Mitzvotמצוות

Honoring Father and Mother

Sources explore the biblical commandment to honor and revere parents, defining the practical obligations of kibbud and mora, establishing its theological significance as parallel to honoring God, and examining the deeper spiritual rationales behind this foundational mitzvah.

כַּבֵּד אֶת־אָבִיךָ וְאֶת־אִמֶּךָ לְמַעַן יַאֲרִכוּן יָמֶיךָ

13 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Leviticus — Fear of Parents

Leviticus 19:3

The Torah commands 'Each of you shall fear (tira'u) his mother and his father,' establishing the complementary obligation of mora (reverence/fear) alongside the positive duty of honor. Notably, the mother is listed first here, while the father is listed first in the Exodus verse.

אִ֣ישׁ אִמּ֤וֹ וְאָבִיו֙ תִּירָ֔אוּ וְאֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃

You shall each revere your mother and your father, and keep My sabbaths: I the ETERNAL am your God.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Exodus — The Fifth Commandment

Exodus 20:12

The Torah commands: 'Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long upon the land which the Lord your God gives you.' This is the foundational verse of the mitzvah of kibbud av va'em, uniquely paired with a promise of longevity.

כַּבֵּ֥ד אֶת־אָבִ֖יךָ וְאֶת־אִמֶּ֑ךָ לְמַ֙עַן֙ יַאֲרִכ֣וּן יָמֶ֔יךָ עַ֚ל הָאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃ {ס}

Honor your father and your mother, that you may long endure on the land that your ETERNAL God is assigning to you.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot — A Light and Heavy Commandment

Pirkei Avot 2:1

Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi teaches to be as careful with a 'light' commandment as with a 'heavy' one, since we do not know the reward of each. Honoring parents is classically used as the paradigm of a heavy mitzvah whose reward (long life) is explicitly stated in the Torah.

וֶהֱוֵי זָהִיר בְּמִצְוָה קַלָּה כְבַחֲמוּרָה, שֶׁאֵין אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ מַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל מִצְוֹת.

And be careful with a light commandment as with a grave one, for you did know not the reward for the fulfillment of the commandments.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Kiddushin — What is Honor and What is Fear?

Kiddushin 31a:1

The Talmud defines kibbud as providing food, drink, clothing, and escort, and mora as not standing in one's parent's place, not sitting in their seat, and not contradicting them. Famous stories illustrate extraordinary fulfillment of this mitzvah, including the non-Jewish Dama ben Netina who refused to disturb his sleeping father even for a great financial gain.

שֶׁמְּשַׁדַּלְתּוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, לְפִיכָךְ הִקְדִּים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כִּיבּוּד אָב לְכִיבּוּד אֵם. וְגָלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לִפְנֵי מִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם שֶׁהַבֵּן מִתְיָירֵא מֵאָבִיו יוֹתֵר מֵאִמּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּלַמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה, לְפִיכָךְ הִקְדִּים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מוֹרָא הָאֵם לְמוֹרָא הָאָב.

The verse emphasizes the duty that does not come naturally. Similarly, it is revealed and known before the One Who spoke and the world came into being that a son fears his father more than his mother, because his father teaches him Torah, and consequently he is strict with him. Therefore, in the verse: “A man shall fear his mother and his father” (Leviticus 19:3), the Holy One, Blessed be He, preceded the mention of fear of the mother before the mention of fear of the father.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Kiddushin — Honoring Parents Compared to Honoring God

Mishnah Kiddushin 1:7

The Mishnah teaches that the honor of parents is equated with the honor of God, and the fear of parents is equated with the fear of God, deriving this parallel from scriptural juxtaposition. This underscores the unique theological weight of the mitzvah.

כָּל מִצְוֹת הַבֵּן עַל הָאָב, אֲנָשִׁים חַיָּבִין וְנָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת. וְכָל מִצְוֹת הָאָב עַל הַבֵּן, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין.

With regard to all mitzvot of a son with regard to his father, men are obligated to perform them and women are exempt. And with regard to all mitzvot of a father with regard to his son, both men and women are obligated to perform them. The mishna notes an additional difference between the obligations of men and women in the performance of mitzvot: With regard to all positive, time-bound mitzvot, i.e., those which must be performed at specific times, men are obligated to perform them and women are exempt.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam — Laws of Character Traits: Honoring Parents

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:3

The Rambam codifies both the positive obligation of kibbud (honor) and the negative prohibition against cursing or striking a parent, explaining the inner meaning of these duties as an expression of gratitude — first to God, then to one's parents who were partners in one's creation.

לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לְסַפֵּר בְּשִׁבְחוֹ וְלָחוּס עַל מָמוֹנוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הוּא חָס עַל מָמוֹן עַצְמוֹ וְרוֹצֶה בִּכְבוֹד עַצְמוֹ. וְהַמִּתְכַּבֵּד בִּקְלוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא:

Each man is commanded to love each and every one of Israel as himself as [Leviticus 19:18] states: "Love your neighbor as yourself." Therefore, one should speak the praises of [others] and show concern for their money just as he is concerned with his own money and seeks his own honor. Whoever gains honor through the degradation of a colleague does not have a share in the world to come.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinuch — Mitzvah of Honoring Parents

Sefer HaChinukh 33

The Chinuch explains the deep rationale for honoring parents: a person must acknowledge those who brought them into being and raised them. He draws an analogy to gratitude toward God, arguing that someone ungrateful to parents will inevitably be ungrateful to God. The mitzvah thus trains the character for all religious life.

מִצְוַת כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם – לְכַבֵּד הָאָב וְהָאֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ יב) כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ וְגוֹ'. וּבָא הַפֵּרוּשׁ (קדושין לא, ב) אֵי זֶהוּ כִּבּוּד, מַאֲכִיל וּמַשְׁקֶה מַלְבִּישׁ וּמְכַסֶּה מַכְנִיס וּמוֹצִיא. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי מִצְוָה זוֹ, שֶׁרָאוּי לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיַּכִּיר וְיִגְמֹל חֶסֶד לְמִי שֶׁעָשָׂה עִמּוֹ טוֹבָה, וְלֹא יִהְיֶה נָבָל וּמִתְנַכֵּר וּכְפוּי טוֹבָה שֶׁזּוֹ מִדָּה רָעָה וּמְאוּסָה בְּתַכְלִית לִפְנֵי אֱלֹהִים וַאֲנָשִׁים. וְשֶׁיִּתֵּן אֶל לִבּוֹ כִּי הָאָב וְהָאֵם הֵם סִבַּת הֱיוֹתוֹ בָּעוֹלָם, וְעַל כֵּן בֶּאֱמֶת רָאוּי לוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם כָּל כָּבוֹד וְכָל תּוֹעֶלֶת שֶׁיּוּכַל, כִּי הֵם הֱבִיאוּהוּ לָעוֹלָם, גַּם יָגְעוּ בּוֹ כַּמָּה יְגִיעוֹת בְּקַטְנוּתוֹ, וּכְשֶׁיִּקְבַּע זֹאת הַמִּדָּה בְּנַפְשׁוֹ יַעֲלֶה מִמֶּנָּה לְהַכִּיר טוֹבַת הָאֵל בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהוּא סִבָּתוֹ וְסִבַּת כָּל אֲבוֹתָיו עַד אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, וְשֶׁהוֹצִיאוֹ לַאֲוִיר הָעוֹלָם וְסִפֵּק צָרְכּוֹ כָּל יָמָיו וְהֶעֱמִידוֹ עַל מַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ וּשְׁלֵמוּת אֵבָרָיו, וְנָתַן בּוֹ נֶפֶשׁ יוֹדַעַת וּמַשְׂכֶּלֶת, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי הַנֶּפֶשׁ שֶׁחֲנָנוֹ הָאֵל, יִהְיֶה כְּסוּס כְּפֶרֶד אֵין הָבִין, וְיַעֲרִיךְ בְּמַחְשַׁבְתּוֹ כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה רָאוּי לְהִזָּהֵר בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ בָּרוּךְ הוּא.

The commandment to honor father and mother: To honor father and mother, as it is stated (Exodus 20:12), “You shall honor your father and your mother.” And the explanation (Kiddushin 31b) comes to [define it], “What does it mean to ‘honor’? To feed, give drink, dress, bring in, and take out.” From the roots of this commandment is that it is fitting for a person to acknowledge and return kindness to people who were good to him, and not to be an ungrateful scoundrel, because that is a bad and repulsive attribute before God and people. And he should take to heart that the father and the mother are the cause of his being in the world; and hence it is truly fitting to honor them in every way and give every benefit he can to them, because they brought him to the world, and worked hard for him when he was little. And once he fixes this idea in his soul, he will move up from it to recognize the good of God, blessed be He, Who is his cause and the cause of all his ancestors until the first man (Adam), and that He took him out into the world’s air, and fulfilled his needs every day, and made his body strong and able to stand, and gave him a mind that knows and learns — for without the mind that God granted him, he would be “like a horse or a mule who does not understand.” And he should think at length about how very fitting it is to be careful in his worship of the Blessed be He.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Chovot HaLevavot — Gate of Gratitude

Duties of the Heart, Third Treatise on Service of God, Introduction.3

Rabbeinu Bachya ibn Paquda's Gate of Gratitude (Shaar HaKniah) establishes that recognizing and repaying those who benefit us is a fundamental obligation of the heart. He lists one's parents among the primary objects of gratitude, after God, making kibbud av va'em an outgrowth of the soul's duty of hakarat hatov.

וְנֹאמַר, כִּי מִן הַיָּדוּעַ אֶצְלֵנוּ כִּי כָל מֵטִיב אֵלֵינוּ אָנוּ חַיָּבִין לְהוֹדוֹת לוֹ כְּפִי כַּוָּנָתוֹ לְהוֹעִיל לָנוּ וְאִם יְקַצֵּר בְּמַעֲשֵׂהוּ לְדָבָר שֶׁיִּקְרֵהוּ יִמְנָעֵהוּ מֵהֵיטִיב אֵלֵינוּ הוֹדָאָתוֹ חוֹבָה עָלֵינוּ כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּתְבָּרֵר לָנוּ כִּי דַּעְתּוֹ עָלֵינוּ לְטוֹב וְכִי כַּוָּנָתוֹ לְהוֹעִיל לָנוּ.

Even if he actually falls short, owing to some mishap which prevents his benefiting us, we are still bound to be grateful to him, since we are convinced that he has a benevolent disposition towards us and his intention is to be of benefit to us.

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Tomer Devorah — Imitating the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy

Tomer Devorah 1:1

Rav Moshe Cordovero opens by teaching that a person must model themselves after the Thirteen Divine Attributes. Within this framework, honoring one's parents reflects the kabbalistic ideal of honoring the supernal Father and Mother (Chokhmah and Binah), so that earthly honor of parents mirrors cosmic reverence for the divine sources of the soul.

הָאָדָם רָאוּי שֶׁיִּתְדַּמֶּה לְקוֹנוֹ וְאָז יִהְיֶה בְּסוֹד הַצּוּרָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה צֶלֶם וּדְמוּת, שֶׁאִלּוּ יְדֻמֶּה בְּגוּפוֹ וְלֹא בִּפְעֻלּוֹת הֲרֵי הוּא מַכְזִיב הַצּוּרָה וְיֹאמְרוּ עָלָיו צוּרָה נָאָה וּמַעֲשִׂים כְּעוּרִים. שֶׁהֲרֵי עִיקָר הַצֶּלֶם וְהַדְּמוּת הָעֶלְיוֹן הֵן פְּעֻלּוֹתָיו, וּמַה יוֹעִיל לוֹ הֱיוֹתוֹ כְּצוּרָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה דְּמוּת תַּבְנִית אֵבָרָיו וּבַפְּעֻלּוֹת לֹא יִתְדַמֶּה לְקוֹנוֹ.

Chapter 1 - That it is fitting for a person to resemble his Creator: It is fitting for a person to resemble his Creator and then he will be [configured] in the secret of the Highest Form, [both] in image and likeness. As if he is alike in his body but not in his actions, he betrays the Form; and they will say about him, "A lovely form, but ugly deeds." As behold, the essence of the Highest Image and Likeness is His actions.

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh — Laws of Honoring Father and Mother

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 240:1-25

Rav Yosef Karo's comprehensive codification of kibbud av va'em covers the practical obligations of honor and reverence, including caring for parents in old age, limits of the obligation when a parent instructs a child to sin, and whether one must spend one's own money to fulfill the mitzvah.

איזהו כבוד ואיזהו מורא ודיניהם. ובו כ"ה סעיפים: צריך ליזהר מאד בכבוד אביו ואמו ובמוראם: הגה ומ"מ אין ב"ד כופין על מצות כבוד אב ואם דהוי ליה מצות עשה שמתן שכרה בצדה שאין ב"ד כופין עליה. (בית יוסף בשם הגמרא ובתא"ו נתיב א'): איזו מורא לא יעמוד במקומו המיוחד לו לעמוד שם בסוד זקנים עם חביריו או מקום המיוחד לו להתפלל ולא ישב במקום המיוחד לו להסב בביתו ולא סותר את דבריו ולא מכריע את דבריו בפניו אפילו לומר נראין דברי אבא ולא יקראנו בשמו לא בחייו ולא במותו אלא אומר אבא מארי היה שם אביו כשם אחרים משנה שמם אם הוא שם שהוא פלאי שאין הכל רגילים לקרות בו. אבל שם שרגילין בו מותר לקרות אחרים שלא בפניו (טור): איזהו כבוד מאכילו ומשקהו מלביש ומכסה מכניס ומוציא ויתננו לו בסבר פנים יפות שאפי' מאכילו בכל יום פטומות והראה לו פנים זועפות נענש עליו: הגה וכן להיפך אם מטחין אביו ברחיים וכוונתו לטובה כדי שינצל אביו מדבר קשה יותר מזה ומדבר פיוסים על לב אביו ומראה לו שכוונתו לטובה עד שיתרצה אביו לטחון ברחיים נוחל עולם הבא (גמ' ורש"י פ"ק דקידושין וירושלמי) וישמשנו בשאר דברים שהשמש משמש רבו:

What is honor and what is fear, and their laws. Containing 25 paragraphs. One must be very careful concerning his father and mother's honor and fear. Rema: But nevertheless, the court does not enforce the honor of father and mother; since it is a positive commandment the reward of which is alongside it, such that the court does not enforce it (Beit Yosef in the name of the Gemara; Toledot Adam VeChava, Netiv A). What is fear? He should not stand in the place designated for him to stand in the consultation of the elders with his colleagues, or the place designated for him to pray, nor should he sit in the place designated for him to recline in his home, nor contradict his words nor determine his words in his presence - even to say, "Father's words appear [correct]." And he should not call him by his name, neither in life nor in death, but rather say, "Father, my teacher." If his father's name was like the name of others, he changes their names if it is an unusual name that not all of the people call [their offspring] with. But it is permissible to call others with a name that is [common], not in front of him (Tur). What is honor? He feeds him and gives him drink; dresses and covers him; and brings him in and takes him out - and he does so with a pleasant countenance. For even if he feeds him fattened fowl every day, yet does so with an angry face, he will be punished for it.Rema: And likewise the opposite: If one makes him grind with a millstone, but his intention is for the good - in order to save his father from something harder than this - and he speaks [with] appeasement to the heart of his father and shows him that his intention is for the good until his father agrees to grind with the millstone, he acquires the world to come (Gemara and Rashi, Chapter 1 of Kiddushin and Yerushalmi). And he serves him in other ways in which a servant serves his master.

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

Mesillat Yesharim — The Trait of Saintliness (Chasidut)

Mesillat Yesharim, Chapter 19

The Ramchal teaches that true piety (chasidut) extends to every relationship, including one's parents. He argues that technical legal compliance is insufficient; one must pursue the spirit of honor with genuine love and care, going beyond the letter of the law in all interpersonal mitzvot.

דָּרַשׁ רָבָא כָּל מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ שָׁלֹשׁ מִדּוֹת הַלָּלוּ, בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא מִזַּרְעוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, רַחֲמָן, וּבַיְשָׁן, וְגוֹמֵל חֲסָדִים. וְאָמְרוּ (סוכה מ"ט): אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר גְּדוֹלָה גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים יוֹתֵר מִן הַצְּדָקָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר זִרְעוּ לָכֶם לִצְדָקָה וְקִצְרוּ לְפִי חָסֶד. וְאָמְרוּ עוֹד (שם): בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים גְּדוֹלָה גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים מִן הַצְּדָקָה:

I had an old mother who once sold her headdress so as to bring me [wine for] the Kiddush". We see from here an example of piety with regard to the fine points of the mitzvot. For he was already exempt from acquiring wine for Kiddush since he did not have enough [money] to such an extent that his mother needed to sell her own headdress. For him to do so was thus out of the trait of Piety.

Source 12 · Hasidic
Verified

Noam Elimelekh — Joseph and the Honor of Parents

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bereshit, Vayeshev 1:1

Reb Elimelech of Lizhensk interprets the story of Joseph and his father Jacob through the lens of the Chassidic ideal of devotion and attachment to one's spiritual and physical forebears. He teaches that a child's bond with a parent mirrors the soul's bond with its divine root, and that true kibbud flows from inner recognition of that connection.

וישב יעקב בארץ מגורי אביו כו'.

It seems to me that in combination with the verse "may there be peace in your walls, harmony in your palaces" (Ps. 122:7) that there is in the Gemarah "From the day that the Holy One of Blessing created the world there was no person who called him “Adon” until Abraham came and called him Adon" (Berakhot 7b) - and at the surface, why is it remarkable in that that he called God "Adon"?

Source 13 · Hasidic
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Kedushat Levi — The Reunion of Joseph and Jacob

Kedushat Levi, Genesis, Vayigash

Rav Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev reflects on the emotional reunion of Joseph and his father Jacob, deriving that the honor a child shows a parent is a channel for divine blessing. He emphasizes that clinging to one's parents in love — even across great distances — is spiritually transformative for both parent and child.

או יבואר, ויאסור יוסף מדכבתו ויעל לקראת אביו. והנה לכאורה מה סיפר לנו התורה שיוסף אסר, הלא היה די בזה שאמר ויעל לקראת אביו. אבל הנראה לנו בזה, שיעיין כל אדם בעינא פקיחא על כל מעשיו שלא ינהג מעשה בהמה חס ושלום רק במאזנים כל מעשיותיו כדי שיוכל לבא מזה רמיזא דחכמתא לעבודתו יתברך ואז יעשה אבל באם לאו בודאי שב ואל תעשה עדיף. ונמצא לפי זה ראוי לכל אדם לשקול מעשיו בשכלו מקודם ואז יעשה ויוכל ואז גורם במעשיו הטובים להיות מרכבה לשכינה. וזהו פירוש הפסוק ויאסר יוסף מרכבתו, דהיינו שיוסף היה בבחינה זו. והנה יוסף היה מתענג בוודאי בראיית פני אביו ואז היה חושב בעצמו מה אם זה תענוג גדול כל כך אלו הייתי רואה את הקדוש ברוך הוא כביכול אז היה התענוג יותר גדול מאד מזה התענוג והיינו ויעל לקראת אביו. באמת זה רק כשאדם עושה מצות ומתפלל בכוחות גדולים עד שהוא עיף מאד ומעט מעט יכול להיות שיוסר מעליו חומריותו ואז שורה עליו רוח הנאצל מאתו יתברך וזהו האור הוא כמו ראיית אביו הקדוש ברוך הוא בעצמו כביכול ויוסף הצדיק מרוב צדקתו בודאי שרתה עליו אור צח ומצוחצח וזהו חלק אלהי ממעל ועל זה גרם שעשה ממעשה שהוא התענוג בראיית אביו מרכבה לשכינה:

A different way to understand the phrase:‎ ויאסור יוסף את מרכבתו ויעל לקראת אביו‎. Why did the ‎Torah bother to add the word ‎ויאסור‎, i.e. that Joseph harnessed ‎his chariot? It would have sufficed to report: ‎ויעל יוסף לקראת אביו‎, ‎‎“Joseph went up towards his father to welcome him.”‎ I believe that the Torah teaches us appropriate behaviour by ‎writing this verse in the way it did. Every human being is ‎expected to keep his eyes open by using his intelligence so that ‎he will not be perceived as acting like a dumb animal, G’d forbid. ‎He is to consider each of his actions as if he weighed something ‎very precious. If he does so, his peers will give him credit for ‎relating with equal concern to fulfilling his obligations toward his ‎Creator directly. The wording of our verse proves that Joseph was ‎one of those individuals who do not commit hasty actions nor ‎engage in sloppy, careless work. Joseph would doubtless derive ‎great pleasure from being reunited with his father. When that ‎time came, he would reflect on how much greater would be his ‎pleasure if he were to be allowed to see the face of G’d. The word ‎ויעל‎, he ascended, already reflects this spiritual aspect of Joseph’s ‎journey to welcome his father.‎ Actually, the kind of gradually distancing oneself from ‎material concerns inherent in being a human being on this earth ‎so that one is literally “ascending” ‎ויעל‎, [much like the ‎angels depicted in Yaakov’s dream of the ladder, Ed.] will ‎occur only if in addition to performing the commandments, ‎intense prayer and the physical effort involved in all this, one has ‎reached the point of utter exhaustion. If and when this occurs, ‎one becomes part of the domain of ‎אצילות‎, a domain mentioned in ‎the Torah in connection with the elders and Nadav and Avihu at ‎the time of the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. (Exodus ‎‎24,11) Joseph’s father Yisrael had glimpsed this domain, and ‎without a doubt his son Joseph the tzaddik, had also been ‎granted a glimpse of it. As a result, both of them were able to see ‎in the physical carriage, ‎מרכבה‎, an allusion to the Divine ‎מרכבה‎ ‎supporting the throne of the Almighty. Joseph’s seeing his father ‎after all these years triggered this spiritual ascent. I have ‎added a few words of my own to make this concept clearer. ‎Ed.]‎