Machshavaמחשבה

Monarchy in Torah: Divine Ideal or Human Concession

These sources explore whether appointing a king is a Torah commandment or merely a reluctant permission granted to accommodate human weakness. The debate centers on Deuteronomy 17:14–20 and Samuel's warnings, with particular attention to Abarbanel's argument that heroic leadership without hereditary monarchy better reflects the Torah's true vision for Jewish governance.

לֹֽא־אֶמְשֹׁ֤ל אֲנִ וּלֹא־אֶמְשֹׁל בְּנִי

16 sources · verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

I Samuel

I Samuel 8:5-20:2

The elders of Israel demand a king to govern like other nations. Samuel warns them that a king will have many rights over them, suggesting the Torah's ambivalence about monarchy's inherent goodness.

וַיֵּ֤רַע הַדָּבָר֙ בְּעֵינֵ֣י שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר אָֽמְר֔וּ תְּנָה־לָּ֥נוּ מֶ֖לֶךְ לְשׇׁפְטֵ֑נוּ וַיִּתְפַּלֵּ֥ל שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃ {פ} וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל שְׁמַע֙ בְּק֣וֹל הָעָ֔ם לְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמְר֖וּ אֵלֶ֑יךָ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א אֹֽתְךָ֙ מָאָ֔סוּ כִּי־אֹתִ֥י מָאֲס֖וּ מִמְּלֹ֥ךְ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ כְּכׇֽל־הַמַּעֲשִׂ֣ים אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֗וּ מִיּוֹם֩ הַעֲלֹתִ֨י אוֹתָ֤ם מִמִּצְרַ֙יִם֙ וְעַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה וַיַּ֣עַזְבֻ֔נִי וַיַּעַבְד֖וּ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים כֵּ֛ן הֵ֥מָּה עֹשִׂ֖ים גַּם־לָֽךְ׃ וְעַתָּ֖ה שְׁמַ֣ע בְּקוֹלָ֑ם אַ֗ךְ כִּֽי־הָעֵ֤ד תָּעִיד֙ בָּהֶ֔ם וְהִגַּדְתָּ֣ לָהֶ֔ם מִשְׁפַּ֣ט הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְלֹ֖ךְ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ {ס}

Samuel was displeased that they said “Give us a king to govern us.” Samuel prayed to GOD, and GOD replied to Samuel, “Heed the demand of the people in everything they say to you. For it is not you that they have rejected; it is Me they have rejected to rule over them. Like everything else they have done ever since I brought them out of Egypt to this day—forsaking Me and worshiping other gods—so they are doing to you. Heed their demand; but warn them solemnly, and tell them about the practices of any king who will rule over them.”

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Hosea

Hosea 13:10-11:1

God questions Israel's demand for a king, critiquing their reliance on human rulers. Hosea highlights the flawed nature of monarchy in contrast to the ideal of relying solely on divine leadership.

אֱהִ֤י מַלְכְּךָ֙ אֵפ֔וֹא וְיוֹשִׁיעֲךָ֖ בְּכׇל־עָרֶ֑יךָ וְשֹׁ֣פְטֶ֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֔רְתָּ תְּנָה־לִּ֖י מֶ֥לֶךְ וְשָׂרִֽים׃ אֶֽתֶּן־לְךָ֥ מֶ֙לֶךְ֙ בְּאַפִּ֔י וְאֶקַּ֖ח בְּעֶבְרָתִֽי׃ {פ}

Where now is your king? Let him save you! Where are the chieftains in all your towns From whom you demanded: “Give me a king and officers”? I give you kings in My ire, And take them away in My wrath.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Judges – Gideon Refuses the Crown

Judges 8:22-23:1

After defeating Midian, the people ask Gideon to rule over them dynastically. Gideon refuses: 'I will not rule over you, nor shall my son rule over you — the LORD shall rule over you.' This episode is a key proof-text for Abarbanel's position that heroic leadership without monarchy is the Torah's true model.

וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אִֽישׁ־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶל־גִּדְע֔וֹן מְשָׁל־בָּ֙נוּ֙ גַּם־אַתָּ֔ה גַּם־בִּנְךָ֖ גַּ֣ם בֶּן־בְּנֶ֑ךָ כִּ֥י הוֹשַׁעְתָּ֖נוּ מִיַּ֥ד מִדְיָֽן׃ וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵהֶם֙ גִּדְע֔וֹן לֹֽא־אֶמְשֹׁ֤ל אֲנִי֙ בָּכֶ֔ם וְלֹא־יִמְשֹׁ֥ל בְּנִ֖י בָּכֶ֑ם יְהֹוָ֖ה יִמְשֹׁ֥ל בָּכֶֽם׃

Then those [who fought] on Israel’s side said to Gideon, “Rule over us—you, your son, and your grandson as well; for you have saved us from the Midianites.” But Gideon replied, “I will not rule over you myself, nor shall my son rule over you; GOD alone shall rule over you.”

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – The Law of the King

Deuteronomy 17:14-20:1

The Torah's foundational passage on kingship: 'When you come to the land… and you say, I will set a king over me.' Abarbanel and others debate whether this is a commandment or merely a reluctant permission granted in anticipation of the people's desire — the ambiguous 'ki tomar' ('when you say') framing is central to the entire debate.

כִּֽי־תָבֹ֣א אֶל־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְהֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ נֹתֵ֣ן לָ֔ךְ וִֽירִשְׁתָּ֖הּ וְיָשַׁ֣בְתָּה בָּ֑הּ וְאָמַרְתָּ֗ אָשִׂ֤ימָה עָלַי֙ מֶ֔לֶךְ כְּכׇל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר סְבִיבֹתָֽי׃ שׂ֣וֹם תָּשִׂ֤ים עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ מֶ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַ֛ר יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ בּ֑וֹ מִקֶּ֣רֶב אַחֶ֗יךָ תָּשִׂ֤ים עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ מֶ֔לֶךְ לֹ֣א תוּכַ֗ל לָתֵ֤ת עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ אִ֣ישׁ נׇכְרִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־אָחִ֖יךָ הֽוּא׃

If, after you have entered the land that the ETERNAL your God has assigned to you, and taken possession of it and settled in it, you decide, “I will set a king over me, as do all the nations about me,” you shall be free to set a king over yourself, one chosen by the ETERNAL your God. Be sure to set as king over yourself one of your own people; you must not set a foreigner over you, one who is not your fellow Israelite.

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms – 'Put Not Your Trust in Princes'

Psalms 146:3-5:1

'Do not trust in princes, in mortal man in whom there is no salvation… Happy is the one whose help is the God of Jacob.' This verse is a cornerstone of the anti-monarchic sensibility, expressing the ideal of direct reliance on divine sovereignty rather than human rulers.

אַל־תִּבְטְח֥וּ בִנְדִיבִ֑ים בְּבֶן־אָדָ֓ם ׀ שֶׁ֤אֵ֖ין ל֥וֹ תְשׁוּעָֽה׃ תֵּצֵ֣א ר֭וּחוֹ יָשֻׁ֣ב לְאַדְמָת֑וֹ בַּיּ֥וֹם הַ֝ה֗וּא אָבְד֥וּ עֶשְׁתֹּנֹתָֽיו׃ אַשְׁרֵ֗י שֶׁ֤אֵ֣ל יַעֲקֹ֣ב בְּעֶזְר֑וֹ שִׂ֝בְר֗וֹ עַל־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽיו׃

Put not your trust in the great, in mortals who cannot save. Their breath departs; they return to the dust; on that day their plans come to nothing. Happy are those whose help is the God of Jacob, whose hope is in the ETERNAL their God,

Source 6 · Tanach
Verified

I Samuel – The People's Demand for a King

I Samuel 8:1-22:7

The prophet Samuel rebukes Israel for requesting a king, warning that a monarch will conscript their sons, take their fields and daughters, and ultimately enslave them. God tells Samuel: 'They have not rejected you — they have rejected Me from reigning over them,' suggesting the ideal is direct divine kingship rather than human monarchy.

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל שְׁמַע֙ בְּק֣וֹל הָעָ֔ם לְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמְר֖וּ אֵלֶ֑יךָ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א אֹֽתְךָ֙ מָאָ֔סוּ כִּי־אֹתִ֥י מָאֲס֖וּ מִמְּלֹ֥ךְ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ כְּכׇֽל־הַמַּעֲשִׂ֣ים אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֗וּ מִיּוֹם֩ הַעֲלֹתִ֨י אוֹתָ֤ם מִמִּצְרַ֙יִם֙ וְעַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה וַיַּ֣עַזְבֻ֔נִי וַיַּעַבְד֖וּ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים כֵּ֛ן הֵ֥מָּה עֹשִׂ֖ים גַּם־לָֽךְ׃ וְעַתָּ֖ה שְׁמַ֣ע בְּקוֹלָ֑ם אַ֗ךְ כִּֽי־הָעֵ֤ד תָּעִיד֙ בָּהֶ֔ם וְהִגַּדְתָּ֣ לָהֶ֔ם מִשְׁפַּ֣ט הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְלֹ֖ךְ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ {ס}

and GOD replied to Samuel, “Heed the demand of the people in everything they say to you. For it is not you that they have rejected; it is Me they have rejected to rule over them. Like everything else they have done ever since I brought them out of Egypt to this day—forsaking Me and worshiping other gods—so they are doing to you. Heed their demand; but warn them solemnly, and tell them about the practices of any king who will rule over them.”

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 20b:6

The Talmud discusses the debate on whether appointing a king is a commandment or merely an allowance, reflecting diverse Rabbinic views on monarchy's necessity and the potential dangers it poses.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: כׇּל הָאָמוּר בְּפָרָשַׁת מֶלֶךְ – מֶלֶךְ מוּתָּר בּוֹ. רַב אָמַר: לֹא נֶאֶמְרָה פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ אֶלָּא לְאַיֵּים עֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שׂוֹם תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ״ – שֶׁתְּהֵא אֵימָתוֹ עָלֶיךָ. כְּתַנָּאֵי, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הָאָמוּר בְּפָרָשַׁת מֶלֶךְ – מֶלֶךְ מוּתָּר בּוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: לֹא נֶאֶמְרָה פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ אֶלָּא כְּדֵי לְאַיֵּים עֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שׂוֹם תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ״ – שֶׁתְּהֵא אֵימָתוֹ עָלֶיךָ. רַבִּי נְהוֹרַאי אוֹמֵר: לֹא נֶאֶמְרָה פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ אֶלָּא כְּנֶגֶד תַּרְעוֹמְתָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאָמַרְתָּ אָשִׂימָה עָלַי מֶלֶךְ וְגוֹ׳״.

With regard to the king’s rights, the Sages engaged in a dispute: Rav Yehuda says that Shmuel says: Concerning all the actions that are stated in the biblical passage about the king (see I Samuel 8:11–17), it is permitted for a king to perform them. Rav says: This biblical passage was stated only in order to threaten the Jewish people, so that they would accept the king’s sovereignty with reverence, as it is stated: “You shall set a king over you” (Deuteronomy 17:15), meaning, it is necessary that his fear should be upon you. But the king is not actually permitted to perform the actions stated there. The Gemara comments that this dispute is parallel to a dispute between tanna’im, as it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yosei says: Concerning all the actions that are stated in the biblical passage about the king, it is permitted for a king to perform them. Rabbi Yehuda says: This biblical passage was stated only in order to threaten the Jewish people, as it is stated: “You shall set a king over you” (Deuteronomy 17:15), meaning, it is necessary that his fear should be upon you. The baraita continues: Rabbi Nehorai says: This biblical passage about appointing a king was stated only in response to the Jewish people’s complaint, as it is stated: “When you come unto the land that the Lord your God gives you, and shall possess it, and shall dwell therein, and shall say: I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are around me” (Deuteronomy 17:14). The verse indicates that appointing a king is not a mitzva and that when Samuel spoke to them, he intended to frighten them so that they might regret their complaint and retract their request for a king.

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Bereshit Rabbah 22:1

Bereshit Rabbah 22:1

זְכֹר רַחֲמֶיךָ ה' וַחֲסָדֶיךָ כִּי מֵעוֹלָם הֵמָּה, לָא מִן דְּכַדּוּן, אֶלָּא כִּי מֵעוֹלָם הֵמָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁע בַּר נְחֶמְיָה שֶׁבָּם נִהַגְתָּ עִם אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁכָּךְ אָמַרְתָּ לוֹ (בראשית ב, יז): כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכָלְךָ מִמֶּנּוּ מוֹת תָּמוּת, וְאִלּוּלֵי שֶׁנָּתַתָּ לוֹ יוֹם אֶחָד מִשֶּׁלָּךְ שֶׁהוּא אֶלֶף שָׁנָה, הֵיאַךְ נִזְקָק לְהַעֲמִיד תּוֹלָדוֹת.

They are not from now, but rather, they are eternal. Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya said: With them You conducted Yourself with Adam the first man, as You said to him: “As on the day that you eat of it you shall die” (Genesis 2:17). Had You not given him one of Your days, which is one thousand years, how could he have consorted to produce offspring?

Source 9 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Sanhedrin – The Laws Applying to a King

Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:1-5:2

The Mishnah details the exceptional legal status of a king — he neither judges nor is judged, cannot be a witness, etc. — highlighting how kingship sits outside the normal legal and communal framework, which Abarbanel reads as evidence that monarchy is an alien imposition on Israel's constitutional order rather than its natural expression.

הַמֶּלֶךְ לֹא דָן וְלֹא דָנִין אוֹתוֹ, לֹא מֵעִיד וְלֹא מְעִידִין אוֹתוֹ, לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ. לֹא מְיַבֵּם וְלֹא מְיַבְּמִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִם רָצָה לַחֲלֹץ אוֹ לְיַבֵּם, זָכוּר לָטוֹב. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. וְאֵין נוֹשְׂאִין אַלְמָנָתוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, נוֹשֵׂא הַמֶּלֶךְ אַלְמָנָתוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְדָוִד שֶׁנָּשָׂא אַלְמָנָתוֹ שֶׁל שָׁאוּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב יב) וָאֶתְּנָה לְךָ אֶת בֵּית אֲדֹנֶיךָ וְאֶת נְשֵׁי אֲדֹנֶיךָ בְּחֵיקֶךָ:

The mishna continues, enumerating the halakhot pertaining to the king in similar matters: The king does not judge others as a member of a court and others do not judge him, he does not testify and others do not testify concerning him, he does not perform ḥalitza with his brother’s widow and his brother does not perform ḥalitza with his wife, and he does not consummate levirate marriage with his brother’s widow and his brother does not consummate levirate marriage with his wife, as all these actions are not fitting to the honor of his office. Rabbi Yehuda says: These are not restrictions, but his prerogative: If he desired to perform ḥalitza or to consummate levirate marriage, he is remembered for good, as this is to the benefit of his brother’s widow. The Sages said to him: They do not listen to him if he desires to do so, as this affects not only his own honor but that of the kingdom. And no one may marry a king’s widow, due to his honor. Rabbi Yehuda says: Another king may marry the widow of a king, as we found that King David married the widow of King Saul, as it is stated: “And I have given you the house of your master and the wives of your master in your bosom” (II Samuel 12:8).

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 1:1-3:2

Rambam outlines the commandment to appoint a king, presenting it as a mitzvah but also explaining the limits and responsibilities that should curtail the king's power, reflecting ambivalence about unchecked monarchy.

מִנּוּי מֶלֶךְ קוֹדֵם לְמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א טו א) "אֹתִי שָׁלַח ה' לִמְשָׁחֳךָ לְמֶלֶךְ" (שמואל א טו ג) "עַתָּה לֵךְ וְהִכִּיתָה אֶת עֲמָלֵק". וְהַכְרָתַת זֶרַע עֲמָלֵק קוֹדֶמֶת לְבִנְיַן הַבַּיִת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב ז א) "וַיְהִי כִּי יָשַׁב הַמֶּלֶךְ בְּבֵיתוֹ וַה' הֵנִיחַ לוֹ מִסָּבִיב מִכָּל אֹיְבָיו" (שמואל ב ז ב) "וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶל נָתָן הַנָּבִיא אָנֹכִי יוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵית אֲרָזִים" וְגוֹ'. מֵאַחַר שֶׁהֲקָמַת מֶלֶךְ מִצְוָה לָמָּה לֹא רָצָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּשֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ מֶלֶךְ מִשְּׁמוּאֵל. לְפִי שֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ בְּתַרְעֹמֶת. וְלֹא שָׁאֲלוּ לְקַיֵּם הַמִּצְוָה אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁקָּצוּ בִּשְׁמוּאֵל הַנָּבִיא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ח ז) "כִּי לֹא אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי מָאֲסוּ" וְגוֹ': אֵין מַעֲמִידִין מֶלֶךְ בַּתְּחִלָּה אֶלָּא עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים זְקֵנִים וְעַל פִּי נָבִיא. כִּיהוֹשֻׁעַ שֶׁמִּנָּהוּ משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וּבֵית דִּינוֹ. וּכְשָׁאוּל וְדָוִד שֶׁמִּנָּם שְׁמוּאֵל הָרָמָתִי וּבֵית דִּינוֹ:

The appointment of a king should precede the war against Amalek. This is evident from Samuel's charge to King Saul (I Samuel 15: l-3): 'God sent me to anoint you as king ... Now, go and smite Amalek.' Amalek's seed should be annihilated before the construction of the Temple, as II Samuel 7:1-2 states: 'And it came to pass, when the king dwelled in his palace, and God gave him peace from all his enemies who surrounded him, the king said to Nathan, the prophet: 'Look! I am dwelling in a house of cedar, ... but the ark of God dwells within curtains.' Since it is a mitzvah to appoint a king, why was God displeased with the people's request of a king from Samuel? Because they made their request in a spirit of complaint. Rather than seeking to fulfill the mitzvah of appointing a king, they were simply intent on rejecting the Prophet Samuel as implied by God's reply to him (I Samuel 8:7 : 'It is not you, but Me they have rejected.' As an initial and preferred option, a king may be appointed only by a court of 70 elders, together with a prophet, as Joshua was appointed by Moses and his court, and as Saul and David, were appointed by Samuel of Ramah and his court.

Source 11 · Rishonim
External

Abarbanel on Deuteronomy

Abarbanel on the Torah, Deuteronomy 17:14-15

Abarbanel argues that the appointment of a king is not an ideal but a concession to Israel's desires. He contends that the Torah's command to "set a king" is meant to accommodate the people's yearning for monarchy, similar to their desire for meat in the desert, hinting at a preference for divine rule.

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings – Appointing a King

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 1:1-2:1

Rambam rules that appointing a king is one of the 613 commandments, obligatory upon Israel's entry into the Land. This is the dominant Rishonic position that Abarbanel explicitly sets out to refute, arguing that Rambam misread the Talmudic dispute and that the weight of evidence favors the view of R. Nehorai.

שָׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּשְׁעַת כְּנִיסָתָן לָאָרֶץ. לְמַנּוֹת לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז טו) "שׂוֹם תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ". וּלְהַכְרִית זַרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יט) "תִּמְחֶה אֶת זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק". וְלִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב ה) "לְשִׁכְנוֹ תִדְרְשׁוּ וּבָאתָ שָּׁמָּה": מִנּוּי מֶלֶךְ קוֹדֵם לְמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א טו א) "אֹתִי שָׁלַח ה' לִמְשָׁחֳךָ לְמֶלֶךְ" (שמואל א טו ג) "עַתָּה לֵךְ וְהִכִּיתָה אֶת עֲמָלֵק". וְהַכְרָתַת זֶרַע עֲמָלֵק קוֹדֶמֶת לְבִנְיַן הַבַּיִת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב ז א) "וַיְהִי כִּי יָשַׁב הַמֶּלֶךְ בְּבֵיתוֹ וַה' הֵנִיחַ לוֹ מִסָּבִיב מִכָּל אֹיְבָיו" (שמואל ב ז ב) "וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶל נָתָן הַנָּבִיא אָנֹכִי יוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵית אֲרָזִים" וְגוֹ'. מֵאַחַר שֶׁהֲקָמַת מֶלֶךְ מִצְוָה לָמָּה לֹא רָצָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּשֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ מֶלֶךְ מִשְּׁמוּאֵל. לְפִי שֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ בְּתַרְעֹמֶת. וְלֹא שָׁאֲלוּ לְקַיֵּם הַמִּצְוָה אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁקָּצוּ בִּשְׁמוּאֵל הַנָּבִיא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ח ז) "כִּי לֹא אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי מָאֲסוּ" וְגוֹ':

Israel was commanded to fulfill three mitzvot upon entering the Promised Land: a) To choose a king, as Deuteronomy 17:15 states: 'Appoint a king over yourselves;' b) To wipe out the descendents of Amalek, as Deuteronomy 25:19 states: 'Erase the memory of Amalek;' c) To build God's Chosen House, as Deuteronomy 12:5 states: 'Seek out His Presence and go there.' The appointment of a king should precede the war against Amalek. This is evident from Samuel's charge to King Saul (I Samuel 15: l-3): 'God sent me to anoint you as king ... Now, go and smite Amalek.' Amalek's seed should be annihilated before the construction of the Temple, as II Samuel 7:1-2 states: 'And it came to pass, when the king dwelled in his palace, and God gave him peace from all his enemies who surrounded him, the king said to Nathan, the prophet: 'Look! I am dwelling in a house of cedar, ... but the ark of God dwells within curtains.' Since it is a mitzvah to appoint a king, why was God displeased with the people's request of a king from Samuel? Because they made their request in a spirit of complaint. Rather than seeking to fulfill the mitzvah of appointing a king, they were simply intent on rejecting the Prophet Samuel as implied by God's reply to him (I Samuel 8:7 : 'It is not you, but Me they have rejected.'

Source 14 · Rishonim
External

Abarbanel – Commentary on Parshat Shoftim (Kingship Passage)

Abarbanel on the Torah Devarim, Shoftim

Abarbanel's most systematic treatment of the monarchy question: he argues at length that the Torah's kingship passage is permissive, not prescriptive; that Gideon's refusal and Samuel's rebuke prove monarchy is not the ideal; and that Israel, governed directly by God through Torah, judges, and prophets, represents a superior polity to any kingdom — drawing on both biblical and classical republican sources.

Source 15 · Acharonim
Verified

Malbim on Proverbs 20:7

Malbim on Proverbs 20:7

מתהלך בתמו צדיק אשרי בניו אחריו, הצדיק הוא מי שעושה מעשה הצדק ואינו עדיין תמים, כי גדר התמימות הוא שיעשה כל מעשיו לשם ה' בלבד לא לשם כבוד ותפארת ופניה חיצונית שאז לא יעמוד בצדקו תמיד, ונמשך למ"ש איש אמונים מי ימצא, וא"כ גם הצדיק אינו תמים לעשות באמונה, אבל הצדיק המתהלך בתומו לעשות כל מעשיו לש"ש (ועז"א מתהלך שמורה על התמידות שהתמים לא ימוט בשום פעם) הגם שלא ישיג השבח המדומה, הלא אשרי בניו אחריו, כי שכר התמימות (שלא רצה ליהנות משכר מעשיו) ישאר לבניו דור דורים:

Source 16 · Acharonim
Verified

Alshekh on Torah, Deuteronomy 17:14

Alshekh on Torah, Deuteronomy 17:14

והר״י אברבנאל דחה כל ארבעה אלה ואמר כי מינוי המלך בעת ההיא אינה מצוה רק שאם ימנו שיהיה מישראל והביא ראיה מל׳ הרמ״בם ז״ל שאומר מצות עשה הי׳ למנות מלך מישראל ולא אמר למנות מלך סתם. וז״ל פירושו כי תביאו אל הארץ אשר ה׳ כו׳ וירשת וישבת בה ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך ככל הגוים אשר סביבותי אין בזה מצוה כלל כי לא צוה הש״י שיאמרו זה וישאלו מלך אבל הוא הגדת העתיד יאמר. אחרי היותכם בארץ הנבחרת ואחרי הכיבוש והמלחמות כלם ואחרי החילוק וז״א וירשת׳ וישבת בה אני ידעתי שתהיו כפוי טובה כשתאמרו מעצמכם אשימה עלי מלך לא מפני ההכרת להלחם עם העממין ולכבוש את הארץ כי כבר היא נכבשת לפניכם כי אם להשתוות עם שבעה האומות שהן הממליכים עליהם מלכים. וזכר שכאשר יקרה זה לא ימליכו המלך ההוא ברצונם רק אשר יבחר ה׳ אלהיך בו מקרב אחיהם וזהו עצם המצוה ואמתתה כו׳ עד ולפי זה יהיה ענין המלך מצות עשה תלויה בדבר הרשות כאומר כאשר תרצה לעשות כן עם היותו בלתי ראוי אל תעשה אותו כ״א בזה באופן ע״כ:

Source 17 · Acharonim
Verified

Alshekh on Torah, Deuteronomy 18:1

Alshekh on Torah, Deuteronomy 18:1

אך יש כתר אחרת תלוי בבחירת העם שהוא כתר מלכות שיבחרו לשום עליהם מלך כי יאמרו אשימה עלי מלך ועכ"ז אומר הוא ית' אחר שתבחרו לשים עליכם איש כגילכם הניחו אותי שאבחר ביניכם הטוב והראוי שיבחר וז"א אשר יבחר ה' אלהיך בו אך אתה הוא המשים אותו עליך וזה אני אומר לכם כי הראוי הוא שאם בנו הגון ימלוך אחריו וזהו על ממלכתו הוא ובניו.

Source 18 · Acharonim
Verified

Netzach Yisrael (Maharal) – Introduction on Israel's Political Destiny

Netzach Yisrael, Introduction:4

The Maharal reflects on the unique nature of Israel's national existence and its dependence on divine rather than natural political structures, offering a nuanced view of why conventional monarchic governance may be inappropriate for Israel, whose true sovereign is God.

ומפני שבארנו בחבור גבורות השם ענין גאולת מצרים, יש לחבר עם זה גאולה אחרונה. וחבור הזה יקרא בשמו נצח ישראל, והטעם מבואר למעלה בתחלה חבור גבורות ה' (סוף הקדמה שלישית), כי בחבור הזה יתבאר כי השם יתברך נתן לישראל הנצחיות, ואינם כלים חס ושלום בגלותם הקשה הכבד. גם כן יתבאר כי יש אל השם יתברך הנצח, שיהיה מנצח מלכות הרביעית שיש לה הממשלה, וכדכתיב (עובדיה א, כא) "ועלו מושיעים בהר ציון לשפוט את הר עשו והיתה לה' המלוכה אחד". אמן כן יהי רצון במהרה בימינו:

And because we have explained in the work Gevurot Hashem the matter of the redemption from Egypt, it is fitting to join with it the final redemption. And this work shall be called by its name, Netzach Yisrael (The Eternity of Israel), the reason for which was explained above at the beginning of the work Gevurot Hashem. For in this work, it will be explained that the Lord, may He be blessed, has given to Israel eternity, and they will not, Heaven forfend, perish in their difficult and heavy exile. It will also be explained that the Lord, may He be blessed, possesses Victory, in that He will vanquish the fourth kingdom which holds dominion, as it is written (Obadiah 1:21), “And saviors shall ascend Mount Zion to judge the mount of Esau, and the kingdom shall be the Lord’s.” Amen, so may it be His will, speedily in our days.

Source 19 · Hasidic
External

Toldot Yaakov Yosef – Parshat Shoftim on Judges and Leaders

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Shoftim

R. Yaakov Yosef of Polnoye, the Ba'al Shem Tov's primary disciple, expounds on the passage 'Judges and officers you shall set for yourself,' exploring the Chassidic ideal of inner governance and the spiritual leader who guides without coercion — contrasting with the enforced obedience of a king.