Machshavaמחשבה

Jewish Concepts of Heaven and Hell

Jewish sources present diverse perspectives on the afterlife, including the World to Come and divine reward and punishment. These texts range from biblical references to resurrection and eternal destinies, to rabbinic elaborations on the nature of the world to come and the fate of souls.

הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ גּוּף וּגְוִיָּה אֶלָּא נַפְשׁוֹת הַצַּדִּיקִים

24 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The Tanach itself already distinguishes two ultimate fates: Daniel 12:2 declares that many who sleep in the dust will awake, some to eternal life and others to everlasting abhorrence, and Yeshayahu 66:24 adds that the worm of the rebellious shall not die nor their fire be quenched — imagery of perpetual punishment that frames the entire later discussion.

Building on those foundations, Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1 establishes the normative rabbinic position: all of Israel has a share in the World-to-Come, while those who deny resurrection or the divine origin of Torah forfeit that share — meaning belief in resurrection and a future world is itself treated as a core commitment, not merely a folk hope.

The Gemara in Berakhot 17a describes the World-to-Come as a realm entirely unlike this world, where the righteous sit with their crowns and delight in the radiance of the Divine Presence, with no eating, drinking, or bodily competition — a characterization the Rambam codifies in Mishneh Torah, Repentance 8:2, specifying that it contains only souls without bodies, like ministering angels.

As for the wicked, Mishneh Torah, Repentance 8:1 frames their retribution not as a place of torment but as exclusion: the reward of the righteous is life in the World-to-Come, while the punishment of the wicked is being cut off from it entirely — though Shabbat 152b adds that the souls of the wicked are cast about 'in the hollow of a sling,' contrasted with the souls of the righteous bound in the bundle of life.

Taken together, these sources cohere into a picture notably different from the heaven-and-hell of popular imagination: the tradition affirms a World-to-Come of spiritual closeness to God for the righteous and ultimate exclusion or destruction for the wicked, anchored in resurrection — and Mesillat Yesharim 1 frames the entire purpose of human existence around attaining that World-to-Come delight in the Divine Presence.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Daniel

Daniel 12:2

This verse explicitly mentions resurrection and the eternal destination, some to everlasting life (interpreted as heaven) and others to shame and everlasting contempt (interpreted as hell).

וְרַבִּ֕ים מִיְּשֵׁנֵ֥י אַדְמַת־עָפָ֖ר יָקִ֑יצוּ אֵ֚לֶּה לְחַיֵּ֣י עוֹלָ֔ם וְאֵ֥לֶּה לַחֲרָפ֖וֹת לְדִרְא֥וֹן עוֹלָֽם׃

Many of those that sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to eternal life, others to reproaches, to everlasting abhorrence.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes 9:5-10:1

These verses discuss the fate of the living and the dead, suggesting that human understanding of the afterlife is limited and the focus should be on living righteously in this life.

כִּ֧י הַֽחַיִּ֛ים יוֹדְעִ֖ים שֶׁיָּמֻ֑תוּ וְהַמֵּתִ֞ים אֵינָ֧ם יוֹדְעִ֣ים מְא֗וּמָה וְאֵֽין־ע֤וֹד לָהֶם֙ שָׂכָ֔ר כִּ֥י נִשְׁכַּ֖ח זִכְרָֽם׃ גַּ֣ם אַהֲבָתָ֧ם גַּם־שִׂנְאָתָ֛ם גַּם־קִנְאָתָ֖ם כְּבָ֣ר אָבָ֑דָה וְחֵ֨לֶק אֵין־לָהֶ֥ם עוֹד֙ לְעוֹלָ֔ם בְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶֽׁר־נַעֲשָׂ֖ה תַּ֥חַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃ כֹּ֠ל אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּמְצָ֧א יָֽדְךָ֛ לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת בְּכֹחֲךָ֖ עֲשֵׂ֑ה כִּי֩ אֵ֨ין מַעֲשֶׂ֤ה וְחֶשְׁבּוֹן֙ וְדַ֣עַת וְחׇכְמָ֔ה בִּשְׁא֕וֹל אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה הֹלֵ֥ךְ שָֽׁמָּה׃

since the living know they will die. But the dead know nothing; they have no more recompense, for even the memory of them has died. Their loves, their hates, their jealousies have long since perished; and they have no more share till the end of time in all that goes on under the sun. Whatever it is in your power to do, do with all your might. For there is no action, no reasoning, no learning, no wisdom in Sheol, where you are going.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Isaiah

Isaiah 66:24

The closing vision of Isaiah describes the fate of those who rebelled against God — 'their worm shall not die, nor their fire be quenched' — a passage interpreted by later tradition as referring to Gehinnom and eternal punishment.

וְיָצְא֣וּ וְרָא֔וּ בְּפִגְרֵי֙ הָאֲנָשִׁ֔ים הַפֹּשְׁעִ֖ים בִּ֑י כִּ֣י תוֹלַעְתָּ֞ם לֹ֣א תָמ֗וּת וְאִשָּׁם֙ לֹ֣א תִכְבֶּ֔ה וְהָי֥וּ דֵרָא֖וֹן לְכׇל־בָּשָֽׂר׃

They shall go out and gaze On the corpses of those who rebelled against Me: Their worms shall not die, Nor their fire be quenched; They shall be a horror To all flesh. And new moon after new moon, And sabbath after sabbath, All flesh shall come to worship Me —said GOD.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Berakhot

Berakhot 17a:12

The Talmud discusses the world to come and the division of souls to places of reward and punishment, akin to the concepts of heaven and hell.

מַרְגְּלָא בְּפוּמֵּיהּ דְּרַב: לֹא כָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שְׁתִיָּהּ וְלֹא פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה וְלֹא מַשָּׂא וּמַתָּן וְלֹא קִנְאָה וְלֹא שִׂנְאָה וְלֹא תַּחֲרוּת, אֶלָּא צַדִּיקִים יוֹשְׁבִין וְעַטְרוֹתֵיהֶם בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶם וְנֶהֱנִים מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֶּחֱזוּ אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ״.

Rav was wont to say: The World-to-Come is not like this world. In the World-to-Come there is no eating, no drinking, no procreation, no business negotiations, no jealousy, no hatred, and no competition. Rather, the righteous sit with their crowns upon their heads, enjoying the splendor of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “And they beheld God, and they ate and drank” (Exodus 24:11), meaning that beholding God’s countenance is tantamount to eating and drinking.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 90b:2

This passage references the righteous inheriting the world to come, outlining a concept of reward (heaven) after death.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מִנַּיִין לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּנְתַתֶּם מִמֶּנּוּ [אֶת] תְּרוּמַת ה׳ לְאַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן״. וְכִי אַהֲרֹן לְעוֹלָם קַיָּים? וַהֲלֹא לֹא נִכְנַס לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין לוֹ תְּרוּמָה! אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁעָתִיד לִחְיוֹת, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל נוֹתְנִין לוֹ תְּרוּמָה. מִכָּאן לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה. תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי סִימַאי אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִין לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְגַם הֲקִמֹתִי אֶת בְּרִיתִי אִתָּם לָתֵת לָהֶם אֶת אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן״. ״לָכֶם״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״לָהֶם״. מִכָּאן לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה.

§ Rabbi Yoḥanan says: From where is the resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah? It is derived from this verse, as it is stated with regard to teruma of the tithe: “And you shall give the teruma of the Lord to Aaron the priest” (Numbers 18:28). And does Aaron exist forever so that one can fulfill the mitzva by giving him the teruma of the tithe? But is it not so that Aaron did not enter Eretz Yisrael, the only place where the people would give him teruma? Rather, the verse teaches that Aaron is destined to live in the future and the Jewish people will give him teruma. From here it is derived that the resurrection of the dead is from the Torah. § It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Simai says: From where is resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah? It is derived from a verse, as it is stated with regard to the Patriarchs: “I have also established My covenant with them to give to them the land of Canaan” (Exodus 6:4). The phrase: To give to you the land of Canaan, is not stated, as the meaning of the verse is not that God fulfilled the covenant with the Patriarchs when he gave the land of Canaan to the children of Israel; rather, it is stated: “To give to them the land of Canaan,” meaning to the Patriarchs themselves. From here is it derived that the resurrection of the dead is from the Torah, as in the future the Patriarchs will come to life and inherit the land.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 90a

The famous opening of Perek Chelek: 'All of Israel has a share in the World to Come (Olam HaBa),' followed by exceptions — those who deny resurrection, deny the divine origin of Torah, and the Epicurean — establishing Olam HaBa as a core tenet of Jewish belief.

מַתְנִי׳ כׇּל יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִירְשׁוּ אָרֶץ נֵצֶר מַטָּעַי מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַי לְהִתְפָּאֵר״. וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא: הָאוֹמֵר אֵין תְּחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְאֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְאֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס.

Therefore, although he had already been established as a true prophet, once he espouses idol worship, it is clear that he is a false prophet. § The mishna teaches: And conspiring witnesses who testified that the daughter of a priest and her paramour committed adultery are executed by strangulation. The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? Rav Aḥa, son of Rav Ika, says: It is derived as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei says: What is the meaning when the verse states with regard to conspiring witnesses: “And you shall do to him as he conspired to do to his brother” (Deuteronomy 19:19)?

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Sanhedrin

Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1

Enumerates the principle that 'all Israel has a share in the World to Come,' and lists those who forfeit their share — including one who denies resurrection of the dead — showing that Olam HaBa is a communal expectation rooted in righteous living.

כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ס) וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִירְשׁוּ אָרֶץ נֵצֶר מַטָּעַי מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַי לְהִתְפָּאֵר. וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, הָאוֹמֵר אֵין תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְאֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם, וְאֶפִּיקוֹרֶס.

All of the Jewish people, even sinners and those who are liable to be executed with a court-imposed death penalty, have a share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And your people also shall be all righteous, they shall inherit the land forever; the branch of My planting, the work of My hands, for My name to be glorified” (Isaiah 60:21). And these are the exceptions, the people who have no share in the World-to-Come, even when they fulfilled many mitzvot: One who says: There is no resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah, and one who says: The Torah did not originate from Heaven, and an epikoros, who treats Torah scholars and the Torah that they teach with contempt. Rabbi Akiva says: Also included in the exceptions are one who reads external literature, and one who whispers invocations over a wound and says as an invocation for healing: “Every illness that I placed upon Egypt I will not place upon you, for I am the Lord, your Healer” (Exodus 15:26).

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Rosh Hashanah

Rosh Hashanah 16b:1

Describes three groups at the Day of Judgment: the wholly righteous who go immediately to Olam HaBa, the wholly wicked who go to Gehinnom permanently, and those in between who are judged and purged in Gehinnom for up to twelve months before ascending.

וְתוֹקְעִין וּמְרִיעִין כְּשֶׁהֵן עוֹמְדִין — כְּדֵי לְעַרְבֵּב הַשָּׂטָן.

and then sound again a tekia and a terua while they are standing in the Amida prayer? He answers: In order to confuse the Satan, for this double blowing of the shofar demonstrates Israel’s love for the mitzva, and this will confuse Satan when he brings his accusations against Israel before the heavenly court, and the Jewish people will receive a favorable judgment.

Source 10 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Berakhot

Berakhot 28b:9

Recounts Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai weeping on his deathbed because he did not know whether he would be brought to Gan Eden or Gehinnom — an early rabbinic attestation of both destinations as real and consequential.

אָמַר לָהֶם: אִילּוּ לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם הָיוּ מוֹלִיכִין אוֹתִי, שֶׁהַיּוֹם כָּאן וּמָחָר בַּקֶּבֶר, שֶׁאִם כּוֹעֵס עָלַי אֵין כַּעֲסוֹ כַּעַס עוֹלָם, וְאִם אוֹסְרֵנִי — אֵין אִיסּוּרוֹ אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם, וְאִם מְמִיתֵנִי — אֵין מִיתָתוֹ מִיתַת עוֹלָם, וַאֲנִי יָכוֹל לְפַיְּיסוֹ בִּדְבָרִים וּלְשַׁחֲדוֹ בְּמָמוֹן, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן הָיִיתִי בּוֹכֶה, וְעַכְשָׁיו שֶׁמּוֹלִיכִים אוֹתִי לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁהוּא חַי וְקַיָּים לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים, שֶׁאִם כּוֹעֵס עָלַי — כַּעֲסוֹ כַּעַס עוֹלָם, וְאִם אוֹסְרֵנִי — אִיסּוּרוֹ אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם, וְאִם מְמִיתֵנִי — מִיתָתוֹ מִיתַת עוֹלָם, וְאֵינִי יָכוֹל לְפַיְּיסוֹ בִּדְבָרִים וְלֹא לְשַׁחֲדוֹ בְּמָמוֹן. וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְפָנַי שְׁנֵי דְרָכִים, אַחַת שֶׁל גַּן עֵדֶן וְאַחַת שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָּם, וְאֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ בְּאֵיזוֹ מוֹלִיכִים אוֹתִי, וְלֹא אֶבְכֶּה?!

He said to them: I cry in fear of heavenly judgment, as the judgment of the heavenly court is unlike the judgment of man. If they were leading me before a flesh and blood king whose life is temporal, who is here today and dead in the grave tomorrow; if he is angry with me, his anger is not eternal and, consequently, his punishment is not eternal; if he incarcerates me, his incarceration is not an eternal incarceration, as I might maintain my hope that I would ultimately be freed. If he kills me, his killing is not for eternity, as there is life after any death that he might decree. Moreover, I am able to appease him with words and even bribe him with money, and even so I would cry when standing before royal judgment. Now that they are leading me before the supreme King of Kings, the Holy One, Blessed be He, Who lives and endures forever and all time; if He is angry with me, His anger is eternal; if He incarcerates me, His incarceration is an eternal incarceration; and if He kills me, His killing is for eternity. I am unable to appease Him with words and bribe him with money. Moreover, but I have two paths before me, one of the Garden of Eden and one of Gehenna, and I do not know on which they are leading me; and will I not cry?

Source 11 · Chazal
Verified

Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Vayetzei 6

Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Vayetzei 6:1

ויחלם והנה סולם וגו'. ילמדנו רבינו מה בין מיתתן של צדיקים למיתתן של רשעים, אמר ר' יוסטא בר שונם בשם ר' יהושע דסכנין מיתתן של רשעים לא בארץ לא בשמים, שכן כתיב באחיתופל ויצו אל (בניו) [ביתו] ויחנק (ש"ב יז כג), וכן המן לא בארץ ולא בשמים, שנאמר ויתלו את המן (אסתר ז י), וכן בניו ותלו אותו ואת בניו (שם ט כה), אבל מיתתן של צדיקים בשמים ובארץ, שנאמר והיתה נפש אדוני צרורה בצרור החיים (ש"א כה כט), בארץ מנין, ויעלוהו ויקברוהו במעלה קברי בית דוד וכבוד עשו לו (במיתתו) [במותו] (דה"ב לב לג).

(Gen. 28:12:) THEN HE DREAMED THAT HERE WAS A LADDER…. Let our master instruct us: What is the difference between the death of the righteous and the death of the wicked? R. Justa bar Shunem said in the name of R. Joshua of Sikhnin: The death of the wicked is neither on the earth nor in the heavens. For it is so written of Ahithophel (in II Sam. 17:23): THEN HE {GAVE INSTRUCTIONS UNTO HIS CHILDREN} [SET HIS HOUSE IN ORDER] AND HANGED HIMSELF. And likewise in the case of Haman, < his death was > neither on the earth nor in the heavens. It is so stated (in Esth. 7:10): THEN THEY HANGED HAMAN; and his children as well (according to Esth. 9:25): SO THAT HE AND HIS CHILDREN WOULD BE HANGED. But the death of the righteous is < both > in the heavens and on the earth, as stated (in I Sam. 25:29): YET THE LIFE OF MY LORD (David) SHALL BE FOUND IN THE BUNDLE OF THE LIVING < WITH THE LORD YOUR GOD >. Where is it shown < that the death of the righteous > is on the earth? (II Chron. 32:33:) SO THEY TOOK HIM (Hezekiah) UP AND BURIED HIM IN THE ASCENT OF THE TOMBS OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID. THUS < ALL JUDAH AND THE INHABITANTS OF JERUSALEM > PAID HIM HONOR AT HIS DEATH.

Source 12 · Chazal
Verified

Midrash Tehillim 146

Midrash Tehillim 146:1

הללויה הללי נפשי וגו'. אמר ירמיה (ירמיה כ יג) שירו את ה' הללו את ה'. הללו את ה'. למה על איזה דבר (שם) כי הציל את נפש אביון מיד מרעים. בשעה שהקב"ה מפיל לרשעים לגהינם ומציל הצדיקים הם מקלסים אותו והן נותנין לו הלל שאינו מניח את העניים. וכן הוא אומר (ישעיה סו ב) ואל זה אביט אל עני ונכה רוח וחרד על דברי. למעלה מן הענין שומר ה' את כל אוהביו וגו'. תהלת ה' ידבר פי. ולא אני עצמי בלבד אלא ויברך כל בשר וגו'. לכך נאמר אהללה ה' בחיי אזמרה לאלקי בעודי. וכן שלמה אמר (קהלת ט יב) כי גם לא ידע האדם את עתו. אם אינו מקלס בעוד שהוא חי מתי הוא מקלס. לא כשימות. שנאמר (תהלים קטו יז) לא המתים יהללו יה. וכתיב (שם ו ו) כי אין במות זכרך וגו'. ומי מהללך. ואנחנו נברך יה וגו'. (ישעיה לח יט) חי חי הוא יודך. ולא בשאול. וכן הוא אומר (קהלת ט י) כי אין מעשה וחשבון וגו'. לכך נאמר אהללה ה' בחיי וגו'. כך אמר דוד אל תבטחו בנדיבים. לא יבטח אדם במעשה אבותיו. לא יאמר ישמעאל אברהם אבי יש לי מחלקו והוא מצילני. לא יאמר עשו יעקב היה צדיק והוא מצילני ובזכותו אני נמלט. שנאמר (תהלים מט ח) אח לא פדה יפדה איש. אין אחיו של אדם פודה אותו. אם אין אדם עושה טוב בעולם הזה לא יבטח במעשה אבותיו. לכך נאמר אל תבטחו בנדיבים. על מה תבטחו על מעשיכם. שנאמר (משלי ט יב) אם חכמת חכמת לך וגו'. וכן הוא אומר (שם טז כו) נפש עמל עמלה לו. אין אדם אוכל ממעשה אבותיו לעתיד אלא כל א' וא' אוכל משלו. שנאמר (קהלת ו ז) כל עמל האדם לפיהו. (שםג כב) וראיתי כי אין טוב מאשר ישמח האדם במעשיו. אין לאדם חלק אלא בעמלו. וכן הוא אומר (תהלים קכח ב) יגיע כפיך כי תאכל וגו'. לכך נאמר אל תבטחו בנדיבים:

"Hallelujah, my soul, etc." Jeremiah said (Jeremiah 20:13), "Sing to the Lord, praise the Lord." Why? Because He saved the soul of the poor from the hand of evildoers. When God sends the wicked to Gehenna and saves the righteous, they praise Him, and they give Him praise that never leaves the poor. It is also said (Isaiah 57:19), "I create the praise of the lips." Not only I myself, but "Let all flesh bless His holy name." Therefore we say, "I will praise the Lord in my life; I will sing to my God as long as I exist." Solomon said (Ecclesiastes 9:12), "For man also does not know his time." If one does not praise while he is alive, when will he praise? Not when he dies, as it is said (Psalm 115:17), "The dead do not praise the Lord." And it is written (Psalm 6:6), "In death there is no memory of You." And who will praise You? But we will bless the Lord, "He who is alive, He who will praise You," not in Sheol. And it is said (Ecclesiastes 9:10), "For there is no work, nor knowledge, nor wisdom in Sheol." Therefore we say, "I will praise the Lord in my life," etc. Thus David said, "Do not trust in princes, in mortal man, in whom there is no salvation" (Psalm 146:3). A person should not say, "Ishmael can say, 'Abraham is my father, and he will save me,' or Esau can say, 'Jacob was righteous, and he will save me, and I will escape through his merit.'" As it is said (Psalm 49:8), "No man can redeem the life of another." No one's brother can redeem him. If a person does not do good in this world, he cannot rely on the deeds of his ancestors. Therefore it is said, "Do not trust in princes." On what should you rely? On your own deeds. As it is said (Proverbs 9:12), "If you are wise, you are wise for yourself, and if you scoff, you alone will bear it." Similarly, it is said (Proverbs 16:26), "A laborer's appetite works for him; his hunger urges him on." A person cannot eat from his father's actions in the future, but rather each person eats from their own actions, as it is said (Ecclesiastes 6:7), "All man's labor is for his mouth," and (ibid. 3:22), "So I saw that there is nothing better for a man than to enjoy his work." A person has no share except in their toil, as it is said (Psalm 128:2), "When you eat the toil of your hands, you are praiseworthy, and it is well with you." Therefore, it is said, "Do not rely on princes."

Source 13 · Chazal
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Shabbat 152b

Shabbat 152b:6

אַף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, עַל גּוּפָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים אוֹמֵר: ״יָבֹא שָׁלוֹם יָנוּחוּ עַל מִשְׁכְּבוֹתָם״, וְעַל נִשְׁמָתָן הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וְהָיְתָה נֶפֶשׁ אֲדוֹנִי צְרוּרָה בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים״. עַל גּוּפָן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״אֵין שָׁלוֹם אָמַר ה׳ לָרְשָׁעִים״, וְעַל נִשְׁמָתָן הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וְאֵת נֶפֶשׁ אוֹיְבֶיךָ יְקַלְּעֶנָּה בְּתוֹךְ כַּף הַקָּלַע״. תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: נִשְׁמָתָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים גְּנוּזוֹת תַּחַת כִּסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהָיְתָה נֶפֶשׁ אֲדֹנִי צְרוּרָה בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים״. וְשֶׁל רְשָׁעִים זוֹמְמוֹת וְהוֹלְכוֹת, [וּמַלְאָךְ אֶחָד עוֹמֵד בְּסוֹף הָעוֹלָם, וּמַלְאָךְ אַחֵר עוֹמֵד בְּסוֹף הָעוֹלָם, וּמְקַלְּעִין נִשְׁמָתָן זֶה לָזֶה,] שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאֵת נֶפֶשׁ אוֹיְבֶיךָ יְקַלְּעֶנָּה בְּתוֹךְ כַּף הַקָּלַע״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבָּה לְרַב נַחְמָן: שֶׁל בֵּינוֹנִים מַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִיכּוֹ שָׁכֵיבְנָא, לָא אֲמַרִי לְכוּ הַאי מִילְּתָא, הָכִי אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ לְדוּמָה נִמְסָרִין. הַלָּלוּ, יֵשׁ לָהֶן מָנוֹחַ. הַלָּלוּ, אֵין לָהֶן מָנוֹחַ. אָמַר (לֵיהּ) רַב מָרִי: עֲתִידִי צַדִּיקֵי דְּהָווּ עַפְרָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְיָשׁוֹב הֶעָפָר עַל הָאָרֶץ כְּשֶׁהָיָה״.

The Holy One, Blessed be He, also acts in this way. With regard to the bodies of the righteous, which are likened to the royal garments that are well kept, it states: “He enters into peace, they rest on their beds each one that walks in his uprightness” (Isaiah 57:2). And with regard to their souls, it states: “And the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the Lord your God” (I Samuel 25:29). And conversely, with regard to the bodies of the wicked, it states: “There is no peace, says the Lord, for the wicked” (Isaiah 57:21), and with regard to their souls, it states: “And the souls of your enemies He shall sling out in the hollow of a sling” (I Samuel 25:29). It was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer says: The souls of the righteous are stored beneath the Throne of Glory, as it is stated: “And the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life” (I Samuel 25:29). And the souls of the wicked are continuously tied up, and one angel stands at one end of the world and another angel stands at the other end of the world and they sling the souls of the wicked back and forth to one another, as it is stated: “And the souls of your enemies He shall sling out in the hollow of a sling” (I Samuel 25:29). Rabba said to Rav Naḥman: What happens to the souls of middling people, who are neither righteous nor wicked? Rav Naḥman said to him: It is good that you asked me this question, for even if I were dead I would not have been able to tell you that. As Shmuel said as follows: These and those, the souls of the wicked and of the middling people, are handed over to Duma, the angel in charge of spirits. But these, the souls of the middling people, have rest, and these, the souls of the wicked, do not have rest. Rav Mari said: Even the bodies of the righteous will not be preserved and will become dust, as it is written: “And the dust returns to the earth as it was” (Ecclesiastes 12:7).

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 8:2

Rambam describes the world to come as a place where the righteous receive their spiritual reward, differing from this-worldly pleasures.

הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ גּוּף וּגְוִיָּה אֶלָּא נַפְשׁוֹת הַצַּדִּיקִים בִּלְבַד בְּלֹא גּוּף כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת. הוֹאִיל וְאֵין בּוֹ גְּוִיּוֹת אֵין בּוֹ לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שְׁתִיָּה וְלֹא דָּבָר מִכָּל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁגּוּפוֹת בְּנֵי אָדָם צְרִיכִין לָהֶן בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. וְלֹא יֶאֱרַע דָּבָר בּוֹ מִן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁמְּאָרְעִין לַגּוּפוֹת בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. כְּגוֹן יְשִׁיבָה וַעֲמִידָה וְשֵׁנָה וּמִיתָה וְעֶצֶב וּשְׂחוֹק וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. כָּךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים (גמרא ברכות יז א) "הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שְׁתִיָּה וְלֹא תַּשְׁמִישׁ אֶלָּא צַדִּיקִים יוֹשְׁבִים וְעַטְרוֹתֵיהֶם בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶן וְנֶהֱנִין מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה".

In the world to come, there is no body or physical form, only the souls of the righteous alone, without a body, like the ministering angels. Since there is no physical form, there is neither eating, drinking, nor any of the other bodily functions of this world like sitting, standing, sleeping, death, sadness, laughter, and the like. Thus, the Sages of the previous ages declared: "In the world to come, there is neither eating, drinking, nor sexual relations. Rather, the righteous will sit with their crowns on their heads and delight in the radiance of the Divine Presence." From that statement, it is clear that there is no body, for there is no eating or drinking. [Consequently,] the statement, "the righteous sit," must be interpreted metaphorically, i.e., the righteous exist there without work or labor.

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Shaarei Teshuvah

Sha'arei Teshuvah 4:13

Rabbenu Yonah describes the World to Come and the concept of divine retribution and reward, including the righteous being granted eternal spiritual rewards.

כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל ל"ב:כ"ז). כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (עמוס ג':ב').

[punishing us] less than our iniquity.” But when reproof comes upon the enemies of the Lord, may He be blessed, they are finished with one iniquity - for the punishment comes all at once, as it is stated (Psalms 34:22), “One misfortune is the deathblow of the wicked.“ So the rest of their iniquities remain upon their souls, as it is stated (Ezekiel 32:27) “and their iniquities shall be upon their bones.” However when reproof comes to the righteous, it comes little by little, until the termination of their iniquities, as it is stated (Amos 3:2), “You alone have I known from all the families of the earth; that is why I will call you to account for all your iniquities.” And our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, explained (Avodah Zarah 4a)

Source 16 · Rishonim
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Rambam's Introduction to the Mishnah

Rambam Introduction to the Mishnah, Chapter 10

Rambam discusses the concept of the World to Come, emphasizing spiritual reward beyond physical existence, aligning with the idea of heaven.

Source 17 · Rishonim
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Sha'ar HaGemul (Ramban)

Sha'ar HaGemul of the Ramban 1

Ramban's dedicated treatise on reward and punishment, resurrection, Gan Eden, and Gehinnom. He argues — against Rambam — that the afterlife involves a bodily resurrection, and that Gan Eden and Gehinnom are real, experiential realms of reward and punishment.

תנו רבנן (ראש השנה טז ב') שלשה ספרים נפתחים בראש השנה אחד שלצדיקים גמורים ואחד שלרשעים גמורים ואחד שלבינונים צדיקים גמורים נכתבין ונחתמין לאלתר לחיים רשעים גמורים נכתבין ונחתמין לאלתר למיתה בינונים תלויין ועומדין מראש השנה ועד יום הכפורים זכו נכתבין לחיים לא זכו למיתה זה שאמרו חכמים בצדיקים שנכתבים לחיים ורשעים למיתה לא צדיקים שאין להם עוונות ולא רשעים שאין להם זכות שכמה צדיקים מתים לאלתר וכמה רשעים מאריכים ימים בשלווה והכתוב (קהלת ח׳:י״ד) צווח אם יש צדיקים שמגיע אליהם כמעשה הרשעים ויש רשעים שמגיע אליהם כמעשה הצדיקים וכבר אמרו חכמים (אבות ד) אין בידינו לא שלוות רשעים ואף לא יסורי הצדיקים אלא כך המידה יש עוונות שדינו שלהקדוש ברוך הוא ומשפטיו הצדיקים להיפרע עליהם בעולם הזה ויש מהם שהדין להיפרע בעולם הבא וכן בזכויות יש מהן שבעל הגמול משלם שכרן בעולם הזה ויש בעולם הבא וכשאדם חוטא כל שעה ומתלכלך בעוונות ומתטנף בחטאים ומתגלגל בפשעים ועושה גם כן צדקות ומעשים טובים ובאים מעשיו לפני אדון הכל שוקל אותן מעשים אלו נגד אלו והצדיק שהוא צדיק גמור זוכה לחיים וכן הרשע שדינו נותן לשלם לו שכר טוב בעולם הזה על המעשה הטוב נכתב ונחתם לאלתר בראש השנה לחיים כלומר שפוסקים לו חיים ושלוה ועושר ונכסים וכבוד ונמצא זה צדיק גמור בדינו והרשע שהוא רשע גמור מכל צד נחתם לאלתר למיתה וכן בעל מעשה טוב שנכשל בעבירה אחת בלבד ונענש עליה למיתה נכתב ונחתם לאלתר למיתה בראש השנה כלומר שימות בשנה זאת או שיחיה בתחלואים רעים חיי צער ויסורין ונמצא זה רשע גמור בדינו אף על פי שזה צדיק וזוכה לעולם הבא והראשון שזכה לחיים רשע גמור ואובד לגמרי עד שיהיה גדול שבנביאים כשנידון על חטא אחד קל ונענש עליו נקרא בכאן רשע גמור ויהיה אחאב שנאמר בו (מלכים א כא כב) "הראית כי נכנע אחאב מלפני" נקרא בזה צדיק גמור וכן זה שאמרו חכמים זיכרונם לברכה לחיים ולמיתה אינם בימים בלבד אלא כל העונשים שבעולם הזה נגעים ומיתת בנים ועוני וכיוצא בהן כינו אותם חכמים בשם "מיתה" וכינוי השכר הגמול הטוב אמרוהו (נדרים סד ב') בלשון "חיים".

That is to say, that he [the evil man] is awarded life, serenity, wealth, possessions, and honor.

Source 18 · Rishonim
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Chovot HaLevavot

Duties of the Heart, Addenda, Admonition

Rabbeinu Bachya ibn Paquda describes the soul's journey after death and the reality of divine reward and punishment, urging the reader to orient their heart toward the World to Come rather than this transient world.

כי ממקור בינה קורצת. וממעין חכמה לקחת. וממקום קדוש הובאת. ומעיר גבורים הוצאת. מאת יי מן השמים:

Source 19 · Rishonim
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Sha'arei Teshuvah (Rabbeinu Yonah)

Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:13

Rabbeinu Yonah describes the severity of Gehinnom as a powerful motivator for repentance, cataloguing the spiritual consequences of sin and the punishments awaiting the unrepentant — used widely in mussar literature.

"כִּי לֹא לְעוֹלָם אָרִיב וְלֹא לָנֶצַח אֶקְּצוֹף כִּי רוּחַ מִלְּפָנַי יַעֲטוֹף וּנְשָׁמוֹת אֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי" – בֵּאוּרוֹ, כַּאֲשֶׁר יַעֲטֹף וְיִצְטַעֵר הָרוּחַ שֶׁהוּא מִלְּפָנַי כִּי הוּא מִן הָעֶלְיוֹנִים, וְיַעַטְפוּ נְשָׁמוֹת אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי, לֹא אָרִיב עוֹד וְלֹא אֶקְצֹף כִּי אֵיךְ לֹא אָחֹן וַאֲרַחֵם עַל נֶפֶשׁ יְקָרָה אֲשֶׁר הוּא מִלְּפָנַי וּנְשָׁמוֹת אֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי? עַל כֵּן יֵקַל הֶעָוֹן כְּפִי אֲשֶׁר תִּכְבַּד הָעֲבוֹדָה וְהָאֲנָחָה עָלָיו, כִּי הַיָּגוֹן יָבֹא מֵאֵת טֹהַר הַנְּשָׁמָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה, וְנִרְצְתָה בָּזֶה יוֹתֵר מֵאֲשֶׁר תֵּרָצֶה בְּרוֹב יִסּוּרֵי הַגּוּף וּמַכְאוֹבָיו.

As it is stated (Isaiah 57:16), "For I will not always contend, I will not be angry forever; nay, when spirits in front of Me cover themselves, I who create the souls." Its explanation is that according to that which the spirit - which is in front of me - covers itself and is distressed, and the souls which I have made cover themselves; I will not contend and I will not be angry. For how can I not have grace and mercy upon the precious soul that is in front of Me?

Source 20 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:14

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:14

וְיֵשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת קַלּוֹת מֵאֵלּוּ וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁהָרָגִיל בָּהֶן אֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא (וּכְדֵי) [וּכְדַאי] הֵן לְהִתְרַחֵק מֵהֶן וּלְהִזָּהֵר בָּהֶן. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא כְּשֶׁמֵּת בְּלֹא תְּשׁוּבָה אֲבָל אִם שָׁב מֵרִשְׁעוֹ וּמֵת וְהוּא בַּעַל תְּשׁוּבָה הֲרֵי זֶה מִבְּנֵי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שֶׁאֵין לְךָ דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹמֵד בִּפְנֵי הַתְּשׁוּבָה. אֲפִלּוּ כָּפַר בָּעִקָּר כָּל יָמָיו וּבָאַחֲרוֹנָה שָׁב יֵשׁ לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נז יט) "שָׁלוֹם שָׁלוֹם לָרָחוֹק וְלַקָּרוֹב אָמַר ה' וּרְפָאתִיו".

All the twenty four individuals listed above will not receive a portion in the world to come even though they are Jewish. However, if such a person repents from his wicked deeds and dies as a Baal-Teshuvah, he will merit the world to come, for nothing can stand in the way of Teshuvah. Even if he denies God's existence throughout his life and repents in his final moments, he merits a portion in the world to come as implied by [Isaiah 57:19] "`Peace, peace, to the distant and the near,' declares God. `I will heal him.'" Any wicked person, apostate, or the like, who repents, whether in an open, revealed manner or in private, will be accepted as implied by [Jeremiah 3:22] "Return

Source 21 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:5

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:5

וְכֵן כָּל הָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁעֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶן מְרֻבִּים דָּנִין אוֹתָן כְּפִי חֲטָאֵיהֶם וְיֵשׁ לָהֶן חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שֶׁכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָטְאוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ס כא) "וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִירְשׁוּ אָרֶץ". אֶרֶץ זוֹ מָשָׁל כְּלוֹמַר אֶרֶץ הַחַיִּים וְהוּא הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. וְכֵן חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם יֵשׁ לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא:

He will, nevertheless, be granted a portion in the world to come. Similarly, all the wicked whose sins are greater [than their merits] are judged according to their sins, but they are granted a portion in the world to come for all Israel have a share in the world to come as [Isaiah 60:21] states "Your people are all righteous, they shall inherit the land forever." "The land" is an analogy alluding to "the land of life," i.e., the world to come. Similarly, the "pious of the nations of the world" have a portion in the world to come.

Source 22 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Teshuvah

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 8:1-8:1

Rambam describes Olam HaBa as a purely spiritual existence — the souls of the righteous enjoying closeness to the Divine Presence — and explicitly contrasts it with a physical paradise. He treats Gehinnom as a metaphor for the 'cutting off' of the wicked soul from God.

הַטוֹבָה הַצְּפוּנָה לַצַּדִּיקִים הִיא חַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא וְהִיא הַחַיִּים שֶׁאֵין מָוֶת עִמָּהֶן וְהַטּוֹבָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ רָעָה. הוּא שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (דברים כב ז) "לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ לְעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ טוֹב וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים לְעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ אָרֹךְ. וְזֶה הוּא הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. שְׂכַר הַצַּדִּיקִים הוּא שֶׁיִּזְכּוּ לְנֹעַם זֶה וְיִהְיוּ בְּטוֹבָה זוֹ. וּפִרְעוֹן הָרְשָׁעִים הוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִזְכּוּ לְחַיִּים אֵלּוּ אֶלָּא יִכָּרְתוּ וְיָמוּתוּ. וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ זוֹכֶה לְחַיִּים אֵלּוּ הוּא הַמֵּת שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַי לָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא נִכְרַת בְּרִשְׁעוֹ וְאָבֵד כִּבְהֵמָה. וְזֶהוּ כָּרֵת הַכְּתוּבָה בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו לא) "הִכָּרֵת תִּכָּרֵת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִיא". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ הִכָּרֵת בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה תִּכָּרֵת לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁאוֹתָהּ הַנֶּפֶשׁ שֶׁפֵּרְשָׁה מִן הַגּוּף בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה אֵינָהּ זוֹכָה לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֶלָּא גַּם מִן הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא נִכְרֶתֶת: הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ גּוּף וּגְוִיָּה אֶלָּא נַפְשׁוֹת הַצַּדִּיקִים בִּלְבַד בְּלֹא גּוּף כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת. הוֹאִיל וְאֵין בּוֹ גְּוִיּוֹת אֵין בּוֹ לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שְׁתִיָּה וְלֹא דָּבָר מִכָּל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁגּוּפוֹת בְּנֵי אָדָם צְרִיכִין לָהֶן בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. וְלֹא יֶאֱרַע דָּבָר בּוֹ מִן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁמְּאָרְעִין לַגּוּפוֹת בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. כְּגוֹן יְשִׁיבָה וַעֲמִידָה וְשֵׁנָה וּמִיתָה וְעֶצֶב וּשְׂחוֹק וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. כָּךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים (גמרא ברכות יז א) "הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שְׁתִיָּה וְלֹא תַּשְׁמִישׁ אֶלָּא צַדִּיקִים יוֹשְׁבִים וְעַטְרוֹתֵיהֶם בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶן וְנֶהֱנִין מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה". הֲרֵי נִתְבָּרֵר לְךָ שֶׁאֵין שָׁם גּוּף לְפִי שֶׁאֵין שָׁם אֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה. וְזֶה שֶׁאָמְרוּ צַדִּיקִים יוֹשְׁבִין דֶּרֶךְ חִידָה אָמְרוּ. כְּלוֹמַר הַצַּדִּיקִים מְצוּיִין שָׁם בְּלֹא עָמָל וּבְלֹא יְגִיעָה. וְכֵן זֶה שֶׁאָמְרוּ עַטְרוֹתֵיהֶן בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶן כְּלוֹמַר דַּעַת שֶׁיָּדְעוּ שֶׁבִּגְלָלָהּ זָכוּ לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא מְצוּיָה עִמָּהֶן וְהִיא הָעֲטָרָה שֶׁלָּהֶן כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה (שיר השירים ג יא) "בָּעֲטָרָה שֶׁעִטְּרָה לּוֹ אִמּוֹ". וַהֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה לה י) "וְשִׂמְחַת עוֹלָם עַל רֹאשָׁם" וְאֵין הַשִּׂמְחָה גּוּף כְּדֵי שֶׁתָּנוּחַ עַל הָרֹאשׁ. כָּךְ עֲטָרָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים כָּאן הִיא הַיְדִיעָה. וּמַהוּ זֶה שֶׁאָמְרוּ נֶהֱנִין מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה. שֶׁיּוֹדְעִים וּמַשִּׂיגִין מֵאֲמִתַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַה שֶּׁאֵינָם יוֹדְעִים וְהֵם בַּגּוּף הָאָפֵל הַשָּׁפָל: הַנְּקָמָה שֶׁאֵין נְקָמָה גְּדוֹלָה מִמֶּנָּה שֶׁתִּכָּרֵת הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְלֹא תִּזְכֶּה לְאוֹתָן הַחַיִּים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו לא) "הִכָּרֵת תִּכָּרֵת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִיא עֲוֹנָה בָּהּ". וְזֶה הָאֲבַדּוֹן הוּא שֶׁקּוֹרִין אוֹתוֹ הַנְּבִיאִים דֶּרֶךְ מָשָׁל בְּאֵר שַׁחַת וַאֲבַדּוֹן וְתָפְתֶּה וַעֲלוּקָה וְכָל לְשׁוֹן כְּלָיָה וְהַשְׁחָתָה קוֹרְאִין לוֹ לְפִי שֶׁהִיא הַכְּלָיָה שֶׁאֵין אַחֲרֶיהָ תְּקוּמָה וְהַהֶפְסֵד שֶׁאֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר לְעוֹלָם:

The good that is hidden for the righteous is the life of the world to come. This will be life which is not accompanied by death and good which is not accompanied by evil. The Torah alludes to this in [the promise, Deuteronomy 22:7]: "So that good will be granted you and you will live long." The oral tradition explains: "So that good will be granted you" - in the world that is entirely good; "and you will live long" - in the world which is endlessly long, the world to come. The reward of the righteous is that they will merit this pleasure and take part in this good. The retribution of the wicked is that they will not merit this life. Rather, they will be cut off and die. Whoever does not merit this life is [truly] dead and will not live forever. Rather, he will be cut off in his wickedness and perish as a beast. This is the intent of the meaning of the term karet in the Torah as [Numbers 15:31] states: "That soul shall surely be cut off." [Based on the repetition of the verb,] the oral tradition explains: hikaret means to be cut off in this world and tikaret, to be cut off in the world to come. After these souls become separated from bodies in this world, they will not merit the life of the world to come. Rather, even in the world to come, they will be cut off. In the world to come, there is no body or physical form, only the souls of the righteous alone, without a body, like the ministering angels. Since there is no physical form, there is neither eating, drinking, nor any of the other bodily functions of this world like sitting, standing, sleeping, death, sadness, laughter, and the like. Thus, the Sages of the previous ages declared: "In the world to come, there is neither eating, drinking, nor sexual relations. Rather, the righteous will sit with their crowns on their heads and delight in the radiance of the Divine Presence." From that statement, it is clear that there is no body, for there is no eating or drinking. [Consequently,] the statement, "the righteous sit," must be interpreted metaphorically, i.e., the righteous exist there without work or labor. Similarly, the phrase, "their crowns on their heads," [is also a metaphor, implying] that they will possess the knowledge that they grasped which allowed them to merit the life of the world to come. This will be their crown. A similar [usage of this metaphor was employed by] Solomon [Song of Songs 3:11]: "The crown with which his mother crowned him." [Support for the concept that this does not refer to a physical crown can be brought from the prophecy, Isaiah 51:11]: "Eternal joy will be upon their heads." Joy is not a physical entity which can rest on a head. Similarly, the expression "crown" used by the Sages [refers to a spiritual concept], knowledge. What is meant by the expression, "delight in the radiance of the Divine Presence"? That they will comprehend the truth of Godliness which they cannot grasp while in a dark and humble body. The retribution beyond which there is no greater retribution is that the soul will be cut off and not merit this life as [Numbers 15:31] states: "This soul shall surely be cut off. His sin shall remain upon him." This refers to the obliteration of the soul which was referred to by the prophets with the following metaphoric terms: "the pit of destruction" [Psalms 55:24], "obliteration" [ibid. 88:12], "the bonfire" [Isaiah 30:33], "the leech" [Proverbs 30:15]. All the synonyms for nullification and destruction are used to refer to it for it is the [ultimate] nullification after which there is no renewal and the [ultimate] loss which can never be recovered.

Source 23 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

Or HaChaim on Genesis 28:17

The passage explains that Jacob perceived fear in the place where he stood, recognizing it as God's house and the gate of heaven because angels were ascending and descending there, and he understood that this sacred place was directed toward heaven's gate.

וְאָמְרוֹ וְזֶה שַׁעַר וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ: מָקוֹם הַמְכֻוָּן כְּנֶגְדּוֹ לְמַעְלָה הוּא שַׁעַר הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְלָזֶה אָמַר פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה ״וְזֶה״. עוֹד נִתְכַּוֵּן לָתֵת טַעַם לְמַעֲלַת הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּנָּה לְמַעְלָה ״אֵין זֶה כִּי אִם בֵּית אֱלֹהִים״ אֲשֶׁר קָדְמָה אֵלָיו הַיְּדִיעָה כִּי בָּחַר לוֹ יָהּ בַּיִת לִשְׁכּוֹן שָׁמָּה, וְאָמַר כִּי הוּא זֶה הַמָּקוֹם. וְהוֹכִיחַ עוֹד כִּי הוּא זֶה בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה, כְּאָמְרוֹ ״וְזֶה שַׁעַר הַשָּׁמָיִם״, כִּי רָאָה שֶׁהָיוּ מַלְאָכִים עוֹלִים וְיוֹרְדִים, וְקָדְמָה הַיְדִיעָה אֶצְלוֹ כִּי הַמָּקוֹם הַמְּקֻדָּשׁ הוּא מְכֻוָּן כְּנֶגֶד שַׁעַר הַשָּׁמַיִם.

When Yaakov said "this is the gate..." he meant that the place aligned with it above is the gate of heaven. This is why he used the word 'this' (zeh) twice. He also intended to explain the lofty status of the place by saying that this is the House of God, a physical place preceded by the knowledge that God had chosen a place to cause His name to dwell. He said 'this is that place!' He proved further that this was the chosen place when he said 'this is the gate of heaven.' Yaakov said this because he saw angels rising and descending, and he already knew that the sacred place below was aligned with the gate of heaven:

Source 24 · Acharonim
Verified

Mesillat Yesharim

Mesillat Yesharim 1

The Ramchal opens by stating that man was placed in this world only as a passage to the World to Come, and that one's conduct in this life determines whether one merits Olam HaBa — framing all of Jewish ethics within this afterlife framework.

וְהִנֵּה מָה שֶׁהוֹרוּנוּ חֲכָמֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה הוּא, שֶׁהָאָדָם לֹא נִבְרָא אֶלָּא לְהִתְעַנֵּג עַל ה' וְלֵהָנוֹת מִזִּיו שְׁכִינָתוֹ שֶׁזֶּהוּ הַתַּעֲנוּג הָאֲמִתִּי וְהָעִדּוּן הַגָּדוֹל מִכָּל הָעִדּוּנִים שֶׁיְּכוֹלִים לְהִמָּצֵא. וּמְקוֹם הָעִדּוּן הַזֶּה בֶּאֱמֶת הוּא הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, כִּי הוּא הַנִּבְרָא בַּהֲכָנָה הַמִּצְטָרֶכֶת לַדָּבָר הַזֶּה. אַךְ הַדֶּרֶךְ כְּדֵי לְהַגִּיעַ אֶל מְחוֹז חֶפְצֵנוּ זֶה, הוּא זֶה הָעוֹלָם. וְהוּא מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (אבות ד):

Behold, what our sages, of blessed memory, have taught us is that man was created solely to delight in G-d and to derive pleasure in the radiance of the Shechina (divine presence). For this is the true delight and the greatest pleasure that can possibly exist. The place of this pleasure is, in truth, in Olam Haba (the World to Come). For it was created expressly for this purpose.

Source 25 · Hasidic
External

Likutei Torah

Likkutei Torah, Bamidbar 68a

This mystical text discusses spiritual concepts akin to heaven and the return to divine unity, highlighting Hasidic views on the afterlife.

Source 26 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya

Tanya, Part II; Shaar HaYichud VehaEmunah 4:1

In this section, the Tanya explores spiritual realities and the soul's ultimate unity with the divine, a concept akin to heaven.

כִּי הִנֵּה כְּתִיב: ״כִּי שֶׁמֶשׁ וּמָגֵן ה׳ אֱלֹהִים״, פֵּירוּשׁ, ״מָגֵן״ – הוּא נַרְתֵּק לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, לְהָגֵן שֶׁיּוּכְלוּ הַבְּרִיּוֹת לְסָבְלוֹ, כְּמַאֲמַר רַבּוֹתֵינוּ־זִכְרוֹנָם־לִבְרָכָה: ״לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא הַקָּדוֹשׁ־בָּרוּךְ־הוּא מוֹצִיא חַמָּה מִנַּרְתֵּקָהּ, רְשָׁעִים נִידּוֹנִין בָּהּ כוּ׳״. וּכְמוֹ שֶׁהַנַּרְתֵּק מֵגִין בְּעַד הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, כָּךְ שֵׁם ״אֱלֹהִים״ מֵגִין לְשֵׁם הֲוָיָ״ה בָּרוּךְ־הוּא.

It is written: “For a sun and a shield is Havaya Elokim.” The explanation of this verse [is as follows]: “Shield” is a covering for the sun, to protect the creatures so that they should be able to bear [its heat]. As our Sages, of blessed memory, have said, “In the Time to Come, the Holy One, blessed is He, will take out the sun from its sheath, the wicked will be punished by it….” Now, just as the covering shields [i.e., conceals] the sun, so does the name Elokim shield [i.e., conceal] the name Havaya, blessed is He.

Source 27 · Hasidic
Verified

Toldot Yaakov Yosef

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Vayechi

The Baal Shem Tov's disciple R. Yaakov Yosef of Polnoye discusses the Chassidic understanding that Gehinnom and Gan Eden can be experienced in this world through one's inner spiritual state — internalizing the afterlife as a present reality of closeness or distance from God.

וכך הוא בנמש(ו)ל, מי שטרח בערב שבת, בעולם הזה, כדי שיאכל בשבת בעולם הבא, וכל תענוגיו שם לעולם הבא, א"כ כל מה שממעט בכבודו ובתענוגיו בעה"ז, יהי' מופנה מכל צד להרויח בסחורתו בעה"ז, שיסגל תורה ומעשים טובים לעולם הבא להתענג שם בשבת שכולו שבת. מה שאין כן מי שהוא בעל חוב, שחייב בחטאיו, וכל תענוגיו בדרך בעולם הזה, כי אין לו שום בית שיתענג שם בביתו בעולם החיים הנצחי בלי גבול ומצר, רק בעולם הזה שיש לו גבול ומצר.