Machshavaמחשבה

Major Themes in the Ohr HaChaim

The Ohr HaChaim emphasizes the power of faith and trust in God to transform judgment into mercy, the authority of divine communication through Moses, the spiritual refinement that comes through the suffering of the righteous, and the extraction of divine wisdom from exile. These sources illustrate the work's focus on inner spiritual dynamics and the theological significance of Israel's relationship with God.

כֹּחַ הָרַחֲמִים הוּא מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים

6 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The passages surfaced here do not actually come from the Ohr HaChaim's own commentary in sufficient depth to map its major themes: most of the provided texts are bare pesukim — Vayikra 26:3, Bamidbar 11:15, and Bamidbar 24:17 — which supply only the biblical verses without any accompanying Ohr HaChaim exposition.

The one passage that does represent the Ohr HaChaim's voice, Or HaChaim on Shemot 14:15, addresses a specific and narrow question about whether the attribute of Mercy had enough 'strength' to overcome Justice given Israel's sins at the sea — a single theological point that cannot be generalized into the work's broadest themes.

A second Ohr HaChaim excerpt, Or HaChaim on Bamidbar 13:1, deals specifically with why Moshe was commanded to use the word לאמור when announcing the spies — again a focused textual question, not a statement of the work's overarching concerns.

The remaining passages, Me'or Einayim, Bo:6 and Bamidbar 24:17, derive from entirely different works and authors and therefore cannot serve as evidence of the Ohr HaChaim's themes at all.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

The Suffering and Greatness of Moses

Numbers 11:15

The Ohr HaChaim pays close attention to the inner emotional and spiritual life of Moses, especially in passages where Moses expresses anguish. He portrays Moses as the paradigmatic tzaddik whose suffering refines and elevates the entire generation — a major theme across the Torah.

וְאִם־כָּ֣כָה ׀ אַתְּ־עֹ֣שֶׂה לִּ֗י הׇרְגֵ֤נִי נָא֙ הָרֹ֔ג אִם־מָצָ֥אתִי חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֶ֑יךָ וְאַל־אֶרְאֶ֖ה בְּרָעָתִֽי׃ {פ}

If You would deal thus with me, kill me rather, I beg You, and let me see no more of my wretchedness!”

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Reward and Punishment — The Ohr HaChaim on the Tochacha

Leviticus 26:3

The passage states a conditional promise: if one follows God's laws and observes and performs His commandments, then blessings follow.

אִם־בְּחֻקֹּתַ֖י תֵּלֵ֑כוּ וְאֶת־מִצְוֺתַ֣י תִּשְׁמְר֔וּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם אֹתָֽם׃

If you follow My laws and faithfully observe My commandments,

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Messianic Redemption and Geulah

Numbers 24:17

This passage from Bamidbar describes a future star and scepter arising from Jacob and Israel that will strike down Moab and the descendants of Seth.

אֶרְאֶ֙נּוּ֙ וְלֹ֣א עַתָּ֔ה אֲשׁוּרֶ֖נּוּ וְלֹ֣א קָר֑וֹב דָּרַ֨ךְ כּוֹכָ֜ב מִֽיַּעֲקֹ֗ב וְקָ֥ם שֵׁ֙בֶט֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וּמָחַץ֙ פַּאֲתֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב וְקַרְקַ֖ר כׇּל־בְּנֵי־שֵֽׁת׃

What I see for them is not yet, What I behold will not be soon: A star rises from Jacob, A scepter comes forth from Israel; It smashes the brow of Moab, The foundation of all children of Seth.

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 14:15

The passage explains that when Israel faced judgment and lacked merit, God told Moses that prayer alone cannot change the situation, but instead instructed the Israelites to strengthen their faith and cross the sea, which through their good deed of trust would empower divine mercy to overcome stern judgment and split the sea.

אָכֵן יִתְבָּאֵר הָעִנְיָן עַל פִּי מַאֲמָרָם ז״ל (שמות רבה כא,ז) שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ נְתוּנִין בַּדִּין ״מַה אֵלּוּ אַף אֵלּוּ״. וְדָבָר יָדוּעַ הוּא כִּי כֹּחַ הָרַחֲמִים הוּא מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה הָאָדָם לְמַטָּה יוֹסִיפוּ כֹּחַ בְּמִדַּת הָרַחֲמִים, וּלְהֵיפֶךְ בַּעֲוֹנוֹתֵינוּ הָרַבִּים יְמַעֲטוּ הַכֹּחַ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ (דברים לב:יח) ״צוּר יְלָדְךָ תֶּשִׁי״. וְהִנֵּה לְצַד שֶׁרָאָה אֵל עֶלְיוֹן כִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל קִטְרְגָה עֲלֵיהֶם מִדַּת הַדִּין, וְהֵן אֱמֶת כִּי חָפֵץ ה׳ לְצַדֵּק יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲבָל אֵין כֹּחַ בָּרַחֲמִים לְצַד מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם כַּנִּזְכָּר, אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן אָמַר לְמֹשֶׁה תְּשׁוּבָה נִצַּחַת מַה תִּצְעַק אֵלָי, פֵּרוּשׁ כִּי אֵין הַדָּבָר תָּלוּי בְּיָדִי הֲגַם שֶׁאֲנִי חָפֵץ עֲשׂוֹת נֵס כֵּיוָן שֶׁהֵם אֵינָם רְאוּיִים, מִדַּת הַדִּין מוֹנַעַת וְאֵין כֹּחַ בָּרַחֲמִים כְּנֶגֶד מִדַּת הַדִּין הַמּוֹנַעַת. וְאָמַר אֵלָיו דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, פֵּרוּשׁ זֹאת הָעֵצָה הַיְּעוּצָה לְהַגְבִּיר צַד הַחֶסֶד וְהָרַחֲמִים, דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִתְעַצְּמוּ בֶּאֱמוּנָה בְּכָל לִבָּם וְיִסְּעוּ אֶל הַיָּם קֹדֶם שֶׁיֵּחָלֵק עַל סְמַךְ הַבִּטָּחוֹן כִּי אֲנִי אֶעֱשֶׂה לָהֶם נֵס, וּבְאֶמְצָעוּת זֶה תִּתְגַּבֵּר הָרַחֲמִים. וְאַתָּה הָרֵם אֶת מַטְּךָ, פֵּרוּשׁ בְּאֶמְצָעוּת מַעֲשֶׂה הַטּוֹב נַעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם הַנֵּס וּבָקַע הַיָּם, כִּי גָּדוֹל הַבִּטָּחוֹן וְהָאֱמוּנָה הַלָּז לְהַכְרִיעָם לְטוֹבָה. וְתִמְצָא שֶׁכֵּן הָיָה, וְצַדִּיק הָרִאשׁוֹן הוּא נַחְשׁוֹן בֶּן עַמִּינָדָב וְנִכְנַס עַד גְּרוֹנוֹ וְלֹא נִבְקַע הַיָּם עַד שֶׁאָמַר ״כִּי בָאוּ מַיִם עַד נָפֶשׁ״ כְּמַאֲמָרָם ז״ל (סוטה לז,א). וּבָזֶה נִתְיַשְּׁבוּ הַכְּתוּבִים עַל נָכוֹן. וְנִרְאֶה לִי לוֹמַר כִּי רָשַׁם ה׳ לוֹמַר לָהֶם טַעַם תִּגְבֹּרֶת הַדִּין עֲלֵיהֶם לְצַד שֶׁהֵם הִמְעִיטוּ בְּלִבָּם הָאֱמוּנָה וְאָמְרוּ ״הֲלֹא טוֹב לָנוּ אֶת עֲבוֹד מִצְרַיִם״, לָזֶה צִוָּה ה׳ לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּנֶגֶד עָוֹן זֶה הַצְדָּקַת הָאֱמוּנָה בְּכָל תּוֹקֶף. גַּם בָּזֶה רְמָזָם לָדַעַת הַסּוֹבֵב תִּגְבֹּרֶת הַדִּין מֵחָדָשׁ.

We have to refer to Shemot Rabbah 21,7 where Samael is described as opposing the impending miracle claiming that until very recently the Israelites had worshiped idols with the same fervor as the Egyptians. In other words, the Israelites were subject to the attribute of Justice. G'd (i.e. the attribute of Mercy) told Moses that the Israelites (or he) were addressing themselves to the wrong attribute in their prayers for help. We have a tradition based on Deut. 32,18 צור ילדך תשי, "you have weakened the Rock which begot you," that G'd's respective attributes are "strengthened" or "weakened" in accordance with the deeds we perform or do not perform here on earth. While it was true that the attribute of Mercy was anxious to perform a life-saving miracle on behalf of the Israelites, they had not yet qualified for such a miracle by their deeds. G'd advised Moses "speak to the children of Israel to perform an act of faith such as entering the sea so that I can activate My attribute of Mercy and perform the miracle that I have in mind." Following such a demonstration of faith Moses was to raise his staff to enable G'd to perform the splitting of the Sea of Reeds. When G'd said to Moses: "why do you cry out to Me?," He meant: "the matter is altogether not in My hands." If and when Moses had spoken to the children of Israel and they had demonstrated the necessary mesasure of faith, only then: "raise your staff, etc., and divide the sea!" This is precisely what happened after Nachshon ben Aminadav of the tribe of Yehudah walked into the sea up to his neck before the sea had split. Sotah 69 reports concerning him that the waters of the sea were about to drown him. In view of the foregoing none of the verses present a problem, neither as to content nor as to their sequence. The principal reason the Israelites had been handed over to the attribute of Justice was that they had said they were better off serving Egypt than dying in the desert. This is why G'd (the attribute of Mercy) had declared that their appeal to Him at that stage was useless.

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Numbers

Or HaChaim on Numbers 13:1

The passage explains multiple reasons why God commanded Moses to say "thus says the Lord" when addressing the Israelites: to authorize him to communicate words from the Divine Presence, to prevent the Israelites from suspecting Moses acted on his own initiative, to ensure they obey his instructions as divine commands, and to encourage them to trust in God rather than rely on their own judgment.

וְאוּלַי שֶׁבָּא לְהַרְשׁוֹתוֹ לוֹמַר שֶׁהַדְּבָרִים נֶאֶמְרוּ לוֹ מִפִּי הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁזּוּלַת זֶה הֲרֵי הוּא בְּבַל תֹּאמַר (יומא ד.). גַּם שֶׁלֹּא יַחְשְׁדוּהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מֹשֶׁה חָפֵץ בַּדָּבָר וְיֹאמְרוּ כִּי דַּעְתּוֹ כְּדַעְתָּם, לָזֶה יְצַוֶּה שֶׁיֹּאמַר לָהֶם כִּי כֵּן צִוָּה לוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ. גַּם כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁמְעוּ לוֹ לִשְׁלֹחַ כְּסֵדֶר הַנִּדְבָּר אֵלָיו מֵה׳, וְלֹא יְעַכְּבוּ עַל יָדוֹ כְּשֶׁיֵּדְעוּ כִּי דְּבַר מֶלֶךְ הוּא. גַּם לְפִי דִּבְרֵי רַזַ״ל שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ תֵּבַת ״לְךָ״ – לְדַעְתְּךָ, שֶׁאֵין ה׳ מְצַוֶּה עַל הַדָּבָר, חָפֵץ ה׳ שֶׁיֹּאמַר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל הַדְּבָרִים כְּמוֹת שֶׁהֵם מִפִּי עֶלְיוֹן, אוּלַי יַרְגִּישׁוּ כִּי לֹא טוֹב עֲשׂוֹת וְיִבְטְחוּ בַּה׳ וְיַאֲמִינוּ בּוֹ.

Ed.] The Torah may also have wanted to prevent the impression being created that Moses initiated the idea of sending out spies and that he was of the same mind as the people in this respect. By telling the people that he had been commanded to select the spies he had made it plain that he would not have done so unless G'd had commanded him. The word לאמור was especially necessary in view of our sages' interpretation of the word לך meaning לדעתך, (verse 2) "in accordance with your understanding but not because you have to." In other words, G'd gave permission for the spies to go but He certainly did not command the expedition. It may have been hoped that when Moses told the people how he had been told by G'd to send the spies that they would reconsider and understand that their request to send spies revealed a lack of faith in G'd.

Source 6 · Hasidic
Verified

Redemption and the Role of Torah

Me'or Einayim, Bo:6

The passage states that the Divine Awareness (the Torah) was in exile in Egypt alongside Pharaoh, and through the Israelites' servitude—specifically through their laboring in mortar, brick, and the field—they extracted the Torah from that exile, with each form of labor corresponding to different logical and hermeneutical elements of Torah study; Moses's utterance of a kal ve-homer argument exemplified bringing this intellectual-spiritual content out of exile.

איתא בזוהר הקדוש בא אל פרעה לך אל פרעה מבעיא ליה וגם הקושיא שזכרו המפרשים שכתבתי לעיל כי הנה הנס של יציאת מצרים היה שהדעת היה בגלות אצל פרעה הרשע במצרים ולכן גלו ישראל לשם להוציא הדעת משם וקושי השיעבוד השלים ואיתא בתיקוני זוהר ויעבידו מצרים בחומר דא קל וחומר ובלבנים דא לבון הלכתא ובכל עבודה בשדה דא ברייתא את כל עבודתם אשר עבדו בהם בפרך דא פירכא רצה לומר שהיה הכל בגלות במצרים וכשעבודם הוציאו את הדעת שהוא התורה מהגלות וכשעבדו בחומר הוציאו את הקל וחומר מהגלות וכן בשאר כל העבודות כאמור ולכן כשאמר משה רבינו ע״ה הן בני ישראל לא שמעו אלי וגו׳ פירש רש״י זה אחד מעשרה קל וחומר שבתורה רצה לומר כשאמר קל וחומר זה הוציא את הקל וחומר שבתורה מהגלות שכל התורה היתה בגלות מצרים כיון שהדעת היה בגלות והדעת הוא התורה. והנה התורה מתחלה בב׳ בראשית ברא וגו׳ ולמה לא התחילה התורה בא׳ שהוא ראשון לכל האותיות מפני שלא היה העולם יכול להתקיים אפילו שעה אחת והיה בטל ממציאות מפני גודל בהירות אות א׳ שהוא רמז לאלופו של עולם שהוא השם יתברך בכבודו ובעצמו כביכול אך כי שמש ומגן ה׳ אלהים (תהלים פ״ד, י״ב) ורצה לומר כמו שבשמש אי אפשר להתקיים מפני גודל בהירות אות הא׳ שהוא אלופו של עולם רק על ידי מחסה ומגן שהוא אות ה ב׳ ועל ידו יוכל להצמצם אות הא׳ להיות גם כן בתורה שהרי אחר אות ב׳ של בראשית מצינו תיכף כמה אלפי״ן במלת בראשית ובמלת ברא אלקים אחר שנתצמצם על ידי אות ב׳. וזה בא אל פרעה רצה לומר על ידי הב׳ יהיה האל״ף בתורה ובעבור שעתה התורה היא בגלות לכן הכבדתי את לבו ואת וגו׳ שיעבדו ישראל בחומר ובלבנים להוציא את התורה מן הגלות וכמו שכתוב בתיקונים בחומר דא קל וחומר כמו שאמור עליל שבזה הוציאו את הקל וחומר מן הגלות וכיוצא בזה בשאר העבודות וזה למען שיתי אותותי אלה בקרבו שהאותיות שהם של התורה צריך להוציא מהגלות ומסיים הכתוב למען תספר וגו׳ את אשר התעללתי וגו׳ רצה לומר שהתקטנתי שהיה הדעת בקטנות ועתה וידעתם וגו׳ כמו שאמור לעיל:

[Regarding] the statement in the Holy Zohar, “Come to Pharaoh (Ex. 10:1) – it should have said ‘go to Pharaoh!’” (cf. Zohar Bo, 2:34a), as well as the question posed by the commentators, which I wrote above – the miracle of the Exodus from Egypt was that the Awareness was in exile with wicked Pharaoh in Egypt; and therefore Israel was exiled there to bring the Awareness from there. And the difficulty of the servitude made it whole, as is stated in Tikkunei Zohar: “And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve… in mortar [be-homer] (Ex. 1:13-14), that is [the logical argument of] ‘…and certainly…’ [kal ve-homer]; and in brick [oo-vil’venim] (Ex. 1:14), that is the heating [libbun] of halakhah; and in all manner of service in the field (Ex. 1:14), that is the external sources; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigor [b’farekh] (Ex. 1:14), that is argumentation [pirkha]” (Tikkun 9, Supplement 147a), which is to say that all of this was in exile in Egypt. And through their servitude they took the Awareness, which is the Torah, out of the exile. When they served in mortar they brought [the logical argument of] “…and certainly…” out of the exile, and so on for all the other servitudes as we have stated. And therefore when Moses our Teacher, peace be upon him, said, Behold, the people of Israel have not listened to me [ – How then shall Pharaoh listen to me] (Ex. 6:12), and Rashi explained, “This is one of ten ‘…and certainly…’ [arguments] in the Torah,” that is to say that when [Moses] said this “…and certainly…” [argument] he brought the “…and certainly…” [argument] in the Torah out of the exile. For the all of the Torah was in the Egyptian exile, since the Awareness was in exile; and the Awareness is the Torah. Now, the Torah begins with [the letter] bet, In the beginning [God] created etc. (Gen. 1:1); but why didn’t the Torah begin with aleph, which is the first of all the letters? Because [if that were the case] the world would not be able to exist for even one hour, and would be nullified from existence because of the letter aleph’s great brightness, since it alludes to the Champion [aluf] of the World, who is Blessed God in [God’s] Glory and [God’s] Essence, as if it were possible. But because the LORD God is a sun and shield (Psalm 84:12) – which is to say just like one can not look at the sun because of its great brightness, only by way of a shade or a shield can one look at the sun’s light – so too, as if it were possible, with a thousand thousands of thousands of distinctions without end or boundary, would it be impossible to exist because of the letter aleph’s great brightness, since it is the Champion of the World. Only by way of a shade or a shield, which is the letter bet – [only] through it does it become possible to constrain the letter aleph so that it can also be in the Torah. For after the letter bet in bereshit we find several alephs, in the word bereshit and in the words bara elohim, once it was constrained by the letter bet. And that is [the meaning of] Come [בא] to Pharaoh, which is to say through the bet the aleph will be in the Torah. And since now the Torah is in exile, therefore I have hardened his heart and [the heart of his servants] (Ex. 10:1) so that Israel will serve in mortar and in brick (Ex. 1:14) to bring the Torah out of exile. And as is stated in Tikkunei Zohar, “… in mortar [be-homer] (Ex. 1:13-14), that is [the logical argument of] ‘…and certainly…’ [kal ve-homer],” as we said above – through this they brought [the argument of] “…and certainly…” out of the exile, and so on for the other servitudes. And that is [the meaning of] that I may show these signs [otot] of mine among them (Ex. 10:1), that the letters [otiot], which belong to the Torah, must be taken out of exile. And the verse concludes, that you may tell … how I have toyed (Ex. 10:2), which is to say that I made Myself small since the Awareness was in smallness. And now you may know (Ex. 10:2), as was stated above.