Shabbatשבת

The Mitzvah of Shabbat Candles

Sources establish the obligation to light Shabbat candles, detail the technical requirements for valid oils and wicks, and explore the spiritual and domestic purposes underlying the practice. The mitzvah combines practical illumination with deeper themes of peace in the home and delight in Shabbat.

הַדְלָקַת נֵר בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינָהּ רְשׁוּת

7 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Proverbs

Proverbs 31:18

The verse from Eishet Chayil reads: 'Her lamp does not go out at night' — traditionally interpreted as a reference to the Shabbat candles kindled by the woman of valor, whose light endures through the night.

טָ֭עֲמָה כִּי־ט֣וֹב סַחְרָ֑הּ לֹא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה (בליל) [בַלַּ֣יְלָה] נֵרָֽהּ׃

ט She sees that her business thrives; Her lamp never goes out at night.

Why it matters — A classic biblical verse linked by the Sages and commentators to the mitzvah of Shabbat candle-lighting as an expression of the woman of valor.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Mishnah Shabbat

Mishnah Shabbat 2:1

The Mishnah opens tractate Shabbat by listing which wicks and oils are valid or invalid for Shabbat candle-lighting, establishing the technical requirements for the mitzvah.

בַּמֶּה מַדְלִיקִין וּבַמָּה אֵין מַדְלִיקִין. אֵין מַדְלִיקִין לֹא בְלֶכֶשׁ, וְלֹא בְחֹסֶן, וְלֹא בְכָלָךְ, וְלֹא בִפְתִילַת הָאִידָן, וְלֹא בִפְתִילַת הַמִּדְבָּר, וְלֹא בִירוֹקָה שֶׁעַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם. וְלֹא בְזֶפֶת, וְלֹא בְשַׁעֲוָה, וְלֹא בְשֶׁמֶן קִיק, וְלֹא בְשֶׁמֶן שְׂרֵפָה, וְלֹא בְאַלְיָה, וְלֹא בְחֵלֶב.

The mishna begins by listing the materials that one may not use as wicks. That is followed by a list of the substances that one may not use as fuel. With what may one light the Shabbat lamp, and with what may one not light it? With regard to types of prohibited wicks, one may light neither with cedar bast [lekhesh], nor with uncombed flax [ḥosen], nor with raw silk [kalakh], nor with willow bast [petilat ha’idan], nor with desert weed [petilat hamidbar], nor with green moss that is on the surface of the water.

Why it matters — Foundational Mishnaic text defining the practical parameters of what may be used for Shabbat candles.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Shabbat

Shabbat 25b

The Gemara discusses the obligation of Shabbat candles, deriving it from the principle of oneg Shabbat (Shabbat delight) and shalom bayit (domestic peace). It establishes that lighting Shabbat candles is obligatory and debates which oils and wicks may be used.

רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר כּוּ׳: מַאי טַעְמָא? אָמַר רָבָא: מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁרֵיחוֹ רַע גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַנִּיחֶנָּה וְיֵצֵא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּיֵי: וְיֵצֵא! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹמֵר הַדְלָקַת נֵר בְּשַׁבָּת חוֹבָה. דְּאָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר רַב זַבְדָּא, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר רָבָא אָמַר רַב: הַדְלָקַת נֵר בְּשַׁבָּת חוֹבָה, רְחִיצַת יָדַיִם וְרַגְלַיִם בְּחַמִּין עַרְבִית, רְשׁוּת. וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: מִצְוָה. ״וַתִּזְנַח מִשָּׁלוֹם נַפְשִׁי נָשִׁיתִי טוֹבָה״. מַאי ״וַתִּזְנַח מִשָּׁלוֹם נַפְשִׁי״ — אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: זוֹ הַדְלָקַת נֵר בְּשַׁבָּת. ״נָשִׁיתִי טוֹבָה״ — אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה: זוֹ בֵּית הַמֶּרְחָץ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן זוֹ רְחִיצַת יָדַיִם וְרַגְלַיִם בְּחַמִּין. רַבִּי יִצְחָק נַפָּחָא אָמַר: זוֹ מִטָּה נָאָה וְכֵלִים נָאִים שֶׁעָלֶיהָ. רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר: זוֹ מִטָּה מוּצַּעַת וְאִשָּׁה מְקוּשֶּׁטֶת לְתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים.

We learned in the mishna that Rabbi Yishmael says that kindling a lamp on Shabbat with tar is prohibited. The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this? Rava said: Because its odor is bad the Sages issued a decree prohibiting the use of tar, lest one forsake the light and leave. Abaye said to him: And let him leave. What obligation is there to sit next to the light? Rava said to him: Because I say that kindling Shabbat lights is an obligation, and one is required to eat specifically by that light in deference to Shabbat. As Rav Naḥman bar Rav Zavda said, and others say that it was Rav Naḥman bar Rava who said that Rav said: Kindling the Shabbat lamps is an obligation, whereas washing one’s hands and feet with hot water in the evening prior to Shabbat is merely optional. And I say: Washing is not merely optional; it is a mitzva even though it is not an obligation. Since bathing as preparation for enjoyment of Shabbat was discussed, the Gemara cites the homiletic interpretation of the verse describing those heading into exile: “And my soul is removed far off from peace, I forgot prosperity” (Lamentations 3:17). What is: And my soul is removed far off from peace? Rabbi Abbahu said: That is the lack of opportunity to engage in kindling the Shabbat lights, which a refugee is unable to do. I forgot prosperity, Rabbi Yirmeya said: That is the lack of opportunity to bathe in the bathhouse. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That is the lack of opportunity to engage in washing one’s hands and feet in hot water. Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa said: Prosperity is a pleasant bed and the pleasant bedclothes that are on it, which are not available in exile. Rabbi Abba said: That is a made bed, and a wife adorned, i.e., worthy of and suitable (Rashba) for Torah scholars.

Why it matters — The foundational talmudic source for the mitzvah of Shabbat candles, its rationale, and its halachic parameters.

Source 4 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Laws of Shabbat

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 5:1

Rambam codifies the obligation to light Shabbat candles before Shabbat, rules on valid oils and wicks, and emphasizes that the lighting is obligatory from rabbinic decree for shalom bayit.

הַדְלָ [קַ] ת נֵר בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינָהּ רְשׁוּת אִם רָצָה מַדְלִיק וְאִם רָצָה אֵינוֹ מַדְלִיק. וְלֹא מִצְוָה שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לִרְדֹּף אַחֲרֶיהָ עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂנָה כְּגוֹן עֵרוּבֵי חֲצֵרוֹת אוֹ נְטִילַת יָדַיִם לַאֲכִילָה אֶלָּא זֶה חוֹבָה. וְאֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין לִהְיוֹת בְּבָתֵּיהֶן נֵר דָּלוּק בְּשַׁבָּת. אֲפִלּוּ אֵין לוֹ מַה יֹּאכַל שׁוֹאֵל עַל הַפְּתָחִים וְלוֹקֵחַ שֶׁמֶן וּמַדְלִיק אֶת הַנֵּר שֶׁזֶּה בִּכְלַל עֹנֶג שַׁבָּת.

The kindling of a Sabbath lamp is not a matter left to our volition - i.e., [it is not a matter about which,] if one desires, one may kindle it, but if one does not desire, one need not. Nor is it a mitzvah that we are not obligated to pursue - e.g., making an eruv for a courtyard or washing one's hands before eating. Instead, it is an obligation. Both men and women are obligated to have a lamp lit in their homes on the Sabbath.

Why it matters — The Rambam's authoritative halachic codification of the laws of Shabbat candle-lighting.

Source 5 · Rishonim
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Chovot HaLevavot

Duties of the Heart, Fourth Treatise on Trust.4

Rabbeinu Bachya ibn Paquda teaches that outward observances like candle-lighting must be accompanied by inner intention and awareness of God's presence; external mitzvot are a gateway to inner spiritual life.

וּפֵרוּשׁ הַחֵלֶק הָרְבִיעִי בְּעִנְיְנֵי חוֹבוֹת הַלְּבָבוֹת וְהָאֵבָרִים שֶׁהָאָדָם מִתְיַחֵד בְּתוֹעֲלוֹתָם וְנִזְקָם וְזֶה כַּצּוֹם וְכַתְּפִלָּה וְכַסֻּכָּה וְכַלּוּלָב וְכַצִּיצִית וּשְׁמִירַת הַשַּׁבָּת וְהַמּוֹעֲדִים וְהִמָּנַע מִן הָעֲבֵרוֹת וְכָל חוֹבוֹת הַלְּבָבוֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא תַּעֲבֹרְנָה אֶל זוּלָתוֹ וְתוֹעֲלוֹתָן וְנִזְקָן מְיֻחָדוֹת בּוֹ מִבְּלִי שְׁאָר בְּנֵי אָדָם אָפְנֵי יֹשֶׁר הַבִּטָּחוֹן בְּכֻלָּם עַל הָאֱלֹהִים יִתְבָּרַךְ מָה שֶׁאֲנִי מְבָאֵר אוֹתוֹ וּמֵאלֹהִים אֶשְׁאַל לְהוֹרוֹת אוֹתִי הָאֱמֶת בְּרַחֲמָיו.

and ultimately the greatest good for him (even if right now it appears to his eye to be not good, certainly, it is the best thing for him for his ultimate end - PL), and that the Creator has exclusive, total control over all of these matters.

Why it matters — Provides a Rishon's perspective on the inner spiritual dimension behind the physical act of lighting candles for Shabbat.

Source 6 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 263

Siman 263 comprehensively covers the laws of Shabbat candle-lighting: who is obligated, how many candles to light, the blessing, when to light, and the requirement that the candles illuminate the Shabbat table for shalom bayit.

מי ומי המדליקין ואם טעו ביום המעונן. ובו יז סעיפים: יהא זהיר לעשות נר יפה ויש מכוונים לעשות שתי פתילות אחד כנגד זכור ואחד כנגד שמור: הגה ויכולין להוסיף ולהדליק ג' או ד' נרות וכן נהגו. האשה ששכחה פעם אחת להדליק מדלקת כל ימיה ג' נרות (מהרי"ל) כי יכולין להוסיף על דבר המכוון נגד דבר אחר ובלבד שלא יפחות: (אשירי' ומרדכי מס' ר"ה ריש פ' י"ט): אחד האנשים ואחד הנשים חייבים להיות בבתיהם נר דלוק בשבת אפי' אין לו מה יאכל שואל על הפתחים ולוקח שמן ומדליק את הנר שזה בכלל עונג שבת הוא: כשידליק יברך ברוך אתה ה' אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו להדליק נר של שבת אחד האיש ואחד האשה גם בי"ט צריך לברך להדליק נר של י"ט ובי"ה בלא שבת יש מי שאומר שלא יברך וע"ל סי' תר"י: הגה יש מי שאומר שמברכין קודם ההדלקה ויש מי שאומר שמברך אחר ההדלקה (מרדכי סוף ב"מ) וכדי שיהא עובר לעשייתו לא יהנה ממנו עד לאחר הברכה ומשימין היד לפני הנר אחר ההדלקה ומברכין ואח"כ מסלקין היד וזה מקרי עובר לעשייה וכן המנהג (מהרי"ל):

Who should kindle and an Error a cloudy day. Containing 17 paragraphshs: One should take care to make a beautiful candle/lamp and there are those who place two wicks in this lamp, with the intent that one light recall [the command] “Remember”and the other, [the command] “Observe". Rema: One may add and light three or four candles, and such is our custom. The woman who one time forgets to light should light three candles for the rest of her days (Mahar"il) because one may add to an intentional task rather than something else, so long as one does not kindle less than two (Ashiri; Mordechai) Both men and women must have in their houses an ignited lamp on the Sabbath; even if they have not what to eat they must beg at doors and take oil and light the lamp because this is within the generality Sabbath Enjoyment. When you ignite, you bless: "Blessed are you H' Elokim, King of the World, who sanctified us with your commandments and commanded us to ignite the Sabbath lamp"—both the man and the wife. Also on Holidays it is necessary to bless, to ignite the Holiday lamp. And on non-Sabbath High Holidays, there is one who says that you do not bless, See below Siman 610. Rema: There is one who says that we bless before the ignition and one who says that we bless after the ignition (Mordechai). And in order that it be "before your act" you should not benefit from it until after the blessing; therefore we put a hand in front of the candle after the ignition, and then we bless, and afterward we remove the hand—this is called "before the act" and such is the practice. (Mahari"l)

Why it matters — The central practical halachic reference for all aspects of lighting Shabbat candles.

Source 7 · Modern
Verified

Mishnah Berurah

Mishnah Berurah 263

The Chafetz Chaim elaborates extensively on Siman 263, discussing the custom of lighting two candles (corresponding to zachor and shamor), the custom of some women to add candles for each child, and the spiritual dimension of the mitzvah.

כתב הא"ר דבאשה עניה יש להקל בששכחה שתוסיף כל ימיה מעט שמן בנר ואם היא מדלקת נרות תדליק תמיד נר אחד מעט יותר ארוך מבתחלה: (יב) מפני שמצויות - ועוד טעם מפני שכבתה נר שלו עולם שגרמה מיתה לאדה"ר.

And to add -- and there are some whose practice is to light seven lamps corresponding to the seven days of the week, and there are others who light ten corresponding to the Ten Commandments, and all of them need not be on the table. 27 After the lighting- The reasoning is that when she blesses, it is as if she has explicitly accepted Shabbat, and it is presently forbidden to light.

Why it matters — The definitive Ashkenazic elaboration on the laws and customs of Shabbat candles, including the deeper meanings of the number of candles lit.