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Extinguishing Fire on Yom Tov: Gerama and Halacha

Sources examine the prohibition of extinguishing (kibuy) fire on Yom Tov and whether indirect causation (gerama) — such as turning off a gas source after grilling — may be permissible. The sources discuss the biblical and rabbinic dimensions of the prohibition, conditions for leniency in cases of significant loss, and how gerama is treated more leniently than direct extinguishing.

גְּרַם כִּיבּוּי מוּתָּר

12 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Shemot 12:16 — Ochel Nefesh on Yom Tov

Exodus 12:16

The Torah states 'all work shall not be done for you, except that which every soul must eat' — the source verse for the ochel nefesh exception on Yom Tov. Extinguishing fire is not included in this exception, and this pasuk is the biblical root of the entire kibuy debate.

וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם כׇּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָהֶ֔ם אַ֚ךְ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵאָכֵ֣ל לְכׇל־נֶ֔פֶשׁ ה֥וּא לְבַדּ֖וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶֽם׃

You shall celebrate a sacred occasion on the first day, and a sacred occasion on the seventh day; no work at all shall be done on them; only what every person is to eat, that alone may be prepared for you.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Shabbat

Shabbat 120b

The Talmud discusses the concept of 'grama' (indirect causation) in the context of extinguishing fire on Shabbat, establishing that causing a fire to go out indirectly is treated differently from direct extinguishing. This is the foundational sugya for all later discussion of gerama in melachot.

אֵימַר דְּאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן נַנָּס ״מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְחָרֵךְ״, גְּרַם כִּיבּוּי מִי אָמַר? אִין, מִדְּקָתָנֵי סֵיפָא רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹסֵר בִּכְלֵי חֶרֶס חֲדָשִׁים מְלֵאִים מַיִם, שֶׁאֵינָן יְכוֹלִים לְקַבֵּל אֶת הָאוּר וְהֵן מִתְבַּקְּעִין וּמְכַבִּין אֶת הַדְּלֵיקָה — מִכְּלָל דְּתַנָּא קַמָּא שָׁרֵי. אִי הָכִי, הָכָא נָמֵי, כְּתִיב: ״לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה [כׇל] מְלָאכָה״ — עֲשִׂיָּיה הוּא דְּאָסוּר, גְּרָמָא שְׁרֵי! מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁאָדָם בָּהוּל עַל מָמוֹנוֹ, אִי שָׁרֵית לֵיהּ — אָתֵי לְכַבּוֹיֵי.

The Gemara asks: Say that Rabbi Shimon ben Nannas said it is permitted to place the goat’s hide on the burning item because it singes and does not burn; did he say it is permitted to indirectly cause the fire to extinguish? The Gemara answers: Yes, Rabbi Shimon ben Nannas permitted that as well, and we learn this from that which is taught in the latter clause in the mishna: Rabbi Yosei prohibits using new earthenware vessels that are full of water, because they cannot withstand the fire and will burst and extinguish the fire. This proves by inference that the first tanna, Rabbi Shimon ben Nannas, permits it. The Gemara asks: If so, here too, with regard to Shabbat, it is written: “And the seventh day is Shabbat for the Lord your God, you shall not perform any labor” (Exodus 20:9). And here, too, one could derive: Performance is that which is prohibited; indirectly causing a prohibited action is permitted. The Gemara answers: Actually, Rabbi Yosei maintains there is no prohibition in indirectly causing a fire to be extinguished; however, since a person is agitated about his property, if you permit him to indirectly extinguish the fire, he will come to extinguish it directly.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Beitzah

Beitzah 22a

The Talmud discusses which melachot are permitted on Yom Tov for the sake of ochel nefesh (food preparation) and which are not, including whether extinguishing fire has any ochel nefesh justification — directly relevant to whether turning off a gas source after grilling is permissible.

אֵיתִיבֵיהּ: אֵין מְכַבִּין אֶת הַבְּקַעַת כְּדֵי לָחוּס עָלֶיהָ, וְאִם בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹּא יִתְעַשֵּׁן הַבַּיִת אוֹ הַקְּדֵרָה — מוּתָּר! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָהִיא רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הִיא, כִּי קָאָמֵינָא אֲנָא, לְרַבָּנַן. בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ אַבָּיֵי מֵרַבָּה: מַהוּ לְכַבּוֹת אֶת הַדְּלֵקָה בְּיוֹם טוֹב? הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא סַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת — לָא קָא מִבַּעְיָא לִי, דַּאֲפִילּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת שְׁרֵי. כִּי קָמִבַּעְיָא לִי מִשּׁוּם אִבּוּד מָמוֹן, מַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אָסוּר. אֵיתִיבֵיהּ: אֵין מְכַבִּין אֶת הַבְּקַעַת כְּדֵי לְחוּס עָלֶיהָ, וְאִם בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹּא יִתְעַשֵּׁן הַבַּיִת אוֹ הַקְּדֵרָה — מוּתָּר! הָהִיא רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הִיא, כִּי קָאָמֵינָא אֲנָא, לְרַבָּנַן.

Abba bar Marta raised an objection to Abaye’s opinion from the following baraita: One may not extinguish a piece of wood in order to save it from being needlessly burned, but if he extinguishes it so that the house or a pot not become smoky, it is permitted. This shows that it is permitted to extinguish a fire on a Festival if it serves people’s needs. Abaye said to him: That baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who permits the performance of prohibited labors on a Festival for all of one’s needs and not only for the preparation of food; when I spoke, it was in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, who disagree. Further on the topic of extinguishing, Abaye raised a dilemma before Rabba: What is the halakha with regard to extinguishing a fire on a Festival? He clarified his question: Where there is danger to life, I have no dilemma, as in that case it is permitted even on Shabbat. When I raised the dilemma, it was with regard to a case involving only monetary loss. What is the halakha? Rabba said to him: It is prohibited. Abaye raised an objection to his opinion from the baraita cited above: One may not extinguish a piece of wood in order to save it from being needlessly burned, but if he extinguishes it so that the house or a pot not become smoky, it is permitted. This indicates that extinguishing a fire on a Festival is permitted even if only to prevent a small loss. Rabba replied: That baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda; when I spoke, it was in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Beitzah — Carrying Fire and Yom Tov Melachot

Beitzah 12a

This sugya in Beitzah establishes which fire-related acts are permitted on Yom Tov as part of ochel nefesh and which are forbidden, and discusses the rabbinic view that all melachot not tied to food preparation retain their prohibition — key context for evaluating kibuy via gerama.

גְּמָ׳ תָּנֵי תַּנָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר אַבְדִּימִי: הַשּׁוֹחֵט עוֹלַת נְדָבָה בְּיוֹם טוֹב — לוֹקֶה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: דַּאֲמַר לָךְ מַנִּי — בֵּית שַׁמַּאי הִיא, דְּאָמְרִי: לָא אָמְרִינַן מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהוּתְּרָה הוֹצָאָה לְצוֹרֶךְ — הוּתְּרָה נָמֵי שֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ. דְּאִי בֵּית הִלֵּל, הָא אָמְרִי: מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהוּתְּרָה הוֹצָאָה לְצוֹרֶךְ — הוּתְּרָה נָמֵי שֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ. הָכָא נָמֵי, מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהוּתְּרָה שְׁחִיטָה לְצוֹרֶךְ — הוּתְּרָה נָמֵי שֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ.

GEMARA: The tanna who reviews mishnayot teaches a baraita before Rav Yitzḥak bar Avdimi: One who slaughters a gift offering on a Festival is flogged for transgressing the prohibition: “No manner of work shall be done on them” (Exodus 12:16). Since this slaughtering was not performed for the purpose of eating, the action constitutes a prohibited labor on a Festival. Rav Yitzḥak bar Avdimi said to that tanna: Who could have said this baraita to you? It is evidently in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai, who say that we do not say: Since carrying out was permitted on a Festival for the purpose of food preparation, it was also permitted not for that purpose. For if you say the baraita is accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel, they say: Since carrying out was permitted for the requirements of food preparation, it was also permitted not for these requirements. Here, too, with regard to the prohibited labor of slaughtering, since slaughter was permitted for the requirements of food preparation, it was also permitted not for these requirements. It was permitted for any purpose that benefits people, whether directly or indirectly.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Tur, Orach Chaim — Kibuy on Yom Tov

Tur, Orach Chayim 514

The Tur discusses the prohibition of extinguishing fire on Yom Tov, surveying Rishonic opinions on whether kibuy on Yom Tov is a biblical or rabbinic prohibition. This question is pivotal for evaluating whether gerama of kibuy after grilling is more easily permitted.

נר של שעוה שרוצה להדליקו בי"ט וחס עליו שלא ישרף כולו יכול ליתן סביביו דבר המונע מלישרף בענין שיכבה כשיגיע שם דגרם כבוי מותר:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Mishneh Torah — Laws of Yom Tov

Mishneh Torah, Rest on a Holiday 1:4

The Rambam rules that all melachot prohibited on Shabbat are prohibited on Yom Tov except those needed for food preparation. He explicitly includes extinguishing (kibuy) among the prohibited melachot on Yom Tov since it does not serve ochel nefesh directly.

וְכָל שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן צֹרֶךְ אֲכִילָה אָסוּר כְּגוֹן כְּתִיבָה וַאֲרִיגָה וּבִנְיָן וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן:

If it is not necessary for [the preparation of] food - e.g., writing, weaving, building, and the like - it is forbidden.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim — Gerama on Shabbat

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 334:22

The Shulchan Arukh rules that gerama of extinguishing (e.g., placing water near a fire so it will eventually go out) is forbidden on Shabbat, but in cases of great loss (hefsed merubah) it is permitted. This ruling is directly applied by later poskim to Yom Tov cases.

תיבה שאחז בה האור יכול לפרוס עור של גדי מצדה האחת שלא תשרף ועושים מחיצה בכל הכלים להפסיק בין הדליקה אפי' כלי חרס חדשים מלאים מים שודאי יתבקעו כשתגיע להם הדליקה דגרם כיבוי מותר. הגה במקום פסידא [מרדכי פרק כ"כ]:

Additional, one is permitted to make a wall of objects to stop the fire from spreading, even clay jugs full of water that will definitely explode when the fire reaches them, as indirectly putting out a fire is permitted. Rema: in the case of monetary loss (Mordechai in Perek Kol Kitvei).

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 514:1

The Shulchan Arukh rules that extinguishing a fire on Yom Tov is forbidden, and discusses the prohibition and its parameters on Yom Tov specifically, forming the primary halachic framework for whether gerama of kibuy would be permitted.

שלא לכבות ביום טוב. ובו יא סעיפים: אסור לכבות דליקה בי"ט ואפי' אם רואה ביתו שנשרף אם אין שם סכנת נפשות ואין מכבין הבקעת אפי' כדי שלא יתעשן הבית או הקדירה או כדי לשמש מטתו:

Not to extinguish on Yom Tov. 11 sections: It is forbidden to extinguish a fire on Yom Tov, even if one sees his house burning, as long as there is no danger to life. One may not extinguish a piece of wood even to prevent the house or pot from becoming smoky, or in order to have marital relations. Rema: Some say this applies only when it is possible to save the pot without extinguishing, but if it is impossible to save or cook the pot in any other way except by extinguishing, it is permitted to extinguish. [Rosh, Mordechai, Ran ch. 2 of Beitzah, Rashba, and Tur] This seems to me the primary ruling.

Source 9 · Hasidic
Verified

Shulchan Arukh HaRav — Kibuy on Yom Tov

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 514:1

The Alter Rebbe rules on the prohibition of extinguishing fire on Yom Tov and discusses the distinction between direct and indirect (gerama) kibuy, providing a Chassidic-halachic perspective on the parameters of this prohibition.

שֶׁלֹּא לְכַבּוֹת בְּיוֹם טוֹב וּבוֹ כ"ה סְעִיפִים: אָסוּר לְכַבּוֹת דְּלֵקָה בְּיוֹם טוֹב, אֲפִלּוּ רוֹאֶה בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁנִּשְׂרַף, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יֵשׁ שָׁם חֲשַׁשׁ סַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת, שֶׁאָז מֻתָּר לְכַבּוֹת אֲפִלּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן של"ד עַיֵּן שָׁם.

Source 10 · Modern
Verified

Mishnah Berurah

Mishnah Berurah 514:1

The Mishnah Berurah discusses the prohibition of kibuy on Yom Tov and clarifies the conditions under which indirect extinguishing (gerama) may be treated more leniently, noting the general principle that gerama is only rabbinically forbidden.

{א} לכבות דליקה ביו"ט - דמשום הפסד ממון לא הותר כיבוי ביו"ט:

Source 11 · Modern
Verified

Mishnah Berurah — Gerama of Kibuy

Mishnah Berurah 334:82

The Chafetz Chaim discusses the ruling in SA 334 on gerama of extinguishing, explaining that while generally forbidden, in cases of significant loss it is permitted, and that this leniency applies even on Shabbat, all the more so on Yom Tov where the underlying prohibition of kibuy is itself only rabbinic according to many opinions.

(פב) יכול לכבותה - ומיירי שאין לו עצה איך לטלטלה ממקום זה לפנותה למקום אחר שאין רבים מצויים בה דאל"ה בודאי יותר טוב שיפנה אותה ולא יכבנה:

Source 12 · Modern
Verified

Mishnah Berurah — Indirect Extinguishing After Cooking

Mishnah Berurah 514:3

The Mishnah Berurah addresses the specific scenario of reducing or extinguishing a flame after cooking is complete on Yom Tov, ruling on whether this may be done directly or only via gerama, which parallels the question of shutting off a gas valve after grilling.

{ג} ואפילו כדי וכו' - ר"ל וכ"ש אם כונתו לכבות בשביל שחס עליו שלא ישרף כולו אף שדעתו שישאר לבשל בו עוד הפעם באותו היום דאסור: