Machshavaמחשבה

Maaseh Merkavah: The Mystical Chariot

Maaseh Merkavah (the Account of the Chariot) is the esoteric Jewish mystical discipline centered on Ezekiel's vision of the divine chariot and the heavenly realms. Sources address its biblical foundations, strict halakhic restrictions on study, the Heikhalot literature's descriptions of heavenly ascent, and the rationalist philosophical reinterpretations offered by Rambam.

חָכָם וּמֵבִין מִדַּעְתּוֹ

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Yechezkel — Vision of the Chariot

Ezekiel 1:1

The foundational text of Maaseh Merkavah: Ezekiel's inaugural vision of the divine chariot (merkavah), including the four-faced chayot, ofanim, and the appearance of the divine glory (kavod) upon a throne of sapphire.

וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בִּשְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֗ה בָּֽרְבִיעִי֙ בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֣ה לַחֹ֔דֶשׁ וַאֲנִ֥י בְתֽוֹךְ־הַגּוֹלָ֖ה עַל־נְהַר־כְּבָ֑ר נִפְתְּחוּ֙ הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וָאֶרְאֶ֖ה מַרְא֥וֹת אֱלֹהִֽים׃

In the thirtieth year, on the fifth day of the fourth month, when I was in the community of exiles by the Chebar Canal, the heavens opened and I saw visions of God.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Yechezkel — The Merkavah Revisited

Ezekiel 10

A second elaboration of the chariot vision in the Temple context, with detailed description of the cherubim (identified with the chayot), wheels within wheels, and the departure of the divine glory from the Temple.

וָאֶרְאֶ֗ה וְהִנֵּ֤ה אֶל־הָרָקִ֙יעַ֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ הַכְּרֻבִ֔ים כְּאֶ֣בֶן סַפִּ֔יר כְּמַרְאֵ֖ה דְּמ֣וּת כִּסֵּ֑א נִרְאָ֖ה עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ וָאֶרְאֶ֗ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה אַרְבָּעָ֣ה אוֹפַנִּים֮ אֵ֣צֶל הַכְּרוּבִים֒ אוֹפַ֣ן אֶחָ֗ד אֵ֚צֶל הַכְּר֣וּב אֶחָ֔ד וְאוֹפַ֣ן אֶחָ֔ד אֵ֖צֶל הַכְּר֣וּב אֶחָ֑ד וּמַרְאֵה֙ הָא֣וֹפַנִּ֔ים כְּעֵ֖ין אֶ֥בֶן תַּרְשִֽׁישׁ׃ וּמַ֨רְאֵיהֶ֔ם דְּמ֥וּת אֶחָ֖ד לְאַרְבַּעְתָּ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר יִהְיֶ֥ה הָאוֹפַ֖ן בְּת֥וֹךְ הָאוֹפָֽן׃

I looked, and on the expanse over the heads of the cherubs, there was something like a sapphire stone; an appearance resembling a throne could be seen over them. I could see that there were four wheels beside the cherubs, one wheel beside each of the cherubs; as for the appearance of the wheels, they gleamed like the beryl stone. In appearance, the four had the same form, as if there were two wheels cutting through each other.

Source 3 · Tanach
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Isaiah — Throne Vision of Isaiah

Isaiah 6

Isaiah's vision of God seated on a high and exalted throne, attended by seraphim who call 'Kadosh Kadosh Kadosh' — a related throne-mysticism text that informs the Merkavah tradition.

בִּשְׁנַת־מוֹת֙ הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ עֻזִּיָּ֔הוּ וָאֶרְאֶ֧ה אֶת־אֲדֹנָ֛י יֹשֵׁ֥ב עַל־כִּסֵּ֖א רָ֣ם וְנִשָּׂ֑א וְשׁוּלָ֖יו מְלֵאִ֥ים אֶת־הַהֵיכָֽל׃ שְׂרָפִ֨ים עֹמְדִ֤ים ׀ מִמַּ֙עַל֙ ל֔וֹ שֵׁ֧שׁ כְּנָפַ֛יִם שֵׁ֥שׁ כְּנָפַ֖יִם לְאֶחָ֑ד בִּשְׁתַּ֣יִם ׀ יְכַסֶּ֣ה פָנָ֗יו וּבִשְׁתַּ֛יִם יְכַסֶּ֥ה רַגְלָ֖יו וּבִשְׁתַּ֥יִם יְעוֹפֵֽף׃ וְקָרָ֨א זֶ֤ה אֶל־זֶה֙ וְאָמַ֔ר קָד֧וֹשׁ ׀ קָד֛וֹשׁ קָד֖וֹשׁ יְהֹוָ֣ה צְבָא֑וֹת מְלֹ֥א כׇל־הָאָ֖רֶץ כְּבוֹדֽוֹ׃

In the year that King Uzziah died, I beheld my Sovereign seated on a high and lofty throne; and the skirts of God’s robe filled the temple. Seraphs stood in attendance, each with six wings—two covering the face, two covering the body, and two to fly with. And one would call to the other, “Holy, holy, holy! GOD of Hosts— Whose presence fills all the earth!”

Source 4 · Chazal
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Mishnah Chagigah — Restrictions on Teaching Merkavah

Mishnah Chagigah 2:1

Lays down the foundational halakhic restriction: Maaseh Merkavah may not be expounded even before a single student unless he is a sage who understands on his own (chacham u'meivin mi'da'ato).

אֵין דּוֹרְשִׁין בַּעֲרָיוֹת בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה. וְלֹא בְמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית בִּשְׁנַיִם. וְלֹא בַמֶּרְכָּבָה בְּיָחִיד, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה חָכָם וּמֵבִין מִדַּעְתּוֹ.

One may not expound the topic of forbidden sexual relations before three or more individuals; nor may one expound the act of Creation and the secrets of the beginning of the world before two or more individuals; nor may one expound by oneself the Design of the Divine Chariot, a mystical teaching with regard to the ways God conducts the world unless he is wise and understands most matters on his own.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Heikhalot Rabbati — Ascent through the Palaces

Heikhalot Rabbati 1:1

The major Heikhalot text describing the mystical ascent of Rabbi Ishmael and Rabbi Akiva through the seven heavenly palaces (heikhalot) to the divine chariot, including the dangers, gatekeepers, and hymns of the angelic hosts.

אמר ר' ישמעאל מה הפרש שירות שהיה אומר מי שבקש להסתכל בצפיית המרכבה לירד בשלום ולעלות בשלום:

Said Rabbi Ishmael: What are those songs which he recites who would behold the vision of the Merkaba, who would descend in peace and would ascend in peace?

Source 6 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli — Tractate Chagigah

Chagigah 11b:1

The central Talmudic discussion of Maaseh Merkavah and Maaseh Bereshit, establishing that these subjects may only be taught to individuals meeting strict criteria (one who is wise and understands on his own). Includes the famous Pardes story of four sages who entered mystical inquiry, and extensive aggadot about the heavenly realms.

לְבִתּוֹ מֵאֲנוּסָתוֹ, דְּלָא כְּתִיבָא.

with regard to his daughter born from the woman he raped, which is not written explicitly in the Torah. It is forbidden for this man to have sexual relations with this daughter, despite the fact that she is not the daughter of his wife, as he did not marry her mother.

Source 7 · Chazal
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Bereishit Rabbah — The Patriarchs as the Merkavah

Bereshit Rabbah 47:6

The classic midrashic statement that the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are themselves the divine chariot (האבות הן הן המרכבה) — their lives constitute the earthly vehicle upon which the Shekhinah rests, grounding the Merkavah concept in moral-spiritual biography.

אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ הָאָבוֹת הֵן הֵן הַמֶּרְכָּבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּעַל אֱלֹהִים מֵעַל אַבְרָהָם, (בראשית לה, יג): וַיַּעַל מֵעָלָיו אֱלֹהִים, (בראשית כח, יג): וְהִנֵּה ה' נִצָּב עָלָיו.

From Abraham. On one occasion, Abraham was speaking with the Holy One blessed be He, when the ministering angels came to speak with him. He said to them: ‘Let me first take my leave from the Divine Presence, which is of greater stature than you, then I will speak with you.’ When he finished saying to the Holy One blessed be He all that he needed [to say], he said before Him: ‘Master of the universe I must speak [with the angels].’ He said: ‘You may leave in peace.’ That is what is written: “[He concluded speaking with him,] and God ascended from upon Abraham.” Reish Lakish said: The patriarchs are themselves the divine chariot, as it is stated: “God ascended from upon Abraham,” “God ascended from upon him,” (Genesis 35:13) “And behold, the Lord stood upon him” (Genesis 28:13).

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Moreh Nevukhim — Chapters on the Chariot

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 3:1-7

Rambam interprets the four faces of the chayot and the wheels of Ezekiel's chariot as symbolic representations of the separate intellects and celestial spheres, reading Merkavah as a coded philosophical cosmology.

המונחים תבנית ותמונה משמעות המונח תבנית 1 חושבים שמשמעות "תמונה" ו"תבנית" בלשון העברית אחת היא, ואין הדבר כן. משום ש"תבנית" הוא מונח הגזור מן "בנה", ומשמעותו מבנה הדבר ותכונתו, כלומר תבניתו, דוגמת הריבועיוּת והעיגוליוּת והמשולשוּת ושאר התבניות. נאמר: "אֵת תַּבְנִית הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְאֵת תַּבְנִית כָּל כֵּלָיו" (שמות כה,ט), ונאמר: "[וּרְאֵה וַעֲשֵׂה] בְּתַבְנִיתָם אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה מָרְאֶה בָּהָר" (שם,מ), "תַּבְנִית כָּל צִפּוֹר [כָּנָף אֲשֶׁר תָּעוּף בַּשָּׁמָיִם]" (דברים ד,יז), "תַּבְנִית יָד" (יחזקאל ח,ג; י,ח), "תַּבְנִית הָאוּלָם" (דברי הימים־א כח,יא). כל אלה – תבנית. ולכן אין העברית מחילה כלל את הביטויים הללו על תיאורים הקשורים באלוה. שלוש משמעויות למונח תמונה 2 ואילו "תמונה" היא מונח מסופק בעל שלוש משמעויות: א) הוא משמש במובן של צורת הדבר המושגת בחושים מחוץ לדעת (=באופן אובייקטיבי), כלומר תבניתו ומתארו, והם דבריו: "וַעֲשִׂיתֶם פֶּסֶל תְּמוּנַת כֹּל" (דברים ד,כה), "כִּי לֹא רְאִיתֶם כָּל תְּמוּנָה [בְּיוֹם דִּבֶּר ה' אֲלֵיכֶם בְּחֹרֵב מִתּוֹךְ הָאֵשׁ]" (שם,טו). ב) הוא משמש במובן של הצורה המדומיינת של הפרט, הנמצאת בדמיון לאחר היעלמו מן החושים, והוא שנאמר: "בִּשְׂעִפִּים מֵחֶזְיֹנוֹת לָיְלָה [בִּנְפֹל תַּרְדֵּמָה עַל אֲנָשִׁים]" (איוב ד,יג), וסוף הדברים: "יַעֲמֹד וְלֹא אַכִּיר מַרְאֵהוּ, תְּמוּנָה לְנֶגֶד עֵינָי" (שם,טז), כלומר דמיון אל מול עיניי בשנתי. ג) והוא משמש במובן של העניין האמיתי המושג בשכל, ולפי המובן השלישי הזה נאמר אצלו יתעלה "תמונה". נאמר: "וּתְמֻנַת ה' יַבִּיט" (במדבר יב,ח), משמעותו וביאורו: ואת אמיתת ה' ישיג.

IT might be thought that the Hebrew words temunah and tabnit have one and the same meaning, but this is not the case. Tabnit, derived from the verb banah (he built), signifies the build and construction of a thing—that is to say, its figure, whether square, round, triangular, or of any other shape. Comp. “the pattern (tabnit) of the Tabernacle and the pattern (tabnit) of all its vessels” (Exod. 25:9); “according to the pattern (tabnit) which thou wast shown upon the mount” (Exod. 25:40); “the form of any bird” (Deut. 4:17); “the form (tabnit) of a hand” (Ezek. 8:3); “the pattern (tabnit) of the porch” (1 Chron. 28:11). In all these quotations it is the shape which is referred to. Therefore the Hebrew language never employs the word tabnit in speaking of the qualities of God Almighty. The term temunah, on the other hand, is used in the Bible in three different senses. It signifies, first, the outlines of things which are perceived by our bodily senses, i.e., their shape and form; as, e.g., “And ye make an image the form (temunat) of some likeness” (Deut. 4:16); “for ye saw no likeness” (temunah) (Deut. 4:15). Secondly, the forms of our imagination, i.e., the impressions retained in imagination when the objects have ceased to affect our senses. In this sense it is used in the passage which begins “In thoughts from the visions of the night” (Job 4:13), and which concludes “it remained but I could not recognize its sight, only an image—temunah—was before my eyes,” i.e., an image which presented itself to my sight during sleep. Thirdly, the true form of an object, which is perceived only by the intellect: and it is in this third signification that the term is applied to God. The words “And the similitude of the Lord shall he behold” (Num. 12:8) therefore mean “he shall comprehend the true essence of the Lord.”

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Rambam — Yesodei HaTorah, Maaseh Merkavah

Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 4:10-13

Rambam defines Maaseh Merkavah as the highest level of study — equivalent to metaphysics (pardes) — and warns that one must first master Torah and Talmud before approaching it, as these matters can overwhelm an unprepared mind.

וּמָה בֵּין עִנְיַן מַעֲשֵׂה מֶרְכָּבָה לְעִנְיַן מַעֲשֵׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית. שֶׁעִנְיַן מַעֲשֵׂה מֶרְכָּבָה אֲפִלּוּ לְאֶחָד אֵין דּוֹרְשִׁים בּוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה חָכָם וּמֵבִין מִדַּעְתּוֹ מוֹסְרִין לוֹ רָאשֵׁי הַפְּרָקִים. וְעִנְיַן מַעֲשֵׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית מְלַמְּדִין אוֹתוֹ לְיָחִיד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מֵבִין אוֹתוֹ מִדַּעְתּוֹ וּמוֹדִיעִים אוֹתוֹ כָּל מַה שֶּׁיָּכוֹל לֵידַע מִדְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ. וְלָמָּה אֵין מְלַמְּדִין אוֹתוֹ לָרַבִּים. לְפִי שֶׁאֵין כָּל אָדָם יֵשׁ לוֹ דַּעַת רְחָבָה לְהַשִּׂיג פֵּרוּשׁ וּבֵאוּר כָּל הַדְּבָרִים עַל בֻּרְיָן: וְעִנְיְנֵי אַרְבָּעָה פְּרָקִים אֵלּוּ שֶׁבְּחָמֵשׁ מִצְוֹת הָאֵלּוּ הֵם שֶׁחֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים קוֹרְאִין אוֹתוֹ פַּרְדֵּס כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ אַרְבָּעָה נִכְנְסוּ לַפַּרְדֵּס. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגְּדוֹלֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ וַחֲכָמִים גְּדוֹלִים הָיוּ לֹא כֻּלָּם הָיָה בָּהֶן כֹּחַ לֵידַע וּלְהַשִּׂיג כָּל הַדְּבָרִים עַל בֻּרְיָן. וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵין רָאוּי לְטַיֵּל בַּפַּרְדֵּס אֶלָּא מִי שֶׁנִּתְמַלֵּא כְּרֵסוֹ לֶחֶם וּבָשָׂר. וְלֶחֶם וּבָשָׂר הוּא לֵידַע הָאָסוּר וְהַמֻּתָּר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם מִשְּׁאָר הַמִּצְוֹת. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ דָּבָר קָטָן קָרְאוּ אוֹתָן חֲכָמִים שֶׁהֲרֵי אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים דָּבָר גָּדוֹל מַעֲשֵׂה מֶרְכָּבָה וְדָבָר קָטָן הֲוָיוֹת דְּאַבַּיֵּי וְרָבָא. אַף עַל פִּי כֵן רְאוּיִין הֵן לְהַקְדִּימָן. שֶׁהֵן מְיַשְּׁבִין דַּעְתּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם תְּחִלָּה. וְעוֹד שֶׁהֵם הַטּוֹבָה הַגְּדוֹלָה שֶׁהִשְׁפִּיעַ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשּׁוּב הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה כְּדֵי לִנְחל חַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיְּדָעֵם הַכּל קָטָן וְגָדוֹל אִישׁ וְאִשָּׁה בַּעַל לֵב רָחָב וּבַעַל לֵב קָצָר:

What is the difference between the subject matter of Ma'aseh Merkavah and the subject matter of Ma'aseh Bereshit? The subject matter of Ma'aseh Merkavah should never be expounded upon - even to a single individual - unless he is wise and capable of understanding, [in which instance,] he is given fundamental points. [In contrast,] the subject matter of Ma'aseh Bereshit may be taught to an individual even though he is incapable of comprehending it with his own powers of understanding [alone]. He may be informed about everything that he can possibly know about these matters. Why are they not taught publicly? Because not every person has the vast knowledge necessary to grasp the interpretation and the explanation of these matters in a complete manner. The matters discussed in these four chapters concerning these five mitzvot are what the Sages of the early generations termed the Pardes, as they related: "Four entered the Pardes...." Even though they were great men of Israel and great Sages, not all of them had the potential to know and comprehend all these matters in their totality. I maintain that it is not proper for a person to stroll in the Pardes unless he has filled his belly with bread and meat. "Bread and meat" refer to the knowledge of what is permitted and what is forbidden, and similar matters concerning other mitzvot. Even though the Sages referred to these as "a small matter" - for our Sages said: "'A great matter,’ this refers to Ma'aseh Merkavah. `A small matter,’ this refers to the debates of Abbaye and Ravva" - nevertheless, it is fitting for them to be given precedence, because they settle a person's mind. Also, they are the great good which the Holy One, blessed be He, has granted, [to allow for] stable [living] within this world and the acquisition of the life of the world to come. They can be known in their totality by the great and the small, man or woman, whether [granted] expansive knowledge or limited knowledge.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Moreh Nevukhim — Introduction to Part III

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 1:3

Rambam opens Part III by declaring that the subject of the Guide is the Account of the Chariot (Maaseh Merkavah) and the Account of Creation (Maaseh Bereshit), identifying them with Aristotelian metaphysics and physics respectively — a radical rationalist reinterpretation of the Merkavah tradition.

2 מה שראוי לומר בהפרכת הגשמת האל ואישוש אחדותו האמיתית, שאינה תקפה אלא בביטול הגשמות – את ההוכחה לכל זה עוד תלמד מחיבור זה (ב,א). ההערה כאן בפרק זה אינה אלא על ביאור משמעות צלם ודמות.

The incorporeality of the Divine Being, and His unity, in the true sense of the word—for there is no real unity without incorporeality—will be fully proved in the course of the present treatise. (Part II., ch. i.) In this chapter it is our sole intention to explain the meaning of the words ẓelem and demut.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Zohar — Parashat Yitro (Maaseh Merkavah)

Zohar, Yitro, Yitro

The Zohar on Yitro contains an extended kabbalistic commentary on the Merkavah chariot, interpreting the four chayot as the four divine attributes and the chariot as the structure of the divine emanations (sefirot), particularly the interplay of the lower sefirotic world.

אַחְזֵי לְיַחֲדָא רָזָא דְּעֶשֶׂר אֲמִירָן, בְּגִין לְיַחֲדָא כֹּלָּא, וּלְאִתְבָּרְכָא שְׁמָא קַדִּישָׁא כַּדְקָא חֲזִי, (ר"ח א' ב') וְאַחְזֵי לְיַחֲדָא רָזָא דִּרְתִּיכִין פְּנִימָאִין, וּרְתִיכִין דִּלְבַר, בְּגִין דְּיִתְבָּרֵךְ שְׁמָא קַדִּישָׁא בְּכָל סִטְרִין, וְיִתְיַחֵד כֹּלָּא כַּחֲדָא, עֵילָּא וְתַתָּא.

And when the whole side of holiness is united above, the “other sides” are subdued, and they also confess and praise the Holy King.

Source 12 · Acharonim
Verified

Nefesh HaChayyim — R. Chaim Volozhin on Merkavah

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 1:1

R. Chaim of Volozhin explains the concept of the Merkavah in terms of the human being as a miniature chariot — the righteous person who subordinates their will entirely to God becomes a 'vehicle' (merkavah) for the divine, paralleling the patriarchs who are called the divine chariot.

כתיב ויברא אלקים את האדם בצלמו בצלם אלקים ברא אותו וכן כתיב כי בצלם אלקים עשה את האדם.

It is written (Bereshit 1:27): “God-Elohi”m [thus] created man with His tzellem; with the tzellem of God-Elohi”m, He created him.” And it is also written (Bereshit 9:6): “... for with the tzellem of God-Elohi”m He made man.”

Source 13 · Hasidic
Verified

Maggid Devarav LeYa'akov — The Maggid of Mezritch on Merkavah

Maggid Devarav leYaakov 1

The Maggid of Mezritch teaches that the true Maaseh Merkavah in every generation is the tzaddik who cleaves to God so completely that he becomes transparent to the divine will — extending the rabbinic concept of the Avot as a merkavah into Chassidic service of the heart.

וזהו פי' עיני ה' אל צדיקים פי' כדמיון הבן שעושה מעשה נערות מביא את השכל של אביו לתוך המעשים האלו כך הצדיקים עושים כביכול להקב"ה כדמות שכלם שהוא י"ת חושב מה שהם חושבין אם חושבים באהבה מביאים את הקב"ה לעולם האהבה כמ"ש בזוהר מלך אסור ברהטים ברהיטי מוחין. וזהו פירש צמצם שכינתו בין שני בדי ארון פי' כנפי ריאה השכינה והקב"ה שורה כמו שהוא מחשב ועין נקרא השכל והשכל הוא ביד הצדיקים אבל האיך זוכים למדריגה זו בחשבם שהם עפר ואינם יכולים לעשות שום מעשה בלי כחו של הקב"ה ונמצא מה שהוא עושה עושה זאת הקב"ה שאם לא הוא י"ת אינו יכול לעשות כלום.

It is necessary for a person not to cease his thoughts for even a moment from the Holy One. In this way, he establishes the Holy One, blessed be He, through them.