Halachaהלכה

Can Artificial Intelligence Serve as a Posek?

These sources explore the essential qualifications and nature of halakhic authority in Jewish law. They establish that a posek must be a living human being grounded in an unbroken chain of transmission, possess personal moral responsibility, and engage in authentic spiritual reasoning—qualities that challenge whether an artificial system could issue binding halakhic rulings.

לא בשמים היא

11 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Devarim – The Requirement of a Human Judge

Deuteronomy 17:8-11

The Torah commands that difficult legal cases be brought to 'the judge who shall be in those days' — emphasizing a living, present human authority. The phrase 'you shall not deviate from the word they tell you' grounds psak in a personal, relational judicial act.

וּבָאתָ֗ אֶל־הַכֹּהֲנִים֙ הַלְוִיִּ֔ם וְאֶ֨ל־הַשֹּׁפֵ֔ט אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֑ם וְדָרַשְׁתָּ֙ וְהִגִּ֣ידוּ לְךָ֔ אֵ֖ת דְּבַ֥ר הַמִּשְׁפָּֽט׃ וְעָשִׂ֗יתָ עַל־פִּ֤י הַדָּבָר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יַגִּ֣ידֽוּ לְךָ֔ מִן־הַמָּק֣וֹם הַה֔וּא אֲשֶׁ֖ר יִבְחַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֑ה וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֣ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יוֹרֽוּךָ׃ עַל־פִּ֨י הַתּוֹרָ֜ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יוֹר֗וּךָ וְעַל־הַמִּשְׁפָּ֛ט אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמְר֥וּ לְךָ֖ תַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה לֹ֣א תָס֗וּר מִן־הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּ֥ידֽוּ לְךָ֖ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאל׃

and appear before the levitical priests, or the magistrate in charge at the time, and present your problem. When they have announced to you the verdict in the case, you shall carry out the verdict that is announced to you from that place that GOD chose, observing scrupulously all their instructions to you. You shall act in accordance with the instructions given you and the ruling handed down to you; you must not deviate from the verdict that they announce to you either to the right or to the left.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Devarim – Lo BaShamayim Hi (It Is Not in Heaven)

Deuteronomy 30:12

The famous verse 'It is not in heaven' — used by the Talmud (Bava Metzia 59b) to establish that Torah adjudication belongs to human sages on earth, not to supernatural or external intervention, raising questions about whether any non-human system could qualify as a posek.

לֹ֥א בַשָּׁמַ֖יִם הִ֑וא לֵאמֹ֗ר מִ֣י יַעֲלֶה־לָּ֤נוּ הַשָּׁמַ֙יְמָה֙ וְיִקָּחֶ֣הָ לָּ֔נוּ וְיַשְׁמִעֵ֥נוּ אֹתָ֖הּ וְנַעֲשֶֽׂנָּה׃

It is not in the heavens, that you should say, “Who among us can go up to the heavens and get it for us and impart it to us, that we may observe it?”

Source 3 · Chazal
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Avot – Do Not Trust in Yourself Until the Day of Your Death

Pirkei Avot 2:4

Hillel's teaching 'do not trust in yourself until the day of your death' underscores that a posek must have ongoing moral self-awareness and personal stakes in their rulings — qualities absent in an algorithmic system.

הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר, אַל תִּפְרֹשׁ מִן הַצִּבּוּר, וְאַל תַּאֲמִין בְּעַצְמְךָ עַד יוֹם מוֹתְךָ, וְאַל תָּדִין אֶת חֲבֵרְךָ עַד שֶׁתַּגִּיעַ לִמְקוֹמוֹ, וְאַל תֹּאמַר דָּבָר שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִשְׁמֹעַ, שֶׁסּוֹפוֹ לְהִשָּׁמַע.

Do not say something that cannot be understood [trusting] that in the end it will be understood.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – Lo BaShamayim Hi

Bava Metzia 59b

The dramatic sugya of the Oven of Akhnai, in which Rabbi Eliezer's miraculous proofs — including a heavenly voice (bat kol) — are overruled by the majority of sages. God Himself declares 'My children have defeated Me,' affirming that halakhic authority is vested solely in human reasoning and consensus, not divine or supernatural input.

חָזַר וְאָמַר לָהֶם: אִם הֲלָכָה כְּמוֹתִי – מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם יוֹכִיחוּ. יָצָאתָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה: מָה לָכֶם אֵצֶל רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, שֶׁהֲלָכָה כְּמוֹתוֹ בְּכׇל מָקוֹם. עָמַד רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ עַל רַגְלָיו וְאָמַר: ״לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם הִיא!״ מַאי ״לֹא בַּשָּׁמַיִם הִיא״? אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה: שֶׁכְּבָר נִתְּנָה תּוֹרָה מֵהַר סִינַי, אֵין אָנוּ מַשְׁגִּיחִין בְּבַת קוֹל, שֶׁכְּבָר כָּתַבְתָּ בְּהַר סִינַי בַּתּוֹרָה ״אַחֲרֵי רַבִּים לְהַטֹּת״. אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ רַבִּי נָתָן לְאֵלִיָּהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי עָבֵיד קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא בְּהַהִיא שַׁעְתָּא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: קָא חָיֵיךְ וְאָמַר, ״נִצְּחוּנִי בָּנַי! נִצְּחוּנִי בָּנַי!״

Rabbi Eliezer then said to them: If the halakha is in accordance with my opinion, Heaven will prove it. A Divine Voice emerged from Heaven and said: Why are you differing with Rabbi Eliezer, as the halakha is in accordance with his opinion in every place that he expresses an opinion? Rabbi Yehoshua stood on his feet and said: It is written: “It is not in heaven” (Deuteronomy 30:12). The Gemara asks: What is the relevance of the phrase “It is not in heaven” in this context? Rabbi Yirmeya says: Since the Torah was already given at Mount Sinai, we do not regard a Divine Voice, as You already wrote at Mount Sinai, in the Torah: “After a majority to incline” (Exodus 23:2). Since the majority of Rabbis disagreed with Rabbi Eliezer’s opinion, the halakha is not ruled in accordance with his opinion. The Gemara relates: Years after, Rabbi Natan encountered Elijah the prophet and said to him: What did the Holy One, Blessed be He, do at that time, when Rabbi Yehoshua issued his declaration? Elijah said to him: The Holy One, Blessed be He, smiled and said: My children have triumphed over Me; My children have triumphed over Me.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – The Posek Must Follow Evidence and Judgment

Sanhedrin 32b-33a

Discusses the standards required of a dayan (judge/decisor), including the need for personal deliberation, weighing of arguments, and moral responsibility for the ruling. The tractate's framework assumes a human agent who can be held accountable and who possesses da'at (discernment).

וְכֵן שְׁנֵי גְּמַלִּים שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹלִים בְּמַעֲלוֹת בֵּית חוֹרוֹן וּפָגְעוּ זֶה בָּזֶה, אִם עָלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶן – שְׁנֵיהֶן נוֹפְלִין, בְּזֶה אַחַר זֶה – שְׁנֵיהֶן עוֹלִין. הָא כֵּיצַד? טְעוּנָה וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ טְעוּנָה – תִּידָּחֶה שֶׁאֵינָהּ טְעוּנָה מִפְּנֵי טְעוּנָה. קְרוֹבָה וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ קְרוֹבָה – תִּידָּחֶה קְרוֹבָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינָהּ קְרוֹבָה. הָיוּ שְׁתֵּיהֶן קְרוֹבוֹת, שְׁתֵּיהֶן רְחוֹקוֹת – הָטֵל פְּשָׁרָה בֵּינֵיהֶן, וּמֵעֲלוֹת שָׂכָר זוֹ לָזוֹ. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן:

This distinction is in accordance with the statement of Reish Lakish, as Reish Lakish raises a contradiction between two verses: It is written in one verse: “In justice shall you judge your neighbor” (Leviticus 19:15), and it is written in another verse: “Justice, justice, shall you follow” (Deuteronomy 16:20), with the repetition indicating that it is not enough to merely judge with justice. He continues: How can these texts be reconciled? Here, this latter verse is stated with regard to a possibly fraudulent trial, where the court must take extra care to judge with justice; and there, that former verse is stated with regard to a trial that does not appear fraudulent.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – A Judge Must Feel the Weight of Judgment

Sanhedrin 6b

The Talmud teaches that a judge should always see himself as if a sword is placed between his thighs and Gehinnom is open beneath him, emphasizing that the existential weight and personal moral accountability of a ruling is intrinsic to the act of psak — a dimension AI entirely lacks.

וִיהוּ הַדַּיָּינִין יוֹדְעִין אֶת מִי הֵן דָּנִין, וְלִפְנֵי מִי הֵן דָּנִין, וּמִי עָתִיד לִיפָּרַע מֵהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֱלֹהִים נִצָּב בַּעֲדַת אֵל״. וְכֵן בִּיהוֹשָׁפָט הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל הַשֹּׁפְטִים רְאוּ מָה אַתֶּם עֹשִׂים כִּי לֹא לְאָדָם תִּשְׁפְּטוּ כִּי אִם לַה׳״. שֶׁמָּא יֹאמַר הַדַּיָּין: מָה לִי בְּצַעַר הַזֶּה? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״עִמָּכֶם בִּדְבַר מִשְׁפָּט״. אֵין לוֹ לַדַּיָּין אֶלָּא מַה שֶּׁעֵינָיו רוֹאוֹת.

And the judges should know whom they are judging, and before Whom they are judging, and Who will ultimately exact payment from them, as it is stated: “God stands in the congregation of God” (Psalms 82:1). And similarly, with regard to Jehoshaphat it says: “And he said to the judges: Consider what you do; for you judge not for man, but for the Lord” (II Chronicles 19:6). And lest the judge say: What value is there for me with this suffering? Why should I engage in such a burdensome and difficult task? The verse states: “He is with you in giving judgment,” from which it is derived that in rendering his decision, a judge has only that which his eyes see. He is enjoined to render the best judgment possible based on the information he has available, and he is not accountable for anything else.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Hilkhot Mamrim – Authority of the Sanhedrin

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 1:1-2

Rambam codifies that binding halakhic authority flows from an unbroken chain of ordained human judges (semikha). The institutional and personal legitimacy of a posek is constitutive of the psak itself — not merely procedural.

בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם הֵם עִקַּר תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְהֵם עַמּוּדֵי הַהוֹרָאָה וּמֵהֶם חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט יוֹצֵא לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וַעֲלֵיהֶן הִבְטִיחָה תּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יא) "עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ" זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וְכָל הַמַּאֲמִין בְּמשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ חַיָּב לִסְמֹךְ מַעֲשֵׂה הַדָּת עֲלֵיהֶן וְלִשָּׁעֵן עֲלֵיהֶן: כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה כְּהוֹרָאָתָן עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יא) "לֹא תָסוּר מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל". וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּתָּן לְאַזְהָרַת מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. שֶׁכָּל חָכָם שֶׁמּוֹרֶה עַל דִּבְרֵיהֶם מִיתָתוֹ בְּחֶנֶק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יב) "וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה בְזָדוֹן" וְגוֹ'. אֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁלָּמְדוּ אוֹתָן מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה וְהֵם תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְאֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁלְּמַּדוּם מִפִּי דַּעְתָּם בְּאַחַת מִן הַמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן וְנִרְאָה בְּעֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁדָּבָר זֶה כָּךְ הוּא. וְאֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁעֲשָׂאוּם סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה וּלְפִי מַה שֶּׁהַשָּׁעָה צְרִיכָה וְהֵן הַגְּזֵרוֹת וְהַתַּקָּנוֹת וְהַמִּנְהָגוֹת. כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִשְׁמֹעַ לָהֶן. וְהָעוֹבֵר עַל כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים יז יא) "עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ" אֵלּוּ הַתַּקָּנוֹת וְהַגְּזֵרוֹת וְהַמִּנְהָגוֹת שֶׁיּוֹרוּ בָּהֶם לָרַבִּים כְּדֵי לְחַזֵּק הַדָּת וּלְתַקֵּן הָעוֹלָם. וְעַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט אֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ אֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁיִּלְמְדוּ אוֹתָן מִן הַדִּין בְּאַחַת מִן הַמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן. מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ זוֹ הַקַּבָּלָה שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ אִישׁ מִפִּי אִישׁ:

The Supreme Sanhedrin in Jerusalem are the essence of the Oral Law. They are the pillars of instruction from whom statutes and judgments issue forth for the entire Jewish people. Concerning them, the Torah promises Deuteronomy 17:11: "You shall do according to the laws which they shall instruct you...." This is a positive commandment. Whoever believes in Moses and in his Torah is obligated to make all of his religious acts dependent on this court and to rely on them. Any person who does not carry out their directives transgresses a negative commandment, as Ibid. continues: "Do not deviate from any of the statements they relate to you, neither right nor left." Lashes are not given for the violation of this prohibition, because it also serves as a warning for a transgression punishable by execution by the court. For when a sage rebels against the words of the court, he should be executed by strangulation, as the following verse states: "A person who will act deliberately...." We are obligated to heed their words whether they: a) learned them from the Oral Tradition, i.e., the Oral Law, b) derived them on the basis of their own knowledge through one of the attributes of Biblical exegesis and it appeared to them that this is the correct interpretation of the matter, c) instituted the matter as a safeguard for the Torah, as was necessary at a specific time. These are the decrees, edicts, and customs instituted by the Sages. It is a positive commandment to heed the court with regard to each of these three matters. A person who transgresses any of these types of directives transgresses a negative commandment. This is derived from the continuation of the above verse in the following manner: "According to the laws which they shall instruct you" - this refers to the edicts, decrees, and customs which they instruct people at large to observe to strengthen the faith and perfect the world. "According to the judgment which they relate" - this refers to the matters which they derive through logical analysis employing one of the methods of Biblical exegesis. "From all things that they will tell you" - This refers to the tradition which they received one person from another.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Hilkhot Sanhedrin – Qualifications of a Posek

Mishneh Torah, The Sanhedrin and the Penalties within Their Jurisdiction 2:7

Rambam enumerates the personal qualities required of a judge: wisdom, humility, fear of God, contempt for money, love of truth, and love of people. These are character virtues (middot), not merely computational abilities, suggesting psak requires a morally formed human person.

וְיִרְאָה. וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות יח כא) "אַנְשֵׁי חַיִל" אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן גִּבּוֹרִים בְּמִצְוֹת וּמְדַקְדְּקִים עַל עַצְמָם וְכוֹבְשִׁין אֶת יִצְרָן עַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא לָהֶן שׁוּם גְּנַאי וְלֹא שֵׁם רַע וִיהֵא פִּרְקָן נָאֶה.

He must, however, possess seven attributes: wisdom, humility, the fear of God, a loathing for money, a love for truth; he must be a person who is beloved by people at large, and must have a good reputation. When relating Jethro's advice to Moses to appoint judges, Exodus 18:21 speaks of "men of power." This refers to people who are mighty in their observance of the mitzvot, who are very demanding of themselves, and who overcome their evil inclination until they possess no unfavorable qualities, no trace of an unpleasant reputation, even during their early manhood, they were spoken of highly.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Maharal, Tiferet Yisrael – Torah Belongs to the Human Realm

Tiferet Yisrael, Introduction to Tiferet Yisrael

The Maharal develops the idea that the Torah was given specifically to human beings in their embodied, mortal condition, and that its interpretation must remain grounded in human reasoning and the human world. This philosophical framework challenges the notion that a non-human system could issue authentic Torah rulings.

אמנם נראה לומר כמו שאמרנו, כי לכך מברכין 'לעסוק בדברי תורה', כי 'ללמוד תורה' לא שייך רק על מי שלמד תורה ומכוין ההלכה לאמתתה, שבזה שייך למוד תורה. אבל מי שאינו מכוין ההלכה על אמיתתה, אין זה למוד. לכך מברכין 'לעסוק בדברי תורה', בין שהוא מכוין ההלכה, או שאינו מכוין ההלכה, רק שיכוין ללמוד האמת, אף על גב שהוא שוגג*.

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal, Be'er HaGolah – The Uniqueness of Torah Wisdom

Be'er HaGolah, Well 1 7

Maharal argues that Torah wisdom is categorically different from all other forms of knowledge, rooted in a divine source that transcends human (and by extension, artificial) logic. Only a scholar shaped by this tradition from within can render authentic rulings.

כי להם בפרט היה מקובל בידם חכמה אלקית מפי אדון כל הנביאים. וכמו שאמרו (אבות פ"א מ"א) 'משה קבל תורה מסיני ומסרה וכו". וכך היו מקבלים החכמה האלקית זה מזה, דור אחר דור, עד דורות האחרונים.

Source 11 · Modern
Verified

Rav Chaim of Volozhin, Nefesh HaChayim – Torah Study as Cosmic Act

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I IV

Rav Chaim teaches that authentic Torah learning and ruling is not merely an intellectual exercise but a cosmic, spiritual act that sustains the world. This understanding implies that psak requires a human soul (nefesh) with genuine spiritual engagement — not an algorithm.

ואחר שכבר סדרם לפי רצונו עם שכחו הוסר ונסתלק מהם עכ"ז הבנין קיים. אבל הוא ית"ש כמו בעת בריאת העולמות כולם בראם והמציאם הוא יתברך יש מאין בכחו הב"ת {הבלתי תכלית} כן מאז כל יום וכל רגע ממש כל כח מציאותם וסדרם וקיומם, תלוי רק במה שהוא ית"ש משפיע בהם ברצונו יתברך כל רגע כח ושפעת אור חדש. ואלו היה הוא ית' מסלק מהם כח השפעתו אף רגע אחת כרגע היו כולם לאפס ותהו. וכמו שיסדו אנשי כנה"ג המחדש* בטובו בכל יום תמיד מעשה בראשית היינו תמיד ממש כל עת ורגע וראייתם מפורשת כאמור לעושה אורים גדולים שלא אמר עשה אלא עושה: הגהה: ואף שאין חידוש ניכר לעין. אמנם הד' יסודין עלאין דאינון השרשין קדמאין ואבהן דכולא כנזכר בזוהר וארא כ"ג ע"ב. שהם שרש כל מע"ב ופנימיות כולם. והם ד' אותיות הוי"ה ב"ה. התמזגותם והרכבת' כל עת ורגע בשרש שרשם אינו מושג כלל והוא ית"ש מחדשם כל רגע לפי רצונו.

The matter of why He (blessed be He) is called “Master of All Powers,” is because the attributes of the Holy One (blessed be He) are not like those of flesh and blood. For man, when he builds a structure (for example: of wood), the builder doesn’t create and materialize the wood from his own powers; rather, he takes pre-existing lumber and organizes it into a structure. After he completes arranging it according to his will, if he ceases his efforts and departs, the structure still persists. In contrast, He (blessed be His name), as during the time when all of the worlds were created, created and materialized them ex nihilo, with His infinite powers. So it continues since then, every day and truly every moment: all of the powers that make them exist, structure them and sustain them are dependent only on what He (blessed be He) impresses upon them via His will at each moment, via the power and the influence of newly created light. And if He (blessed be He) removed the power of His influence for even one moment, in that moment everything would revert to nothingness and chaos.