Yehuda HaLevi argues that the Jewish people constitute a unique spiritual 'level' (inyan Elohi) that cannot be exchanged for or fused with any other national identity — their distinctiveness is ontological, not merely cultural or political.
(צה) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: הַרְפֵּה לִי מְעַט, עַד שֶׁאֲבָאֵר אֶצְלְךָ גְדֻלַּת הָעָם, וְדַי לִי לְעֵד, שֶׁהַשֵּׁם בְּחָרָם לְעָם וּלְאֻמָּה מִבֵּין אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, וְחוּל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי עַל הֲמוֹנָם עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ כֻלָּם אֶל מַעֲלַת הַדִּבּוּר. וְעָבַר הָעִנְיָן אֶל נְשֵׁיהֶם וְהָיוּ מֵהֶן נְבִיאוֹת, אַחַר שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה חָל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי כִּי אִם בִּיחִידִים מִבְּנֵי אָדָם אַחַר אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, כִּי אָדָם הָיָה שָׁלֵם מִבִּלְתִּי תְּנָאי, כִּי אֵין טְעָנָה בִּשְׁלֵמוּת מַעֲשֶׂה, מֵעוֹשֶׂה חָכָם יָכוֹל, מֵחֹמֶר בְּחָרוֹ לַצּוּרָה אֲשֶׁר חָפֵץ בָּהּ, וְלֹא מָנַע מוֹנֵעַ מִמֶּזֶג שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע הָאָב וְלֹא מִדַּם הָאֵם וְלֹא מֵהַמְּזוֹנוֹת וְהַהַנְהָגָה בִשְׁנֵי הַגִּדּוּל וְהַיַּנְקוּת וְהִתְחַלְּפוּת הָאַוִּיר וְהַמַּיִם וְהָאָרֶץ, כִּי יְצָרוֹ כְמַגִּיעַ לְתַכְלִית יְמֵי הַבַּחֲרוּת הַשָּׁלֵם בִּיצִירוֹתָיו וּבְמִדּוֹתָיו, וְהוּא אֲשֶׁר קִבֵּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ עַל תֻּמָּהּ, וְהַשֵּׂכֶל עַל תַּכְלִית מַה שֶּׁבִּיכֹלֶת הָאֱנוֹשִׁי, וְהַכֹּחַ הָאֱלֹהִי אַחַר הַשֵּׂכֶל, רְצוֹנִי לוֹמַר: הַמַּעֲלָה אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ יִדְבַּק בֵּאלֹהִים וּבְרוּחֲנִיִּים, וְיֵדַע הָאֲמִתּוֹת מִבְּלִי לִמּוּד, אֲבָל בְּמַחֲשָׁבָה קַלָּה, וּכְבָר נִקְרָא אֶצְלֵנוּ בֶּן־אֱלֹהִים, וְכָל הַדּוֹמִים לוֹ מִזַּרְעוֹ – בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִים. וְהוֹלִיד בָּנִים רַבִּים וְלֹא הָיָה מֵהֶם רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת בִּמְקוֹם אָדָם אֶלָּא הֶבֶל, כִּי הוּא הָיָה דוֹמֶה לוֹ. וְכַאֲשֶׁר הֲרָגוֹ קַיִן אָחִיו מִפְּנֵי קִנְאָתוֹ בוֹ עַל הַמַּעֲלָה הַזֹּאת, נָתַן לוֹ תַחְתָּיו שֵׁת, וְהָיָה דוֹמֶה לְאָדָם, וְהָיָה סְגֻלָּה וָלֵב וְזוּלָתוֹ כִקְלִיפָּה. וּסְגֻלַּת שֵׁת אֱנוֹשׁ. וְכֵן הִגִּיעַ הָעִנְיָן עַד נֹחַ: בִּיחִידִים הָיוּ לְבָבוֹת, דּוֹמִים לְאָדָם וְנִקְרָאִים בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִים, שְׁלֵמִים בִּבְרִיאָתָם וּבְמִדּוֹתָם וּבַאֲרִיכוּת הַיָּמִים וּבְחָכְמוֹת וּבִיכֹלֶת, וּבִימֵיהֶם אָנוּ מוֹנִים מֵאָדָם וְעַד נֹחַ וְכֵן מִנֹּחַ וְעַד אַבְרָהָם. וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהָיָה מֵהֶם מִי שֶׁלֹּא דָבַק בּוֹ הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי כְתֶרַח, אֲבָל אַבְרָהָם בְּנוֹ הָיָה תַּלְמִיד לַאֲבִי אָבִיו עֵבֶר, וְעוֹד – שֶׁהִשִּׂיג נֹחַ בְּעַצְמוֹ. וְהָיָה הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי דָבֵק בָּהֶם מֵאֲבוֹת אֲבוֹתָם אֶל בְּנֵי בָנִים. וְאַבְרָהָם סְגֻלַּת עֵבֶר וְתַלְמִידוֹ וְעַל כֵּן נִקְרָא עִבְרִי, וְעֵבֶר הָיָה סְגֻלַּת שֵׁם וְשֵׁם הָיָה סְגֻלַּת נֹחַ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יוֹרֵשׁ הָאַקְלִימִים הַשָּׁוִים אֲשֶׁר אֶמְצָעִיתָם וְחֶמְדָּתָם אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן אַדְמַת הַנְּבוּאָה, וַיֵּצֵא יֶפֶת אֶל צָפוֹן וְחָם אֶל דָּרוֹם. וּסְגֻלַּת אַבְרָהָם מִכָּל בָּנָיו – יִצְחָק, וְהִרְחִיק כָּל בָּנָיו מֵהָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת הַמְסֻגֶּלֶת כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּהְיֶה מְיֻחֶדֶת לְיִצְחָק, וּסְגֻלַּת יִצְחָק – יַעֲקֹב, וְנִדְחָה עֵשָׂו אָחִיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁזָּכָה יַעֲקֹב בָּאָרֶץ הַהִיא, וּבְנֵי יַעֲקֹב כֻּלָּם סְגֻלָּה, כֻּלָּם רְאוּיִים לָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי, וְהָיָה לָהֶם הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא הַמְיֻחָד בָּעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי, וְזֶה הָיָה תְחִלַּת חוּל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי עַל קָהָל, אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיָה נִמְצָא כִּי אִם בִּיחִידִים. וַיִּשְׁמְרֵם הָאֱלֹהִים וַיַּפְרֵם וַיַּרְבֵּם וַיְגַדְּלַם בְּמִצְרַיִם, כַּאֲשֶׁר יְגֻדַּל הָאִילָן אֲשֶׁר שָׁרְשׁוֹ טוֹב, עַד שֶׁהוֹצִיא פְּרִי שָׁלֵם דּוֹמֶה לַפְּרִי הָרִאשׁוֹן אֲשֶׁר נִטַּע מִמֶּנּוּ, רְצוֹנִי לוֹמַר: אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וְיוֹסֵף וְאֶחָיו, וְהָיָה מִן הַפְּרִי משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וּמִרְיָם, וּכְמוֹ בְּצַלְאֵל וְאָהֳלִיאָב וּכְמוֹ רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת וְשִׁבְעִים הַזְּקֵנִים אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ רְאוּיִים לִנְבוּאָה מַתְמֶדֶת, וְכִיהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָלֵב וְחוּר וְזוּלָתָם רַבִּים. וְאָז הָיוּ רְאוּיִים לְהֵרָאוֹת הָאוֹר עֲלֵיהֶם וְהַהַשְׁגָּחָה הַהִיא הָרִבּוֹנִית, וְאִם הָיוּ בֵינֵיהֶם מַמְרִים הָיוּ נִגְעָלִים, אַךְ הֵם בְּלִי סָפֵק סְגֻלָּה, כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵם בְּתוֹלַדְתָּם וְטִבְעָם מִן הַסְּגֻלָּה וַיּוֹלִידוּ מִי שֶּהָיָה סְגֻלָּה וְנִזְהָרִים בְּאָב הַמַּמְרֶה בַּעֲבוּר מַה שֶּׁיִּתְעָרֵב בּוֹ מִן הַסְּגֻלָּה אֲשֶׁר תֵּרָאֶה בִּבְנוֹ אוֹ בְּבֶן בְּנוֹ כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁתִּזְדַּכֵּךְ הַטִּפָּה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ בְּתֶרַח וְזוּלָתוֹ מִמִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִדְבַּק בּוֹ הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי אַךְ בְּשֹׁרֶשׁ תּוֹלַדְתּוֹ שֶׁיּוֹלִיד סְגֻלָּה, מַה שֶּׁלֹּא הָיָה כֵן בְּתוֹלֶדֶת כָּל הַנּוֹלַד מֵחָם וָיָפֶת. וְנִרְאֶה כָזֶה בָּעִנְיָן הַטִּבְעִי, כִּי כַמָּה יֵשׁ מִבְּנֵי הָאָדָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לָאָב כְּלָל אַךְ הוּא דוֹמֶה לַאֲבִי אָבִיו?! וְאֵין סָפֵק כִּי הַטֶּבַע הַהוּא וְהַדִּמְיוֹן הַהוּא הָיָה צָפוּן בָּאָב וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִרְאָה לַהַרְגָּשָׁה, כַּאֲשֶׁר הָיָה צָפוּן טֶבַע עֵבֶר בְּבָנָיו עַד שֶׁנִּרְאָה בְאַבְרָהָם. (קג) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: וַהֲלֹא הָיָה יוֹתֵר טוֹב שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַחַיִּים כֻּלָּם מְדַבְּרִים. אִם כֵּן כְּבָר שָׁכַחְתָּ מַה שֶּׁקָּדַם בְּהֶמְשֵׁךְ זֶרַע אָדָם, וְהֵיאַךְ חָל הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי בָּאִישׁ, שֶׁהָיָה לֵב הָאַחִים וּסְגֻלַּת הָאָב, מְקַבֵּל לָאוֹר הַהוּא, וזוּלָתוֹ כַקְּלִפָּה אֵינֶנּוּ מְקַבֵּל אוֹתוֹ, עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב כֻּלָּם סְגֻלָּה וָלֵב' נִבְדָּלִים מִבְּנֵי אָדָם בְּעִנְיָנִים מְיֻחָדִים אֱלֹהִיִּים, שָׂמִים אוֹתָם כְּאִלּוּ הֵם מִין אַחֵר מַלְאֲכוּתִי, מְבַקְשִׁים כֻּלָּם מַעֲלַת הַנְּבוּאָה וְרֻבָּם מַגִּיעִים אֵלֶיהָ, וּמִי שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעַ אֵלֶיהָ, קָרוֹב לָהּ בַּמַּעֲשִׂים הַנִּרְצִים וְהַקְּדֻשָּׁה וְהַטָּהֳרָה וּפְגִיעַת הַנְּבִיאִים. וְדַע, כִּי כָל אֲשֶׁר יִפְגַּע נָבִיא בְעֵת פָּגְעוֹ אוֹתוֹ וְשָׁמְעוֹ דְבָרָיו הָאֱלֹהִיִּים, מִתְחַדֶּשֶׁת לוֹ רוּחֲנִיּוּת וְנִפְרָד מִסּוּגוֹ בְזַכּוּת הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהִשְׁתּוֹקְקָהּ אֶל הַמַּדְרֵגוֹת הָהֵם וְהִדָּבְקוֹ בָעֲנָוָה וּבַטָּהֳרָה. זֹאת תִּהְיֶה אֶצְלָם הָרְאָיָה הַנִּרְאֵית וְהָאוֹת הַבָּהִיר בִּגְמוּל הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, כִּי הַמְבֻקָּשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ אֵינֶנּוּ, אֶלָּא שֶׁתָּשׁוּב נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם אֱלֹהִית, תִּפָּרִד מֵחוּשָׁיו וְתִרְאֶה הָעוֹלָם הַהוּא הָעֶלְיוֹן וְתֵהָנֶה בִרְאִיַּת הָאוֹר הַמַּלְאֲכוּתִי וּשְׁמִיעַת הַדִּבּוּר הָאֱלֹהִי, כִּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִיא תִהְיֶה בְטוּחָה מִן הַמָּוֶת כְּשֶׁיִּכְלוּ כֵלֶיהָ הַגּוּפִיִּים. וְכַאֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא תּוֹרָה שֶׁמַּגִּיעִים בִּידִיעָתָהּ וּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ אֶל הַמַּדְרֵגָה הַזֹּאת בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶֹר צִוְּתָה וְעִם הָעִנְיָנִים אֲשֶׁר צִוְּתָה בָהֶם, הִיא מִבְּלִי סָפֵק הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁמֻּבְטָח בָּהּ לְהַשְׁאִיר הַנְּפָשׁוֹת אַחַר כְּלוֹת הַגּוּפוֹת.
95. The Rabbi: Bear with me a little while that I show the lofty station of the people. For me it is sufficient that God chose them as His people from all nations of the world, and allowed His influence to rest on all of them, and that they nearly approached being addressed by Him. It even descended on their women, among whom were prophetesses, whilst since Adam only isolated individuals had been inspired till then. Adam was perfection itself, because no flaw could be found in a work of a wise and Almighty Creator, wrought from a substance chosen by Him, and fashioned according to His own design. There was no restraining influence, no fear of atavism, no question of nutrition or education during the years of childhood and growth; neither was there the influence of climate, water, or soil to consider. For He created him in the form of an adolescent, perfect in body and mind. The soul with which he was endowed was perfect; his intellect was the loftiest which it is possible for a human being to possess, and beyond this he was gifted with the divine power of such high rank, that it brought him into connexion with beings divine and spiritual, and enabled him, with slight reflection, to comprehend the great truths without instruction. We call him God's son, and we call all those who were like him also sons of God. He left many children, of whom the only one capable of taking his place was Abel, because he alone was like him. After he had been slain by Kain through jealousy of this privilege, it passed to his brother Seth, who also was like Adam, being [as it were] his essence and heart, whilst the others were like husks and rotten fruit. The essence of Seth, then, passed to Enosh, and in this way the divine influence was inherited by isolated individuals down to Noah. They are compared to the heart; they resembled Adam, and were styled sons of God. They were perfect outwardly and inwardly, their lives, knowledge and ability being likewise faultless. Their lives fix the chronology from Adam to Noah, as well as from Noah to Abraham. There were some, however, among them who did not come under divine influence, as Terah, but his son Abraham was the disciple of his grandfather Eber, and was born in the lifetime of Noah. Thus the divine spirit descended from the grandfather to the grandchildren. Abraham represented the essence of Eber, being his disciple, and for this reason he was called Ibri. Eber represented the essence of Shem, the latter that of Noah. He inherited the temperate zone, the centre and principal part of which is Palestine, the land of prophecy. Japheth turned towards north, and Ham towards south. The essence of Abraham passed over to Isaac, to the exclusion of the other sons who were all removed from the land, the special inheritance of Isaac. The prerogative of Isaac descended on Jacob, whilst Esau was sent from the land which belonged to Jacob. The sons of the latter were all worthy of the divine influence, as well as of the country distinguished by the divine spirit. This is the first instance of the divine influence descending on a number of people, whereas it had previously only been vouchsafed to isolated individuals. Then God tended them in Egypt, multiplied and aggrandised them, as a tree with a sound root grows until it produces perfect fruit, resembling the first fruit from which it was planted, viz. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph and his brethren. The seed further produced Moses, Aaron and Miriam, Bezaleel, Oholiab, and the chiefs of the tribes, the seventy Elders, who were all endowed with the spirit of prophecy; then Joshua, Kaleb, Hur, and many others. Then they became worthy of having the divine light and providence made visible to them. If disobedient men existed among them, they were hated, but remained, without doubt, of the essence inasmuch as they were part of it on account of their descent and nature, and begat children who were of the same stamp. An ungodly man received consideration in proportion to the minuteness of the essence with which he was endowed, for it reappeared in his children and grandchildren according to the purity of their lineage. This is how we regard Terah and others in whom the divine afflatus was not visible, though, to a certain extent, it underlay his natural disposition, so that he begat a descendant filled with the essence, which was not the case with all the posterity of Ham and Japhet. We perceive a similar phenomenon in nature at large. Many people do not resemble their father, but take after their grand-fathers. There cannot, consequently, be any doubt that this nature and resemblance was hidden in the father, although it did not become visible outwardly, as was the nature of Eber in his children, until it reappeared in Abraham. 103. The Rabbi: Or would it not have been best for all animals to have been reasonable beings? Thou hast, apparently, forgotten what we said previously concerning the genealogy of Adam's progeny, and how the spirit of divine prophecy rested on one person, who was chosen from his brethren, and the essence of his father. It was he in whom this divine light was concentrated. He was the kernel, whilst the others were as shells which had no share in it. The sons of Jacob were, however, distinguished from other people by godly qualities, which made them, so to speak, an angelic caste. Each of them, being permeated by the divine essence, endeavoured to attain the degree of prophecy, and most of them succeeded in so doing. Those who were not successful strove to approach it by means of pious acts, sanctity, purity, and intercourse with prophets. Know that he who converses with a prophet experiences spiritualization during the time he listens to his oration. He differs from his own kind in the purity of soul, in a yearning for the [higher] degrees and attachment to the qualities of meekness and purity. This was a manifest proof to them, and a clear and convincing sign of reward hereafter. For the only result to be expected from this is that the human soul becomes divine, being detached from material senses, joining the highest world, and enjoying the vision of the divine light, and hearing the divine speech. Such a soul is safe from death, even after its physical organs have perished. If thou, then, findest a religion the knowledge and practice of which assists in the attainment of this degree, at the place pointed out and with the conditions laid down by it, this is beyond doubt the religion which insures the immortality of the soul after the demise of the body.