worship.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed (Rambam)

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 1:1

Rambam opens with the concept of tzelem Elohim — the divine image as the defining characteristic of the human being, and uniquely cultivated through the Jewish intellectual-spiritual tradition. The implication is that Jewish identity has a metaphysical depth that transcends cultural or national attachment.

פִּתְחוּ שְׁעָרִים וְיָבֹא גוֹי צַדִּיק שֹׁמֵר אֱמֻנִים (ישעיהו כו,ב)

“Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation which keepeth the truth may enter in.”—(Isa. 26:2.)

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Kuzari (Rihal)

Kuzari 1:95-115

Yehuda HaLevi argues that the Jewish people constitute a unique spiritual 'level' (inyan Elohi) that cannot be exchanged for or fused with any other national identity — their distinctiveness is ontological, not merely cultural or political.

(צה) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: הַרְפֵּה לִי מְעַט, עַד שֶׁאֲבָאֵר אֶצְלְךָ גְדֻלַּת הָעָם, וְדַי לִי לְעֵד, שֶׁהַשֵּׁם בְּחָרָם לְעָם וּלְאֻמָּה מִבֵּין אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, וְחוּל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי עַל הֲמוֹנָם עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ כֻלָּם אֶל מַעֲלַת הַדִּבּוּר. וְעָבַר הָעִנְיָן אֶל נְשֵׁיהֶם וְהָיוּ מֵהֶן נְבִיאוֹת, אַחַר שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה חָל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי כִּי אִם בִּיחִידִים מִבְּנֵי אָדָם אַחַר אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, כִּי אָדָם הָיָה שָׁלֵם מִבִּלְתִּי תְּנָאי, כִּי אֵין טְעָנָה בִּשְׁלֵמוּת מַעֲשֶׂה, מֵעוֹשֶׂה חָכָם יָכוֹל, מֵחֹמֶר בְּחָרוֹ לַצּוּרָה אֲשֶׁר חָפֵץ בָּהּ, וְלֹא מָנַע מוֹנֵעַ מִמֶּזֶג שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע הָאָב וְלֹא מִדַּם הָאֵם וְלֹא מֵהַמְּזוֹנוֹת וְהַהַנְהָגָה בִשְׁנֵי הַגִּדּוּל וְהַיַּנְקוּת וְהִתְחַלְּפוּת הָאַוִּיר וְהַמַּיִם וְהָאָרֶץ, כִּי יְצָרוֹ כְמַגִּיעַ לְתַכְלִית יְמֵי הַבַּחֲרוּת הַשָּׁלֵם בִּיצִירוֹתָיו וּבְמִדּוֹתָיו, וְהוּא אֲשֶׁר קִבֵּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ עַל תֻּמָּהּ, וְהַשֵּׂכֶל עַל תַּכְלִית מַה שֶּׁבִּיכֹלֶת הָאֱנוֹשִׁי, וְהַכֹּחַ הָאֱלֹהִי אַחַר הַשֵּׂכֶל, רְצוֹנִי לוֹמַר: הַמַּעֲלָה אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ יִדְבַּק בֵּאלֹהִים וּבְרוּחֲנִיִּים, וְיֵדַע הָאֲמִתּוֹת מִבְּלִי לִמּוּד, אֲבָל בְּמַחֲשָׁבָה קַלָּה, וּכְבָר נִקְרָא אֶצְלֵנוּ בֶּן־אֱלֹהִים, וְכָל הַדּוֹמִים לוֹ מִזַּרְעוֹ – בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִים. וְהוֹלִיד בָּנִים רַבִּים וְלֹא הָיָה מֵהֶם רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת בִּמְקוֹם אָדָם אֶלָּא הֶבֶל, כִּי הוּא הָיָה דוֹמֶה לוֹ. וְכַאֲשֶׁר הֲרָגוֹ קַיִן אָחִיו מִפְּנֵי קִנְאָתוֹ בוֹ עַל הַמַּעֲלָה הַזֹּאת, נָתַן לוֹ תַחְתָּיו שֵׁת, וְהָיָה דוֹמֶה לְאָדָם, וְהָיָה סְגֻלָּה וָלֵב וְזוּלָתוֹ כִקְלִיפָּה. וּסְגֻלַּת שֵׁת אֱנוֹשׁ. וְכֵן הִגִּיעַ הָעִנְיָן עַד נֹחַ: בִּיחִידִים הָיוּ לְבָבוֹת, דּוֹמִים לְאָדָם וְנִקְרָאִים בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִים, שְׁלֵמִים בִּבְרִיאָתָם וּבְמִדּוֹתָם וּבַאֲרִיכוּת הַיָּמִים וּבְחָכְמוֹת וּבִיכֹלֶת, וּבִימֵיהֶם אָנוּ מוֹנִים מֵאָדָם וְעַד נֹחַ וְכֵן מִנֹּחַ וְעַד אַבְרָהָם. וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהָיָה מֵהֶם מִי שֶׁלֹּא דָבַק בּוֹ הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי כְתֶרַח, אֲבָל אַבְרָהָם בְּנוֹ הָיָה תַּלְמִיד לַאֲבִי אָבִיו עֵבֶר, וְעוֹד – שֶׁהִשִּׂיג נֹחַ בְּעַצְמוֹ. וְהָיָה הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי דָבֵק בָּהֶם מֵאֲבוֹת אֲבוֹתָם אֶל בְּנֵי בָנִים. וְאַבְרָהָם סְגֻלַּת עֵבֶר וְתַלְמִידוֹ וְעַל כֵּן נִקְרָא עִבְרִי, וְעֵבֶר הָיָה סְגֻלַּת שֵׁם וְשֵׁם הָיָה סְגֻלַּת נֹחַ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יוֹרֵשׁ הָאַקְלִימִים הַשָּׁוִים אֲשֶׁר אֶמְצָעִיתָם וְחֶמְדָּתָם אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן אַדְמַת הַנְּבוּאָה, וַיֵּצֵא יֶפֶת אֶל צָפוֹן וְחָם אֶל דָּרוֹם. וּסְגֻלַּת אַבְרָהָם מִכָּל בָּנָיו – יִצְחָק, וְהִרְחִיק כָּל בָּנָיו מֵהָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת הַמְסֻגֶּלֶת כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּהְיֶה מְיֻחֶדֶת לְיִצְחָק, וּסְגֻלַּת יִצְחָק – יַעֲקֹב, וְנִדְחָה עֵשָׂו אָחִיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁזָּכָה יַעֲקֹב בָּאָרֶץ הַהִיא, וּבְנֵי יַעֲקֹב כֻּלָּם סְגֻלָּה, כֻּלָּם רְאוּיִים לָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי, וְהָיָה לָהֶם הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא הַמְיֻחָד בָּעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי, וְזֶה הָיָה תְחִלַּת חוּל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי עַל קָהָל, אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיָה נִמְצָא כִּי אִם בִּיחִידִים. וַיִּשְׁמְרֵם הָאֱלֹהִים וַיַּפְרֵם וַיַּרְבֵּם וַיְגַדְּלַם בְּמִצְרַיִם, כַּאֲשֶׁר יְגֻדַּל הָאִילָן אֲשֶׁר שָׁרְשׁוֹ טוֹב, עַד שֶׁהוֹצִיא פְּרִי שָׁלֵם דּוֹמֶה לַפְּרִי הָרִאשׁוֹן אֲשֶׁר נִטַּע מִמֶּנּוּ, רְצוֹנִי לוֹמַר: אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וְיוֹסֵף וְאֶחָיו, וְהָיָה מִן הַפְּרִי משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וּמִרְיָם, וּכְמוֹ בְּצַלְאֵל וְאָהֳלִיאָב וּכְמוֹ רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת וְשִׁבְעִים הַזְּקֵנִים אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ רְאוּיִים לִנְבוּאָה מַתְמֶדֶת, וְכִיהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָלֵב וְחוּר וְזוּלָתָם רַבִּים. וְאָז הָיוּ רְאוּיִים לְהֵרָאוֹת הָאוֹר עֲלֵיהֶם וְהַהַשְׁגָּחָה הַהִיא הָרִבּוֹנִית, וְאִם הָיוּ בֵינֵיהֶם מַמְרִים הָיוּ נִגְעָלִים, אַךְ הֵם בְּלִי סָפֵק סְגֻלָּה, כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵם בְּתוֹלַדְתָּם וְטִבְעָם מִן הַסְּגֻלָּה וַיּוֹלִידוּ מִי שֶּהָיָה סְגֻלָּה וְנִזְהָרִים בְּאָב הַמַּמְרֶה בַּעֲבוּר מַה שֶּׁיִּתְעָרֵב בּוֹ מִן הַסְּגֻלָּה אֲשֶׁר תֵּרָאֶה בִּבְנוֹ אוֹ בְּבֶן בְּנוֹ כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁתִּזְדַּכֵּךְ הַטִּפָּה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ בְּתֶרַח וְזוּלָתוֹ מִמִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִדְבַּק בּוֹ הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי אַךְ בְּשֹׁרֶשׁ תּוֹלַדְתּוֹ שֶׁיּוֹלִיד סְגֻלָּה, מַה שֶּׁלֹּא הָיָה כֵן בְּתוֹלֶדֶת כָּל הַנּוֹלַד מֵחָם וָיָפֶת. וְנִרְאֶה כָזֶה בָּעִנְיָן הַטִּבְעִי, כִּי כַמָּה יֵשׁ מִבְּנֵי הָאָדָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לָאָב כְּלָל אַךְ הוּא דוֹמֶה לַאֲבִי אָבִיו?! וְאֵין סָפֵק כִּי הַטֶּבַע הַהוּא וְהַדִּמְיוֹן הַהוּא הָיָה צָפוּן בָּאָב וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִרְאָה לַהַרְגָּשָׁה, כַּאֲשֶׁר הָיָה צָפוּן טֶבַע עֵבֶר בְּבָנָיו עַד שֶׁנִּרְאָה בְאַבְרָהָם. (קג) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: וַהֲלֹא הָיָה יוֹתֵר טוֹב שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַחַיִּים כֻּלָּם מְדַבְּרִים. אִם כֵּן כְּבָר שָׁכַחְתָּ מַה שֶּׁקָּדַם בְּהֶמְשֵׁךְ זֶרַע אָדָם, וְהֵיאַךְ חָל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי בָּאִישׁ, שֶׁהָיָה לֵב הָאַחִים וּסְגֻלַּת הָאָב, מְקַבֵּל לָאוֹר הַהוּא, וזוּלָתוֹ כַקְּלִפָּה אֵינֶנּוּ מְקַבֵּל אוֹתוֹ, עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב כֻּלָּם סְגֻלָּה וָלֵב' נִבְדָּלִים מִבְּנֵי אָדָם בְּעִנְיָנִים מְיֻחָדִים אֱלֹהִיִּים, שָׂמִים אוֹתָם כְּאִלּוּ הֵם מִין אַחֵר מַלְאֲכוּתִי, מְבַקְשִׁים כֻּלָּם מַעֲלַת הַנְּבוּאָה וְרֻבָּם מַגִּיעִים אֵלֶיהָ, וּמִי שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעַ אֵלֶיהָ, קָרוֹב לָהּ בַּמַּעֲשִׂים הַנִּרְצִים וְהַקְּדֻשָּׁה וְהַטָּהֳרָה וּפְגִיעַת הַנְּבִיאִים. וְדַע, כִּי כָל אֲשֶׁר יִפְגַּע נָבִיא בְעֵת פָּגְעוֹ אוֹתוֹ וְשָׁמְעוֹ דְבָרָיו הָאֱלֹהִיִּים, מִתְחַדֶּשֶׁת לוֹ רוּחֲנִיּוּת וְנִפְרָד מִסּוּגוֹ בְזַכּוּת הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהִשְׁתּוֹקְקָהּ אֶל הַמַּדְרֵגוֹת הָהֵם וְהִדָּבְקוֹ בָעֲנָוָה וּבַטָּהֳרָה. זֹאת תִּהְיֶה אֶצְלָם הָרְאָיָה הַנִּרְאֵית וְהָאוֹת הַבָּהִיר בִּגְמוּל הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, כִּי הַמְבֻקָּשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ אֵינֶנּוּ, אֶלָּא שֶׁתָּשׁוּב נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם אֱלֹהִית, תִּפָּרִד מֵחוּשָׁיו וְתִרְאֶה הָעוֹלָם הַהוּא הָעֶלְיוֹן וְתֵהָנֶה בִרְאִיַּת הָאוֹר הַמַּלְאֲכוּתִי וּשְׁמִיעַת הַדִּבּוּר הָאֱלֹהִי, כִּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִיא תִהְיֶה בְטוּחָה מִן הַמָּוֶת כְּשֶׁיִּכְלוּ כֵלֶיהָ הַגּוּפִיִּים. וְכַאֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא תּוֹרָה שֶׁמַּגִּיעִים בִּידִיעָתָהּ וּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ אֶל הַמַּדְרֵגָה הַזֹּאת בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶֹר צִוְּתָה וְעִם הָעִנְיָנִים אֲשֶׁר צִוְּתָה בָהֶם, הִיא מִבְּלִי סָפֵק הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁמֻּבְטָח בָּהּ לְהַשְׁאִיר הַנְּפָשׁוֹת אַחַר כְּלוֹת הַגּוּפוֹת.

95. The Rabbi: Bear with me a little while that I show the lofty station of the people. For me it is sufficient that God chose them as His people from all nations of the world, and allowed His influence to rest on all of them, and that they nearly approached being addressed by Him. It even descended on their women, among whom were prophetesses, whilst since Adam only isolated individuals had been inspired till then. Adam was perfection itself, because no flaw could be found in a work of a wise and Almighty Creator, wrought from a substance chosen by Him, and fashioned according to His own design. There was no restraining influence, no fear of atavism, no question of nutrition or education during the years of childhood and growth; neither was there the influence of climate, water, or soil to consider. For He created him in the form of an adolescent, perfect in body and mind. The soul with which he was endowed was perfect; his intellect was the loftiest which it is possible for a human being to possess, and beyond this he was gifted with the divine power of such high rank, that it brought him into connexion with beings divine and spiritual, and enabled him, with slight reflection, to comprehend the great truths without instruction. We call him God's son, and we call all those who were like him also sons of God. He left many children, of whom the only one capable of taking his place was Abel, because he alone was like him. After he had been slain by Kain through jealousy of this privilege, it passed to his brother Seth, who also was like Adam, being [as it were] his essence and heart, whilst the others were like husks and rotten fruit. The essence of Seth, then, passed to Enosh, and in this way the divine influence was inherited by isolated individuals down to Noah. They are compared to the heart; they resembled Adam, and were styled sons of God. They were perfect outwardly and inwardly, their lives, knowledge and ability being likewise faultless. Their lives fix the chronology from Adam to Noah, as well as from Noah to Abraham. There were some, however, among them who did not come under divine influence, as Terah, but his son Abraham was the disciple of his grandfather Eber, and was born in the lifetime of Noah. Thus the divine spirit descended from the grandfather to the grandchildren. Abraham represented the essence of Eber, being his disciple, and for this reason he was called Ibri. Eber represented the essence of Shem, the latter that of Noah. He inherited the temperate zone, the centre and principal part of which is Palestine, the land of prophecy. Japheth turned towards north, and Ham towards south. The essence of Abraham passed over to Isaac, to the exclusion of the other sons who were all removed from the land, the special inheritance of Isaac. The prerogative of Isaac descended on Jacob, whilst Esau was sent from the land which belonged to Jacob. The sons of the latter were all worthy of the divine influence, as well as of the country distinguished by the divine spirit. This is the first instance of the divine influence descending on a number of people, whereas it had previously only been vouchsafed to isolated individuals. Then God tended them in Egypt, multiplied and aggrandised them, as a tree with a sound root grows until it produces perfect fruit, resembling the first fruit from which it was planted, viz. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph and his brethren. The seed further produced Moses, Aaron and Miriam, Bezaleel, Oholiab, and the chiefs of the tribes, the seventy Elders, who were all endowed with the spirit of prophecy; then Joshua, Kaleb, Hur, and many others. Then they became worthy of having the divine light and providence made visible to them. If disobedient men existed among them, they were hated, but remained, without doubt, of the essence inasmuch as they were part of it on account of their descent and nature, and begat children who were of the same stamp. An ungodly man received consideration in proportion to the minuteness of the essence with which he was endowed, for it reappeared in his children and grandchildren according to the purity of their lineage. This is how we regard Terah and others in whom the divine afflatus was not visible, though, to a certain extent, it underlay his natural disposition, so that he begat a descendant filled with the essence, which was not the case with all the posterity of Ham and Japhet. We perceive a similar phenomenon in nature at large. Many people do not resemble their father, but take after their grand-fathers. There cannot, consequently, be any doubt that this nature and resemblance was hidden in the father, although it did not become visible outwardly, as was the nature of Eber in his children, until it reappeared in Abraham. 103. The Rabbi: Or would it not have been best for all animals to have been reasonable beings? Thou hast, apparently, forgotten what we said previously concerning the genealogy of Adam's progeny, and how the spirit of divine prophecy rested on one person, who was chosen from his brethren, and the essence of his father. It was he in whom this divine light was concentrated. He was the kernel, whilst the others were as shells which had no share in it. The sons of Jacob were, however, distinguished from other people by godly qualities, which made them, so to speak, an angelic caste. Each of them, being permeated by the divine essence, endeavoured to attain the degree of prophecy, and most of them succeeded in so doing. Those who were not successful strove to approach it by means of pious acts, sanctity, purity, and intercourse with prophets. Know that he who converses with a prophet experiences spiritualization during the time he listens to his oration. He differs from his own kind in the purity of soul, in a yearning for the [higher] degrees and attachment to the qualities of meekness and purity. This was a manifest proof to them, and a clear and convincing sign of reward hereafter. For the only result to be expected from this is that the human soul becomes divine, being detached from material senses, joining the highest world, and enjoying the vision of the divine light, and hearing the divine speech. Such a soul is safe from death, even after its physical organs have perished. If thou, then, findest a religion the knowledge and practice of which assists in the attainment of this degree, at the place pointed out and with the conditions laid down by it, this is beyond doubt the religion which insures the immortality of the soul after the demise of the body.

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Tiferet Yisrael (Maharal)

Tiferet Yisrael 1

The Maharal explains that Torah is the form (tzurah) of the Jewish people — without it, the Jewish people lose their defining essence. This suggests that 'Jewish' is not a modifier of one's national identity but the substance of it.

ותמצא הכנה הזאת מיוחדים בה העם אשר בחר השם יתברך.

There is one nation which is above nature and that corresponds to the eighth which is above nature

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Netzach Yisrael (Maharal)

Netzach Yisrael 1

The Maharal argues that the Jewish people are metaphysically separate from all other nations — their exile among the nations does not merge their essential being with those nations but is an unnatural state awaiting restoration. This has direct bearing on the question of hyphenated identity in diaspora.

ועוד שיש לבאר ענין הגלות תחלה, כי הגלות בעצמו הוא ראיה והוכחה ברורה על הגאולה. וזה כי אין ספק כי הגלות הוא שנוי ויציאה מן הסדר, שהשם יתברך סדר כל אומה במקומה הראוי לה, וסדר את ישראל במקום הראוי להם, שהוא ארץ ישראל. והגלות מן מקומם הוא שנוי ויציאה לגמרי. וכל הדברים כאשר הם יוצאים ממקום הטבעי, והם חוץ למקומם, אין להם עמידה במקום הבלתי טבעי להם, רק הם חוזרים למקומם הטבעי. כי אם היו נשארים במקומם הבלתי טבעי להם, היה הבלתי טבעי נעשה טבעי, ודבר זה אי אפשר שיהיה הבלתי טבעי נעשה טבעי. משל זה, אם אתה מכריח את חלק האש שיהיה עומד בארץ, שמקומו הטבעי שלו הוא למעלה, ואתה מכריח אותו חוץ למקום הטבעי להיות עומד למטה. וכן הארץ, מקומה הטבעי למטה, ואם אתה מכריח את חלק ממנו לעמוד למעלה, אם היה נשאר עומד שלא במקום הטבעי, כבר היה הבלתי טבעי נעשה טבעי: וכן ישראל בעצמם, אם היו עומדים בגלות לעולם, שאין זה מקומם הראוי להם, כי מקומם הראוי להם לפי סדר המציאות להיותם בארץ ישראל ברשות עצמם, ולא ברשות אחר. כמו כל דבר ודבר מן הנמצאים הטבעים יש להם לכל אחד מקום בפני עצמו, כמו שגזרו חז"ל (אבות פ"ד, מ"ג) 'אין לך דבר שאין לו מקום', וכל דבר הוא ברשות עצמו. ואם היו נשארים בגלותם לעולם, היה הדבר הזה - שהוא העמידה חוץ למקומם, שהוא בלתי טבעי - נעשה טבעי. שאין עומד בתמידות רק הדברים הטבעיים, כי הטבע שנתן השם יתברך לכל דבר ודבר מקיים אותו עד שהוא מקוים עומד תמיד. ואם הדבר הבלתי הטבעי קיים תמיד גם כן, אף כי אינו כסדר וכטבע המציאות, היה הטבע ההוא דבר מותר ובטל לגמרי ללא צורך, ודבר זה לא יתכן:

There is another reason to explain the concept of exile first. The exile itself is proof and clear imperative for redemption. This is because there is no doubt that exile is an alteration and departure from the normal order. The Blessed Holy One arranged each nation in the place which is appropriate for it, so he arranged the People of Israel into the place which is appropriate for it, namely the Land of Israel. Exile from their place is a complete alteration and departure [from that order]. Anything which departs from its natural place, which is outside its place, is unable to stay in the place which is not natural for it. Rather they need to return to their natural place. Because if they remain in a place which is unnatural for them, then the unnatural would become natural. And it is impossible for the unnatural to become natural. A metaphor: it is like trying to force fire to stay down, when it's natural state is to rise - or like trying to hold up solid matter, when its natural state is to fall to the earth. If you could achieve that, then you would be making the unnatural natural. Similarly with the People of Israel themselves. If they were to stay in exile for ever, which is not the right place for them to be (since the right place for them, according to the order of existence, is the Land of Israel under their own sovereignty and not under the sovereignty of any other). Just like everything in natural existence, each one has its own place as our sages decreed (Pirkei Avot 4:3) "There is nothing which does not have its place". Each thing under its own sovereignty. If they would remain in exile forever, then this thing (unnaturally standing outside their place) would become natural. Only natural things can stand permanently, because the nature which the Blessed Holy One gave to each thing is what sustains it such that it is established to stand forever. If an unnatural state of affairs were to exist forever, even though it was not according to the order and nature of existence, then the nature of that thing would be loosened and nullified completely for no purpose, and such a thing could not happen.

Source 11 · Hasidic
Verified

Toldot Yaakov Yosef (R. Yaakov Yosef of Polnoye)

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Vayigash

Expounding on Yosef's identity in Egypt, the author teaches that the tzaddik who descends into exile (galut) must guard his inner Jewish core from being absorbed by the surrounding culture — a Hasidic paradigm for diaspora Jewish identity.

ובזה יובן, כי נודע דעלמא עלאה מסתיימת בדכורא הנקרא יוסף, כמ"ש בזוהר ויקרא. גם כי היסוד עולה עד הדעת המייחד חכמה ובינה שהם שמות ע"ב קס"א גימטריא זכור, המשפיעים ביסוד, שמשם בא הזכירה, כמ"ש ביחודים. וז"ש ויגש אליו יהודא, שהוא סוד התפלה, לקשר ולהגיש מלכות עלמא תתאה הנקרא יהודא, כמ"ש (תהלים קט, ד) ואני תפלה, בעלמא עלאה שהיא בינה, ע"י הצדיק הנקרא יוסף. והגשה זו יש בו ג' סוגים, א' למלחמה עם המחשבות זרות, איך לשבר הקליפות ולהעלות הפנימי אל הקדושה, כאשר שמעתי בזה ממורי ולא ניתן ליכתוב, הגם שכתבתי מזה במקום אחר בזה בקיצור נמרץ. ב' פיוס, שנתפייס הניצוץ שהי' במקום הקליפות, ונתעלה עתה בקדושה אל מכונו ומקומו הראשון מן רפ"ח ניצוצין וכו'.

Source 12 · Modern
Verified

Nineteen Letters (Rav Hirsch)

Nineteen Letters 11

Rav Hirsch argues passionately against the Reform movement's subordination of Jewish identity to German civic identity, insisting that being a Jew is not an ethnic appendage to one's 'real' national identity but the primary calling that ennobles all other roles.

משפטים — אבל כל אלה יש להם ערכם עליך, אם תחיה באמת על פי מושגיך אלה, בעולם ה', בכחות ה' ובתכונת איש ישראל. חובתך הראשונה: "הצדק!" כי תכבד כל יצור מסביב לך ובך, בתור יציר ה' אלהיך, תביט על כל אשר לו, כי מתנת ה' המה לו או כל אשר רכש לו עפ"י מדת הצדק מה', להניח זאת בידו ולתת לו כל דבר, אשר הצדק אתו לקרוא אותו בשם "שלו" — אל תביא קללה בעולם! ראשית חובתך, לחשוב כל אדם כי הוא דומה לך ולכבד את עצמותו הנסתרת בגופו ובחייו. — בגופו המתפשט ע"י מעשה אנוש ותחבולותיו — בקנינו. בזכיותיו, כי קניניך יעברו ברשותו. ושלו תהיינה פעולות כחותיך. במדה ובמנין ובמשורה. — למלאות את החסרון באשר הזיק לו בגופו או בממונו. לכבדו בהיות לו הזכות על האמת. — על החופש, שמחת החיים ומנוחת הנפש. על הכבוד ועל השלום. לעולם אל תוציא לך תועלת ממום ורפיון גופו, רוחו ולבו. לעולם אל תשתמש להרע עם השלטון והמשפט אשר יש לך עליו.

Mishpatim. — Judgments or Principles of Justice. — All these ideal theories have only value, however, if thou really livest, as thou hast gained the conception, in a Divine world, with Divine powers, man-Israel. The first requisite is, Justice! Respect every being around thee and all that is in thee as the creation of thy God; everything belonging to them as given them by God or in accordance with law which He has sanctioned. Leave willingly to each being that which it is justly entitled to call its own. Be not as regards aught a curse. Especially honor every human being as thy equal, regard him in his essence, that is to say, in his invisible personality, in his bodily envelope and in his life. Extend the same regard to his artificially enlarged body, his property; to the demands which he may be entitled to make upon you for assistance by grants of property or acts of physical strength; in measure and number; in recompense of injury to his person or possessions. Have regard, also, to his rightful claim of truth; of liberty, happiness, and peace of mind, of honor and undisturbed tranquillity. Do not abuse his weakness of heart, mind, or body; do not unjustly employ thy legal power over him.