Machshavaמחשבה

Mental Health and Emotional Struggle in Jewish Sources

Jewish texts from Tanakh through the Acharonim address emotional and psychological challenges, including depression, mood fluctuations, and spiritual equanimity. Sources range from biblical narratives of mental distress to halachic frameworks and philosophical teachings on emotional stability.

וְרוּחַ יְהֹוָה סָרָה מֵעִם שָׁאוּל וּבִעֲתַתּוּ רוּחַ־רָעָה

24 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

I Samuel

I Samuel 16:14-23

King Saul's bouts of depression and his need for music from David to feel relief can be viewed as an ancient narrative on mental health challenges.

וְר֧וּחַ יְהֹוָ֛ה סָ֖רָה מֵעִ֣ם שָׁא֑וּל וּבִעֲתַ֥תּוּ רֽוּחַ־רָעָ֖ה מֵאֵ֥ת יְהֹוָֽה׃ וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ עַבְדֵֽי־שָׁא֖וּל אֵלָ֑יו הִנֵּה־נָ֧א רוּחַ־אֱלֹהִ֛ים רָעָ֖ה מְבַעִתֶּֽךָ׃ יֹֽאמַר־נָ֤א אֲדֹנֵ֙נוּ֙ עֲבָדֶ֣יךָ לְפָנֶ֔יךָ יְבַקְשׁ֕וּ אִ֕ישׁ יֹדֵ֖עַ מְנַגֵּ֣ן בַּכִּנּ֑וֹר וְהָיָ֗ה בִּֽהְי֨וֹת עָלֶ֤יךָ רֽוּחַ־אֱלֹהִים֙ רָעָ֔ה וְנִגֵּ֥ן בְּיָד֖וֹ וְט֥וֹב לָֽךְ׃ {פ} וְהָיָ֗ה בִּֽהְי֤וֹת רֽוּחַ־אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־שָׁא֔וּל וְלָקַ֥ח דָּוִ֛ד אֶת־הַכִּנּ֖וֹר וְנִגֵּ֣ן בְּיָד֑וֹ וְרָוַ֤ח לְשָׁאוּל֙ וְט֣וֹב ל֔וֹ וְסָ֥רָה מֵעָלָ֖יו ר֥וּחַ הָרָעָֽה׃ {פ}

Now the spirit of GOD had departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from GOD began to terrify him. Saul’s courtiers said to him, “An evil spirit of God is terrifying you. Let our lord give the order [and] the courtiers in attendance on you will look for someone who is skilled at playing the lyre; whenever the evil spirit of God comes over you, he will play it and you will feel better.” Whenever the [evil] spirit of God came upon Saul, David would take the lyre and play it; Saul would find relief and feel better, and the evil spirit would leave him.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes 2:1-11

Verses in Ecclesiastes reflect on cycles of joy and despair, similar to bipolar episodes. The text explores the pursuit of happiness and the rollercoaster of human emotions.

אָמַ֤רְתִּֽי אֲנִי֙ בְּלִבִּ֔י לְכָה־נָּ֛א אֲנַסְּכָ֥ה בְשִׂמְחָ֖ה וּרְאֵ֣ה בְט֑וֹב וְהִנֵּ֥ה גַם־ה֖וּא הָֽבֶל׃ לִשְׂח֖וֹק אָמַ֣רְתִּי מְהוֹלָ֑ל וּלְשִׂמְחָ֖ה מַה־זֹּ֥ה עֹשָֽׂה׃ וּפָנִ֣יתִֽי אֲנִ֗י בְּכׇל־מַעֲשַׂי֙ שֶֽׁעָשׂ֣וּ יָדַ֔י וּבֶֽעָמָ֖ל שֶׁעָמַ֣לְתִּי לַעֲשׂ֑וֹת וְהִנֵּ֨ה הַכֹּ֥ל הֶ֙בֶל֙ וּרְע֣וּת ר֔וּחַ וְאֵ֥ין יִתְר֖וֹן תַּ֥חַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃

I said to myself, “Come, I will treat you to merriment. Taste mirth!” That too, I found, was futile. Of revelry I said, “It’s mad!” Of merriment, “What good is that?” Then my thoughts turned to all the fortune my hands had built up, to the wealth I had acquired and won—and oh, it was all futile and pursuit of wind; there was no real value under the sun!

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis

Genesis 37:3-11

The story of Joseph and his fluctuating fortunes can resonate with themes of emotional highs and lows, akin to what is often experienced in bipolar disorder. His dreams and later betrayal by his brothers mark significant shifts in his emotional and life journey.

וַיַּחֲלֹ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ חֲל֔וֹם וַיַּגֵּ֖ד לְאֶחָ֑יו וַיּוֹסִ֥פוּ ע֖וֹד שְׂנֹ֥א אֹתֽוֹ׃ וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אֲלֵיהֶ֑ם שִׁמְעוּ־נָ֕א הַחֲל֥וֹם הַזֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָלָֽמְתִּי׃ וְ֠הִנֵּ֠ה אֲנַ֜חְנוּ מְאַלְּמִ֤ים אֲלֻמִּים֙ בְּת֣וֹךְ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה וְהִנֵּ֛ה קָ֥מָה אֲלֻמָּתִ֖י וְגַם־נִצָּ֑בָה וְהִנֵּ֤ה תְסֻבֶּ֙ינָה֙ אֲלֻמֹּ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וַתִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖יןָ לַאֲלֻמָּתִֽי׃ וַיֹּ֤אמְרוּ לוֹ֙ אֶחָ֔יו הֲמָלֹ֤ךְ תִּמְלֹךְ֙ עָלֵ֔ינוּ אִם־מָשׁ֥וֹל תִּמְשֹׁ֖ל בָּ֑נוּ וַיּוֹסִ֤פוּ עוֹד֙ שְׂנֹ֣א אֹת֔וֹ עַל־חֲלֹמֹתָ֖יו וְעַל־דְּבָרָֽיו׃ וַיַּחֲלֹ֥ם עוֹד֙ חֲל֣וֹם אַחֵ֔ר וַיְסַפֵּ֥ר אֹת֖וֹ לְאֶחָ֑יו וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הִנֵּ֨ה חָלַ֤מְתִּֽי חֲלוֹם֙ ע֔וֹד וְהִנֵּ֧ה הַשֶּׁ֣מֶשׁ וְהַיָּרֵ֗חַ וְאַחַ֤ד עָשָׂר֙ כּֽוֹכָבִ֔ים מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִ֖ים לִֽי׃ וַיְסַפֵּ֣ר אֶל־אָבִיו֮ וְאֶל־אֶחָיו֒ וַיִּגְעַר־בּ֣וֹ אָבִ֔יו וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔וֹ מָ֛ה הַחֲל֥וֹם הַזֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָלָ֑מְתָּ הֲב֣וֹא נָב֗וֹא אֲנִי֙ וְאִמְּךָ֣ וְאַחֶ֔יךָ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֥ת לְךָ֖ אָֽרְצָה׃ וַיְקַנְאוּ־ב֖וֹ אֶחָ֑יו וְאָבִ֖יו שָׁמַ֥ר אֶת־הַדָּבָֽר׃

Once Joseph had a dream that he told to his brothers; and they hated him even more. He said to them, “Hear this dream that I have dreamed: There we were binding sheaves in the field, when suddenly my sheaf stood up and remained upright; then your sheaves gathered around and bowed low to my sheaf.” His brothers answered, “Do you mean to reign over us? Do you mean to rule over us?” And they hated him even more for his talk about his dreams. He dreamed another dream and told it to his brothers, saying, “Look, I have had another dream: And this time, the sun, the moon, and eleven stars were bowing down to me.” And when he told it to his father and brothers, his father berated him. “What,” he said to him, “is this dream you have dreamed? Are we to come, I and your mother and your brothers, and bow low to you to the ground?” So his brothers were wrought up at him, and his father kept the matter in mind.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Tehillim 22 – My God, My God, Why Have You Forsaken Me?

Psalms 22

David's psalm of radical emotional descent — from absolute desolation ('My God, my God, why have You forsaken me') to sudden praise and trust — mirrors the dramatic mood oscillations central to bipolar experience. The text is raw, personal, and has been read as a map of the soul's extremes.

אֵלִ֣י אֵ֭לִי לָמָ֣ה עֲזַבְתָּ֑נִי רָח֥וֹק מִֽ֝ישׁוּעָתִ֗י דִּבְרֵ֥י שַׁאֲגָתִֽי׃ אֱֽלֹהַ֗י אֶקְרָ֣א י֭וֹמָם וְלֹ֣א תַעֲנֶ֑ה וְ֝לַ֗יְלָה וְֽלֹא־דֻֽמִיָּ֥ה לִֽי׃ וְאַתָּ֥ה קָד֑וֹשׁ י֝וֹשֵׁ֗ב תְּהִלּ֥וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ חֶרְפַּ֥ת אָ֝דָ֗ם וּבְז֥וּי עָֽם׃

A psalm of David. My God, my God, why have You abandoned me; why so far from delivering me and from my anguished roaring? My God, I cry by day—You answer not; by night, and have no respite. But You are the Holy One, enthroned, the Praise of Israel. In You our ancestors trusted; they trusted, and You rescued them. To You they cried out and they escaped; in You they trusted and were not disappointed. But I am a worm, less than human; scorned by everyone, despised by people.

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Tehillim 30 – Highs and Lows of the Human Spirit

Psalms 30

A psalm explicitly about the swing between prosperity and despair: 'In my security I said I shall never falter… You hid Your face and I was terrified.' David reflects on both states with clarity, making this a powerful lens for discussing cyclical emotional states.

כִּ֤י רֶ֨גַע ׀ בְּאַפּוֹ֮ חַיִּ֢ים בִּרְצ֫וֹנ֥וֹ בָּ֭עֶרֶב יָלִ֥ין בֶּ֗כִי וְלַבֹּ֥קֶר רִנָּֽה׃ וַ֭אֲנִי אָמַ֣רְתִּי בְשַׁלְוִ֑י בַּל־אֶמּ֥וֹט לְעוֹלָֽם׃ יְֽהֹוָ֗ה בִּרְצוֹנְךָ֮ הֶעֱמַ֢דְתָּה לְֽהַרְרִ֫י־עֹ֥ז הִסְתַּ֥רְתָּ פָנֶ֗יךָ הָיִ֥יתִי נִבְהָֽל׃

For [God] is angry but a moment, and when pleased, there is life. One may lie down weeping at nightfall; but at dawn there are shouts of joy. When I was untroubled, I thought, “I shall never be shaken,” for You, O ETERNAL One, when You were pleased, made [me] firm as a mighty mountain. When You hid Your face, I was terrified.

Source 6 · Tanach
Verified

Elijah Under the Broom Tree – Prophetic Depression

I Kings 19:1-14

Immediately after his greatest triumph at Mount Carmel, Elijah collapses into profound despair, flees into the desert, and asks to die ('It is enough; take my life'). God's response — sending food, rest, and gentle encounter — is a remarkable ancient model for compassionate care of a person in crisis.

וְהֽוּא־הָלַ֤ךְ בַּמִּדְבָּר֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ י֔וֹם וַיָּבֹ֕א וַיֵּ֕שֶׁב תַּ֖חַת רֹ֣תֶם (אחת) [אֶחָ֑ד] וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ֙ לָמ֔וּת וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ׀ רַ֗ב עַתָּ֤ה יְהֹוָה֙ קַ֣ח נַפְשִׁ֔י כִּֽי־לֹא־ט֥וֹב אָנֹכִ֖י מֵאֲבֹתָֽי׃ וַיִּשְׁכַּב֙ וַיִּישַׁ֔ן תַּ֖חַת רֹ֣תֶם אֶחָ֑ד וְהִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה מַלְאָךְ֙ נֹגֵ֣עַ בּ֔וֹ וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ ק֥וּם אֱכֽוֹל׃ וַיַּבֵּ֕ט וְהִנֵּ֧ה מְרַאֲשֹׁתָ֛יו עֻגַ֥ת רְצָפִ֖ים וְצַפַּ֣חַת מָ֑יִם וַיֹּ֣אכַל וַיֵּ֔שְׁתְּ וַיָּ֖שׇׁב וַיִּשְׁכָּֽב׃ וַיָּ֩שׇׁב֩ מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֤ה ׀ שֵׁנִית֙ וַיִּגַּע־בּ֔וֹ וַיֹּ֖אמֶר ק֣וּם אֱכֹ֑ל כִּ֛י רַ֥ב מִמְּךָ֖ הַדָּֽרֶךְ׃ וַיָּבֹא־שָׁ֥ם אֶל־הַמְּעָרָ֖ה וַיָּ֣לֶן שָׁ֑ם וְהִנֵּ֤ה דְבַר־יְהֹוָה֙ אֵלָ֔יו וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔וֹ מַה־לְּךָ֥ פֹ֖ה אֵלִיָּֽהוּ׃

he himself went a day’s journey into the wilderness. He came to a broom bush and sat down under it, and prayed that he might die. “Enough!” he cried. “Now, O ETERNAL One, take my life, for I am no better than my predecessors.” He lay down and fell asleep under a broom bush. Suddenly an angel touched him and said to him, “Arise and eat.” He looked about; and there, beside his head, was a cake baked on hot stones and a jar of water! He ate and drank, and lay down again. The angel of GOD came a second time and touched him and said, “Arise and eat, or the journey will be too much for you.” There he went into a cave, and there he spent the night. Then the word of GOD came to him: “Why are you here, Elijah?”

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli Moed Katan

Moed Katan 16a

This section discusses the limits and expressions of grief, which can serve as a framework for understanding severe mood changes.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אֵין נִידּוּי פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם, וְאֵין נְזִיפָה פָּחוֹת מִשִּׁבְעָה יָמִים. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין רְאָיָה לַדָּבָר, זֵכֶר לַדָּבָר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאָבִיהָ יָרֹק יָרַק בְּפָנֶיהָ הֲלֹא תִכָּלֵם שִׁבְעַת יָמִים״. אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: נִידּוּי שֶׁלָּנוּ כִּנְזִיפָה שֶׁלָּהֶן, וּנְזִיפָה דִּידְהוּ שִׁבְעָה וְתוּ לָא. וְהָא רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר רַבִּי וּבַר קַפָּרָא הֲווֹ יָתְבִי וְקָא גָרְסִי, קַשְׁיָא לְהוּ שְׁמַעְתָּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן לְבַר קַפָּרָא: דָּבָר זֶה צָרִיךְ רַבִּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ בַּר קַפָּרָא לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: וּמָה רַבִּי אוֹמֵר בְּדָבָר זֶה? אֲזַל אֲמַר לֵיהּ לַאֲבוּהּ, אִיקְּפַד. אֲתָא בַּר קַפָּרָא לְאִיתְחֲזוֹיֵי לֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בַּר קַפָּרָא, אֵינִי מַכִּירְךָ מֵעוֹלָם! יְדַע דִּנְקַט מִילְּתָא בְּדַעְתֵּיהּ, נְהַג נְזִיפוּתָא בְּנַפְשֵׁיהּ תְּלָתִין יוֹמִין.

§ The Sages taught the following baraita: Ostracism does not apply for less than a period of thirty days, and admonition, which is less severe than ostracism, does not apply for less than a period of seven days. And although there is no proof with regard to the matter, i.e., the standard duration of admonition, there is an allusion to the matter, as it is stated: “If her father had but spit in her face, should she not be ashamed for seven days?” (Numbers 12:14). This implies that admonition lasts for seven days. Rav Ḥisda said: Our decree of ostracism in Babylonia has the power of their admonition in Eretz Yisrael. Since the authorities in Eretz Yisrael are ordained with the title Rabbi, their admonition carries more weight than a decree of ostracism issued in Babylonia. The Gemara asks: Is their admonition in Eretz Yisrael only seven days and no more? But isn’t it related that Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, and bar Kappara were sitting and studying, and they posed a difficulty with a certain halakha. Rabbi Shimon said to bar Kappara: This issue requires my father, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, to explain it. Bar Kappara said to Rabbi Shimon, somewhat mockingly: And what can your father, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, say about this issue? What can he add and teach us about it? Rabbi Shimon went and told his father, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, what bar Kappara had said, and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi became angry with him. When bar Kappara came at some later point to visit, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Bar Kappara, I do not know you at all. Bar Kappara understood that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi had taken his statement to heart, i.e., was insulted. He subsequently behaved as if he had been admonished, as a self-imposed punishment, for thirty days.

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Berakhot 57b – Dreams, the Sixty, and the Soul

Berakhot 57b

The Gemara lists things that are 'one sixtieth' of higher spiritual states — sleep is one-sixtieth of death, a dream one-sixtieth of prophecy. This framework suggests that altered mental and spiritual states exist on a continuum, providing a conceptual lens for discussing extreme highs and lows.

חֲמִשָּׁה וְשִׁשָּׁה וַעֲשָׂרָה סִימָן: חֲמִשָּׁה אֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים, אֵלּוּ הֵן: אֵשׁ, דְּבַשׁ, וְשַׁבָּת, וְשֵׁינָה, וַחֲלוֹם. אֵשׁ — אֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים לְגֵיהִנָּם. דְּבַשׁ — אֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים לַמָּן. שַׁבָּת — אֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. שֵׁינָה — אֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים לַמִּיתָה. חֲלוֹם — אֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים לַנְּבוּאָה.

The numbers five, six, and ten are mnemonics for the categories to follow. The Gemara says: There are five matters in our world which are one-sixtieth of their most extreme manifestations. They are: Fire, honey, Shabbat, sleep, and a dream. The Gemara elaborates: Our fire is one-sixtieth of the fire of Gehenna; honey is one-sixtieth of manna; Shabbat is one-sixtieth of the World-to-Come; sleep is one-sixtieth of death; and a dream is one-sixtieth of prophecy.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed

Guide_for_the_Perplexed,_Prefatory_Remarks_6_(Guide_for_the_Perplexed,_English_Translation,_Friedlander

Maimonides discusses the emotional stability as part of ethical living, providing philosophical insights that can relate to mental health.

משל הברקים: הדרך להתוודע לסודות 7 אל תחשוב שהסודות הגדולים האלה ידועים עד תכליתם וגמרם למישהו ממנו. אין הדבר כן; אלא לעתים האמת מציצה לנו כך שאנו חושבים אותה ליום, ושוב מסתירים אותה החומרים וההרגלים עד שנחזור להיות בלילה חשוך, כמעט כפי שהיינו בתחילה. וכך אנו דומים למי שמבריק עליו הברק פעם אחר פעם בלילה אפל מאוד. 8 א) יש מבינינו מי שמבריק לו הברק פעם אחר פעם עד שהוא כאילו באור תמידי שאינו פוסק, והלילה הופך עבורו ליום. זוהי דרגת גדול הנביאים (=משה), שנאמר לו: "וְאַתָּה פֹּה עֲמֹד עִמָּדִי" (דברים ה,כז), ונאמר עליו: "כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו [בְּדַבְּרוֹ אִתּוֹ]" (שמות לד,כט). ב) ויש מהם (=מהנביאים) מי שהבריק לו פעם אחת בכל לילו, והיא דרגת מי שנאמר עליהם "וַיִּתְנַבְּאוּ וְלֹא יָסָפוּ" (במדבר יא,כה). ג) ויש מהם מי שבין ברק לברק יש לו הפסקות, רבות או מעטות. ד) ויש מי שלא הגיע לדרגה שאפלתו מוארת בברק, אלא על ידי גוף מבריק או כיוצא בו, כגון אבנים ודברים אחרים המאירים בחשכת הלילה, ואפילו האור המועט הזה הזורח עלינו גם הוא אינו מתמיד, אלא מציץ ונעלם כאילו הוא לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַפֶּכֶת (בראשית ג,כד). לפי המצבים האלה משתנות דרגותיהם של השלמים.

Do not imagine that these most difficult problems can be thoroughly understood by any one of us. This is not the case. At times the truth shines so brilliantly that we perceive it as clear as day. Our nature and habit then draw a veil over our perception, and we return to a darkness almost as dense as before. We are like those who, though beholding frequent flashes of lightning, still find themselves in the thickest darkness of the night. On some the lightning flashes in rapid succession, and they seem to be in continuous light, and their night is as clear as the day. This was the degree of prophetic excellence attained by (Moses) the greatest of prophets, to whom God said, “But as for thee, stand thou here by Me” (Deut. 5:31), and of whom it is written “the skin of his face shone,” etc. (Exod. 34:29). [Some perceive the prophetic flash at long intervals; this is the degree of most prophets.] By others only once during the whole night is a flash of lightning perceived. This is the case with those of whom we are informed, “They prophesied, and did not prophesy again” (Num. 11:25). There are some to whom the flashes of lightning appear with varying intervals; others are in the condition of men, whose darkness is illumined not by lightning, but by some kind of crystal or similar stone, or other substances that possess the property of shining during the night; and to them even this small amount of light is not continuous, but now it shines and now it vanishes, as if it were “the flame of the rotating sword.”

Source 10 · Rishonim
External

Duties of the Heart

Duties of the Heart, Shaar HaBitachon

Rabbeinu Bachya offers perspective on nurturing emotional resilience through trust in God, relevant to discussions on mental well-being.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Hilkhot De'ot – The Middle Path and Extremes of Temperament

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 1:1-4

The Rambam describes how character traits exist on a spectrum between two damaging extremes, and that most people are naturally inclined toward one extreme. He advocates for a deliberate 'middle path' — remarkably consonant with modern psychotherapy's approach to regulating mood dysregulation.

דֵעוֹת הַרְבֵּה יֵשׁ לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִבְּנֵי אָדָם וְזוֹ מְשֻׁנָּה מִזּוֹ וּרְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנָּהּ בְּיוֹתֵר. יֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל חֵמָה כּוֹעֵס תָּמִיד. וְיֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁדַּעְתּוֹ מְיֻשֶּׁבֶת עָלָיו וְאֵינוֹ כּוֹעֵס כְּלָל וְאִם יִכְעַס יִכְעַס כַּעַס מְעַט בְּכַמָּה שָׁנִים. וְיֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא גְּבַהּ לֵב בְּיוֹתֵר. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא שְׁפַל רוּחַ בְּיוֹתֵר. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל תַּאֲוָה לֹא תִּשְׂבַּע נַפְשׁוֹ מֵהָלֹךְ בְּתַאֲוָה. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל לֵב טָהוֹר מְאֹד וְלֹא יִתְאַוֶּה אֲפִלּוּ לִדְבָרִים מְעַטִּים שֶׁהַגּוּף צָרִיךְ לָהֶן. וְיֵשׁ בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ רְחָבָה שֶׁלֹּא תִּשְׂבַּע נַפְשׁוֹ מִכָּל מָמוֹן הָעוֹלָם, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת ה ט) "אוֹהֵב כֶּסֶף לֹא יִשְׂבַּע כֶּסֶף". וְיֵשׁ מְקַצֵּר נַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁדַּיּוֹ אֲפִלּוּ דָּבָר מְעַט שֶׁלֹּא יַסְפִּיק לוֹ וְלֹא יִרְדֹּף לְהַשִּׂיג כָּל צָרְכּוֹ. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא מְסַגֵּף עַצְמוֹ בְּרָעָב וְקוֹבֵץ עַל יָדוֹ וְאֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל פְּרוּטָה מִשֶּׁלּוֹ אֶלָּא בְּצַעַר גָּדוֹל. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא מְאַבֵּד כָּל מָמוֹנוֹ בְּיָדוֹ לְדַעְתּוֹ. וְעַל דְּרָכִים אֵלּוּ שְׁאָר כָּל הַדֵּעוֹת כְּגוֹן מְהוֹלֵל וְאוֹנֵן וְכִילַי וְשׁוֹעַ וְאַכְזָרִי וְרַחֲמָן וְרַךְ לֵבָב וְאַמִּיץ לֵב וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן: וְיֵשׁ בֵּין כָּל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה הָרְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנָּה בַּקָּצֶה הָאַחֵר דֵּעוֹת בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת זוֹ רְחוֹקָה מִזּוֹ. וְכָל הַדֵּעוֹת יֵשׁ מֵהֶן דֵּעוֹת שֶׁהֵן לָאָדָם מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ לְפִי טֶבַע גּוּפוֹ. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן דֵּעוֹת שֶׁטִּבְעוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם זֶה מְכֻוָּן וְעָתִיד לְקַבֵּל אוֹתָם בִּמְהֵרָה יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁאָר הַדֵּעוֹת. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן שֶׁאֵינָן לָאָדָם מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ אֶלָּא לָמַד אוֹתָם מֵאֲחֵרִים אוֹ שֶׁנִּפְנָה לָהֶן מֵעַצְמוֹ לְפִי מַחֲשָׁבָה שֶׁעָלְתָה בְּלִבּוֹ. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁמַע שֶׁזּוֹ הַדֵּעָה טוֹבָה לוֹ וּבָהּ רָאוּי לֵילֵךְ וְהִנְהִיג עַצְמוֹ בָּהּ עַד שֶׁנִּקְבְּעָה בְּלִבּוֹ: שְׁתֵּי קְצָווֹת הָרְחוֹקוֹת זוֹ מִזּוֹ שֶׁבְּכָל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה אֵינָן דֶּרֶךְ טוֹבָה וְאֵין רָאוּי לוֹ לָאָדָם לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶן וְלֹא לְלַמְּדָן לְעַצְמוֹ. וְאִם מָצָא טִבְעוֹ נוֹטֶה לְאַחַת מֵהֶן אוֹ מוּכָן לְאַחַת מֵהֶן אוֹ שֶׁכְּבָר לָמֵד אַחַת מֵהֶן וְנָהַג בָּהּ יַחֲזִיר עַצְמוֹ לַמּוּטָב וְיֵלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ הַטּוֹבִים וְהִיא הַדֶּרֶךְ הַיְשָׁרָה: הַדֶּרֶךְ הַיְשָׁרָה הִיא מִדָּה בֵּינוֹנִית שֶׁבְּכָל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה מִכָּל הַדֵּעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ לָאָדָם. וְהִיא הַדֵּעָה שֶׁהִיא רְחוֹקָה מִשְּׁתֵּי הַקְּצָווֹת רִחוּק שָׁוֶה וְאֵינָהּ קְרוֹבָה לֹא לָזוֹ וְלֹא לָזוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁיְּהֵא אָדָם שָׁם דֵּעוֹתָיו תָּמִיד וּמְשַׁעֵר אוֹתָם וּמְכַוִּן אוֹתָם בַּדֶּרֶךְ הָאֶמְצָעִית כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא שָׁלֵם בְּגוּפוֹ. כֵּיצַד. לֹא יְהֵא בַּעַל חֵמָה נוֹחַ לִכְעֹס וְלֹא כְּמֵת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ אֶלָּא בֵּינוֹנִי. לֹא יִכְעֹס אֶלָּא עַל דָּבָר גָּדוֹל שֶׁרָאוּי לִכְעֹס עָלָיו כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֵעָשֶׂה כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת. וְכֵן לֹא יִתְאַוֶּה אֶלָּא לִדְבָרִים שֶׁהַגּוּף צָרִיךְ לָהֶן וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִהְיוֹת בְּזוּלָתָן כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי יג כה) "צַדִּיק אֹכֵל לְשֹׂבַע נַפְשׁוֹ". וְכֵן לֹא יִהְיֶה עָמֵל בְּעִסְקוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַשִּׂיג דָּבָר שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לוֹ לְחַיֵּי שָׁעָה כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים לז טז) "טוֹב מְעַט לַצַּדִּיק". וְלֹא יִקְפֹּץ יָדוֹ בְּיוֹתֵר. וְלֹא יְפַזֵּר מָמוֹנוֹ אֶלָּא נוֹתֵן צְדָקָה כְּפִי מִסַּת יָדוֹ וּמַלְוֶה כָּרָאוּי לְמִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ. וְלֹא יְהֵא מְהוֹלֵל וְשׂוֹחֵק וְלֹא עָצֵב וְאוֹנֵן אֶלָּא שָׂמֵחַ כָּל יָמָיו בְּנַחַת בְּסֵבֶר פָּנִים יָפוֹת. וְכֵן שְׁאָר דֵּעוֹתָיו. וְדֶרֶךְ זוֹ הִיא דֶּרֶךְ הַחֲכָמִים. כָּל אָדָם שֶׁדֵּעוֹתָיו דֵּעוֹת (בֵּינוֹנִית) [בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת] מְמֻצָּעוֹת נִקְרָא חָכָם:

Each and every man possesses many character traits. Each trait is very different and distant from the others. One type of man is wrathful; he is constantly angry. [In contrast,] there is the calm individual who is never moved to anger, or, if at all, he will be slightly angry, [perhaps once] during a period of several years. There is the prideful man and the one who is exceptionally humble. There is the man ruled by his appetites - he will never be satisfied from pursuing his desires, and [conversely,] the very pure of heart, who does not desire even the little that the body needs. There is the greedy man, who cannot be satisfied with all the money in the world, as [Ecclesiastes 5:9] states: "A lover of money never has his fill of money." [In contrast,] there is the man who puts a check on himself; he is satisfied with even a little, which is not enough for his needs, and he does not bother to pursue and attain what he lacks. There is [the miser,] who torments himself with hunger, gathering [his possessions] close to himself. Whenever he spends a penny of his own, he does so with great pain. [Conversely,] there is [the spendthrift,] who consciously wastes his entire fortune. All other traits follow the same pattern [of contrast]. For example: the overly elated and the depressed; the stingy and the freehanded; the cruel and the softhearted; the coward and the rash. and the like. Between each trait and the [contrasting] trait at the other extreme, there are intermediate points, each distant from the other. With regard to all the traits: a man has some from the beginning of his conception, in accordance with his bodily nature. Some are appropriate to a person's nature and will [therefore] be acquired more easily than other traits. Some traits he does not have from birth. He may have learned them from others, or turned to them on his own. This may have come as a result of his own thoughts, or because he heard that this was a proper trait for him, which he ought to attain. [Therefore,] he accustomed himself to it until it became a part of himself. The two extremes of each trait, which are at a distance from one another, do not reflect a proper path. It is not fitting that a man should behave in accordance with these extremes or teach them to himself. If he finds that his nature leans towards one of the extremes or adapts itself easily to it, or, if he has learned one of the extremes and acts accordingly, he should bring himself back to what is proper and walk in the path of the good [men]. This is the straight path. The straight path: This [involves discovering] the midpoint temperament of each and every trait that man possesses [within his personality.] This refers to the trait which is equidistant from either of the extremes, without being close to either of them. Therefore, the early Sages instructed a man to evaluate his traits, to calculate them and to direct them along the middle path, so that he will be sound {of body}. For example: he should not be wrathful, easily angered; nor be like the dead, without feeling, rather he should [adopt] an intermediate course; i.e., he should display anger only when the matter is serious enough to warrant it, in order to prevent the matter from recurring. Similarly, he should not desire anything other than that which the body needs and cannot exist without, as [Proverbs 13:25] states: "The righteous man eats to satisfy his soul." Also, he shall not labor in his business except to gain what he needs for immediate use, as [Psalms 37:16] states: "A little is good for the righteous man." He should not be overly stingy nor spread his money about, but he should give charity according to his capacity and lend to the needy as is fitting. He should not be overly elated and laugh [excessively], nor be sad and depressed in spirit. Rather, he should be quietly happy at all times, with a friendly countenance. The same applies with regard to his other traits. This path is the path of the wise. Every man whose traits are intermediate and equally balanced can be called a "wise man."

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Hilkhot De'ot – Healing Extreme Traits Through Counter-Measures

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 2:1-3

Rambam prescribes that someone who has gone to one emotional extreme should temporarily move to the opposite extreme as a form of 'medicine for the soul' — a fascinating proto-therapeutic insight directly applicable to mood disorder discussions.

חוֹלֵי הַגּוּף טוֹעֲמִים הַמַּר מָתוֹק וּמָתוֹק מַר. וְיֵשׁ מִן הַחוֹלִים מִי שֶׁמִּתְאַוְּה וְתָאֵב לְמַאֲכָלוֹת שֶׁאֵינָן רְאוּיִין לַאֲכִילָה כְּגוֹן הֶעָפָר וְהַפֶּחָם וְשׂוֹנֵא הַמַּאֲכָלוֹת הַטּוֹבִים כְּגוֹן הַפַּת וְהַבָּשָׂר הַכּל לְפִי רֹב הַחלִי. כָּךְ בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁנַּפְשׁוֹתֵיהֶם חוֹלוֹת מִתְאַוִּים וְאוֹהֲבִים הַדֵּעוֹת הָרָעוֹת וְשׂוֹנְאִים הַדֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה וּמִתְעַצְּלִים לָלֶכֶת בָּהּ וְהִיא כְּבֵדָה עֲלֵיהֶם לִמְאֹד לְפִי חָלְיָם. וְכֵן יְשַׁעְיָהוּ אוֹמֵר בַּאֲנָשִׁים הַלָּלוּ (ישעיה ה כ) "הוֹי הָאֹמְרִים לָרַע טוֹב וְלַטּוֹב רָע שָׂמִים חשֶׁךְ לְאוֹר וְאוֹר לְחשֶׁךְ שָׂמִים מַר לְמָתוֹק וּמָתוֹק לְמָר". וַעֲלֵיהֶם נֶאֱמַר (משלי ב יג) "הַעֹזְבִים אָרְחוֹת ישֶׁר לָלֶכֶת בְּדַרְכֵי חשֶׁךְ". וּמַה הִיא תַּקָּנַת חוֹלֵי הַנְּפָשׁוֹת. יֵלְכוּ אֵצֶל הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁהֵן רוֹפְאֵי הַנְּפָשׁוֹת וִירַפְּאוּ חָלְיָם בַּדֵּעוֹת שֶׁמְּלַמְּדִין אוֹתָם עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִירוּם לַדֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה. וְהַמַּכִּירִים בַּדֵּעוֹת הָרָעוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶם וְאֵינָם הוֹלְכִים אֵצֶל הַחֲכָמִים לְרַפֵּא אוֹתָם עֲלֵיהֶם אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה (משלי א ז) "חָכְמָה וּמוּסָר אֱוִילִים בָּזוּ": וְכֵיצַד הִיא רְפוּאָתָם. מִי שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל חֵמָה אוֹמְרִים לוֹ לְהַנְהִיג עַצְמוֹ שֶׁאִם הֻכָּה וְקֻלַּל לֹא יַרְגִּישׁ כְּלָל. וְיֵלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ זוֹ זְמַן מְרֻבֶּה עַד שֶׁיִּתְעַקֵּר הַחֵמָה מִלִּבּוֹ. וְאִם הָיָה גְּבַהּ לֵב יַנְהִיג עַצְמוֹ בְּבִזָּיוֹן הַרְבֵּה וְיֵשֵׁב לְמַטָּה מִן הַכּל וְיִלְבַּשׁ בְּלוֹיֵי סְחָבוֹת הַמְבַזּוֹת אֶת לוֹבְשֵׁיהֶם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ עַד שֶׁיַּעֲקֹר גֹּבַהּ הַלֵּב מִמֶּנּוּ וְיַחֲזֹר לַדֶּרֶךְ הָאֶמְצָעִית שֶׁהוּא דֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה. וְלִכְשֶׁיַּחֲזֹר לַדֶּרֶךְ הָאֶמְצָעִית יֵלֵךְ בָּהּ כָּל יָמָיו. וְעַל קַו זֶה יַעֲשֶׂה בִּשְׁאָר כָּל הַדֵּעוֹת אִם הָיָה רָחוֹק לַקָּצֶה הָאֶחָד יַרְחִיק עַצְמוֹ לַקָּצֶה הַשֵּׁנִי וְיִנְהֹג בּוֹ זְמַן רַב עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזֹר בּוֹ לַדֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה וְהִיא מִדָּה בֵּינוֹנִית שֶׁבְּכָל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה:

To those who are physically sick, the bitter tastes sweet and the sweet bitter. Some of the sick even desire and crave that which is not fit to eat, such as earth and charcoal, and hate healthful foods, such as bread and meat - all depending on how serious the sickness is. Similarly, those who are morally ill desire and love bad traits, hate the good path, and are lazy to follow it. Depending on how sick they are, they find it exceedingly burdensome. Isaiah 5:20 speaks of such people in a like manner: "Woe to those who call the bad good, and the good bad, who take darkness to be light and light to be darkness, who take bitter to be sweet and sweet to be bitter." Concerning them, Proverbs 2:13 states: "Those who leave the upright paths to walk in the ways of darkness." What is the remedy for the morally ill? They should go to the wise, for they are the healers of souls. They will heal them by teaching them how to acquire proper traits, until they return them to the good path. Concerning those who recognize their bad traits and do not go to the wise to heal them, Solomon Proverbs 1:7 said: "Fools scorned wisdom and correction." How are they to be healed? We tell the wrathful man to train himself to feel no reaction even if he is beaten or cursed. He should follow this course of behavior for a long time, until the anger is uprooted from his heart. The man who is full of pride should cause himself to experience much disgrace. He should sit in the lowliest of places, dress in tattered rags which shame the wearer, and the like, until the arrogance is uprooted from his heart and he returns to the middle path, which is the proper path. When he returns to this middle path, he should walk in it the rest of his life. One should take a similar course with each of the other traits. A person who swayed in the direction of one of the extremes should move in the direction of the opposite extreme, and accustom himself to that for a long time, until he has returned to the proper path, which is the midpoint for each and every temperament.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Shemoneh Perakim Ch. 3 – Diseases of the Soul

Eight Chapters 3

Rambam explicitly parallels physical illness with mental/spiritual illness, arguing that just as a sick body needs a physician, a 'sick soul' needs wise counsel. He discusses how emotional extremes constitute illness and how the wise person seeks healing — a foundational Jewish text for mental health discourse.

פרק שלישי - בחולי הנפש אמרו הקדמונים: יש לנפש בריאות וחולי, כמו שיש לגוף בריאות וחולי. ובריאות הנפש היא: שתהיה תכונתה ותכונת חלקיה - תכונות שתעשה בהן תדיר הטובות והפעולות הנאותות. וחליה הוא: שתהיה תכונתה ותכונת חלקיה - תכונות שתעשה בהן תדיר הרעות והפעולות המגונות. אמנם, בריאות הגוף וחליו - מלאכת הרפואות תחקור עליו. וכמו שחולי הגוף ידמו, להפסד הרגשותיהם, במה שהוא מר - שהוא מתוק, ובמה שהוא מתוק - שהוא מר. ויצירו הנאות - בצורת בלתי נאות. ותחזק תאותם ותרבה הנאתם בענינים שאין הנאה בהם כלל - לבריאים, ואפשר שיהיה בהם צער: כאכילת עפר ופחמים, והדברים העפוצים והחמוצים מאד, וכיוצא באלו מן המזונות אשר לא יתאוו להם הבריאים, אבל ימאסו אותם - כן חולי הנפשות, רצוני לומר: הרעים ובעלי מידות הרעות, ידמו במה שהוא רע, שהוא - טוב, ובמה שהוא טוב, שהוא - רע. והאדם הרע יתאוה לעולם הפלגות, אשר הן באמת רעות, וידמה בעבור חולי נפשו שהן טובות. וכמו שהחולים הגופניים, כשידעו חולים ולא ידעו מלאכת הרפואות, ישאלו הרופאים ויודיעום מה שצריך לעשותו, ויזהירום ממה שידמוהו ערב, והוא בהפך חולים. ויכריחום לקחת דברים הנמאסים והמרים עד שיבריאו גופותם, וישובו לבחור בטוב ולמאוס ברע - כן חולי הנפשות, צריך להם שישאלו החכמים שהם רופאי הנפשות ויזהירום מן הרעות ההן אשר יחשבו בהן שהן טובות, וירפאו אותם במלאכה אשר ירפאו בה מידות הנפש, אשר אזכרה בפרק שאחר זה.

Chapter III Concerning the Diseases of the Soul The ancients maintained that the soul, like the body, is subject to good health and illness. The soul’s healthful state is due to its condition, and that of its faculties, by which it constantly does what is right, and performs what is proper, while the illness of the soul is occasioned by its condition, and that of its faculties, which results in its constantly doing wrong, and performing actions that are improper. The science of medicine investigates the health of the body. Now, just as those, who are physically ill, imagine that, on account of their vitiated tastes, the sweet is bitter and the bitter is sweet—and likewise fancy the wholesome to be unwholesome—and just as their desire grows stronger, and their enjoyment increases for such things as dust, coal, very acidic and sour foods, and the like—which the healthy loathe and refuse, as they are not only not beneficial even to the healthy, but possibly harmful—so those whose souls are ill, that is the wicked and the morally perverted, imagine that the bad is good, and that the good is bad. The wicked man, moreover, continually longs for excesses which are really pernicious, but which, on account of the illness of his soul, he considers to be good. Likewise, just as when people, unacquainted with the science of medicine, realize that they are sick, and consult a physician, who tells them what they must do, forbidding them to partake of that which they imagine beneficial, and prescribing for them things which are unpleasant and bitter, in order that their bodies may become healthy, and that they may again choose the good and spurn the bad, so those whose souls become ill should consult the sages, the moral physicians, who will advise them against indulging in those evils which they (the morally ill) think are good, so that they may be healed by that art of which I shall speak in the next chapter, and through which the moral qualities are restored to their normal condition.

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Chovot HaLevavot – The Inner Life as Primary Torah Obligation

Duties of the Heart, Introduction of the Author

Rabbeinu Bachya ibn Paquda argues that Torah is primarily concerned with the inner states of the heart, and that spiritual dysfunction originates in inner imbalance. This foundational claim licenses serious Jewish engagement with mental and emotional health as a religious concern.

חוֹבוֹת הָאֵבָרִים יֵחָלְקוּ לִב׳ חֲלָקִים: הָאֶחָד מֵהֶם מִצְוֹת שֶׁמְּחַיֵּב בָּהֶם הַשֵּׂכֶל אֲפִלּוּ אִם לֹא חִיְּבָה בָּהֶן הַתּוֹרָה. וְהַחֵלֶק הַשֵּׁנִי מִצְוֹת הַשֵּׁמַע שֶׁאֵין הַשֵּׂכֶל מְחַיֵּב בָּהֶם וְלֹא דּוֹחֶה אוֹתָם כְּאִסּוּר בָּשָׂר בְּחָלָב וְשַׁעַטְנֵז וְכִלְאַיִם וְהַדּוֹמֶה לָהֶם מִמָּה שֶׁנֶּעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ עִלַּת אִסּוּרָם וְעִלַּת חִיּוּב מִמָּה שֶׁנִּתְחַיַּבְנוּ מֵהֶן. וּמִמִּצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁבְּחוֹבוֹת הַלְּבָבוֹת.

The first aims at the knowledge of the duties of the limbs (practical duties) and is the science of external conducts. The second deals with the duties of the heart, namely, its sentiments and thoughts, and is the science of the inner life. The duties of the heart, however, are all rooted in rational principles, as I will explain with G-d's help.

Source 15 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:1

Discusses the halachot regarding mental incapacity and how it is viewed in Jewish law, relevant when considering mental health conditions.

(פ' א"מ):

A mourner or a sick person are not required to rise even on account of a Nasi.

Source 16 · Acharonim
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Path of the Just

Mesillat Yesharim 19-20

The text addresses emotional and spiritual equanimity, providing a framework for managing emotions in line with Jewish piety.

וּכְעִנְיָן זֶה אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא, מִיָּמַי לֹא הִקְפַּדְתִּי בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתִי וְלֹא צָעַדְתִּי בִּפְנֵי מִי שֶׁגָּדוֹל מִמֶּנִּי, וְלֹא הִרְהַרְתִּי בַּמְּבוֹאוֹת הַמְטֻנָּפוֹת, וְלֹא הָלַכְתִּי ד' אַמּוֹת בְּלֹא תּוֹרָה וּבְלֹא תְּפִלִּין, וְלֹא יָשַׁנְתִּי בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא שֵׁנַת קֶבַע וְלֹא שֵׁנַת עֲרַאי, וְלֹא שַׂשְׂתִּי בְּתַקָּלַת חֲבֵרִי וְלֹא קָרָאתִי לַחֲבֵרִי בַּחֲנִיכָתוֹ.

With regard to the honor of his fellow, he would not call his fellow a nickname, even one which is not derogatory as Tosfot explained there.

Source 17 · Acharonim
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Nefesh HaChayim

Sha'arei Orah, Ninth Gate, Second Sefirah 39

The work delves into the spiritual aspects of the soul and its impact on emotional states, providing a deep dive into Jewish thought on mental equanimity.

וזהו מקום הביטחון הגמור, וזהו סוד הרצון, כי המגיע למקום הרצון הרי הכול בידו לעשות כפי רצונו וחפצו, כמו שאמר 'רצון יריאיו יעשה ואת שועתם ישמע ויושיעם'.

One who arrives at this place of Desire-Ratzon-רצון is given everything into his hands to do as he desires, as it states, “He fulfills the desire-Ratzon-רצון of those who fear Him, He hears their cry and saves them.”

Source 18 · Acharonim
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Mesillat Yesharim – Wakefulness vs. Confusion of Mind

Mesillat Yesharim, Introduction

The Ramchal opens by diagnosing the human condition as one of 'mental confusion' (tiruv hadaat) that keeps people from seeing their own spiritual reality clearly. His concept of spiritual zrizut (alacrity) vs. atzvut (sadness/sluggishness) maps meaningfully onto discussions of depression and its spiritual dimensions.

מִי יְיַשְּׁרֵם וּמִי יְתַקְּנֵם אִם לֹא נָשִׂים לֵב עֲלֵיהֶם וְלֹא נְדַקְדֵּק בַּדָּבָר דִּקְדּוּק גָּדוֹל. הֲלֹא אִם עִיַּנּוּ עַל הַדָּבָר עִיּוּן אֲמִתִּי, הָיִינוּ מוֹצְאִים אוֹתוֹ עַל אֲמִתּוֹ וּמְטִיבִים לְעַצְמֵנוּ, וּמְלַמְּדִים אוֹתוֹ לַאֲחֵרִים וּמְטִיבִים לָהֶם גַּם כֵּן. הוּא מַה שֶּׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה (משלי ב ד): אִם תְּבַקְשֶׁנָּה כַכָּסֶף וְכַמַּטְמוֹנִים תַּחְפְּשֶׂנָּה, אָז תָּבִין יִרְאַת ה'. אֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר אָז תָּבִין פִילוֹסוֹפְיָה, אָז תָּבִין תְּכוּנָה, אָז תָּבִין רְפוּאָה, אָז תָּבִין דִּינִים, אָז תָּבִין הֲלָכוֹת, אֶלָּא אָז תָּבִין יִרְאַת ה'! הֲרֵי לְךָ, שֶׁלְּהָבִין הַיִּרְאָה צָרִיךְ לְבַקֵּשׁ אוֹתָהּ כַּכֶּסֶף וּלְחַפֵּשׂ אוֹתָהּ כַּמַּטְמוֹנִים.

Observe that matters of piety and fear and love [of G-d], and purity of heart are not things innately implanted in a person whereby he would not need means to acquire them such as sleep and wakefulness, hunger and satiation, and all the other responses naturally implanted in our nature. Rather, certainly it is necessary to employ means and strategies to acquire them. There is also no lack of detrimental factors which distance a person from them, but correspondingly there is also no lack of ways by which these obstacles may be held afar.

Source 19 · Acharonim
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Maharal, Netivot Olam – On Joy in Divine Service

Netivot Olam, Netiv Ha'Avodah

The Maharal discusses how genuine divine service requires a stable, grounded joy — and how swings between false elation and despair indicate that a person has not yet found their true inner orientation. Relevant to Sefirat HaOmer as a period of inner character refinement.

וזה שאמר הכתוב זבח רשעים תועבה ותפלת ישרים רצונו כי אל השם יתברך נחשב זבח רשעים תועבה, כי הרשע הוא שיוצא מן היושר כי זהו ענין הרשע שיוצא מן היושר, והיוצא מן היושר אינו אחד כי היושר הוא אחד, כי כאשר תמשוך מן הנקודה האחת קוים הרבה הקוים שיוצאים מן היושר הם רבים עד בלי שיעור, והקו שהולך ונמשך ביושר אינו רק קו אחד בלבד, ולכך הרשע אין ראוי שיהיה נקרא אחד כי לפעמים הולך דרך עקום בענין זה ולפעמים בעני

And that is why [with other foods], one does not recite the blessing, "who brings out." So the content of the blessing, "who brings out bread from the land," has been explained.

Source 20 · Acharonim
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חכמי בבל, תלמוד בבלי

Rosh Hashanah 17b

אמר ר' יוחנן גדולה תשובה שמקרעת גזר דינו של אדם, שנאמר השמן לב העם הזה ואזניו הכבד ועיניו השע פן יראה בעיניו ובאזניו ישמע ולבבו יבין ושב ורפא לו, א"ל רב פפא לאביי ודלמא לפני גזר דין, א"ל ורפא לו כתיב, איזהו דבר שצריך רפואה הוי אומר זה גזר דין. איתיבי השב בינתין מוחלין לו, לא שב בינתים אפילו הביא כל אילי נביות שבעולם אין מוחלין לו, לא קשיא הא ביחיד הא בצבור...

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: גְּדוֹלָה תְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁמְּקָרַעַת גְּזַר דִּינוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הַשְׁמֵן לֵב הָעָם הַזֶּה וְאׇזְנָיו הַכְבֵּד וְעֵינָיו הָשַׁע פֶּן יִרְאֶה בְעֵינָיו וּבְאׇזְנָיו יִשְׁמָע וּלְבָבוֹ יָבִין וָשָׁב וְרָפָא לוֹ״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב פָּפָּא לְאַבָּיֵי: וְדִלְמָא לִפְנֵי גְּזַר דִּין? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: ״וְרָפָא לוֹ״ כְּתִיב, אֵיזֶהוּ דָּבָר שֶׁצָּרִיךְ רְפוּאָה — הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה גְּזַר דִּין.

§ Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Great is repentance, for it tears up the sentence issued against a person, as it is stated: “Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and smear over their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and they will return, and be healed” (Isaiah 6:10), implying that if indeed they return and repent, they will be healed from all their sins. Rav Pappa said to Abaye: But perhaps this was said before the sentence was issued, but after one’s sentence has been decreed repentance no longer helps. Abaye said to him: It is written here: “And they will return and be healed” (Isaiah 6:10). What requires healing? An illness does. Consequently, you must say that the reference here is to a sentence that has already been issued, and even so, after repentance, they will be healed.

Source 21 · Acharonim
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חכמי בבל, תלמוד בבלי

Bava Metzia 107b

...דבר אחר מחלה, ששמונים ושלשה חלאים תלוין במרה, וכולן פת שחרית במלח וקיתון של מים מבטלתן, תנו רבנן י"ג דברים נאמרו בפת שחרית, מצלת מן החמה ומן הצנה ומן הזיקין ומן המזיקין ומחכימת פתי, וזוכה בדין ללמוד תורה וללמד, ודבריו נשמעין ותלמודו מתקיים בידו, ואין בשרו מעלה הבל, ונזקק לאשתו ואינו מתאוה לאשה אחרת, והורגת כינה שבבני מעים, ויש אומרים אף מוציא את הקנאה ומכניס את האהבה. אמר ליה רבה לרבא בר מרי מנא הא מילתא דאמרי אינשי שיתין רהיטי רהוט ולא מטו לגברא דמצפרא כרך... וברך את לחמך ואת מימיך, זו פת במלח וקיתון של מים, ומכאן ואילך והסירותי מחלה מקרבך.

רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר: זוֹ מָרָה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: ״מַחֲלָה״ – זוֹ מָרָה, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ ״מַחֲלָה״ – שֶׁהִיא מַחֲלָה כׇּל גּוּפוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״מַחֲלָה״, שֶׁשְּׁמוֹנִים וּשְׁלֹשָׁה חֳלָאִים תְּלוּיִן בַּמָּרָה. וְכוּלָּן, פַּת שַׁחֲרִית בְּמֶלַח וְקִיתוֹן שֶׁל מַיִם מְבַטַּלְתָּן.

Rabbi Elazar says: This term: “All sickness,” refers to the gall bladder. The Gemara adds: This is also taught in a baraita: With regard to the term: “Sickness,” this refers to the gall bladder. And why is the gall bladder called sickness? It is because it makes a person’s entire body ill. Alternatively, it is called sickness because eighty-three diseases, the numerical value of maḥala, sickness, are dependent on the gall bladder. The Gemara comments: And with regard to all of them, consuming bread in the morning with salt and drinking a large jug of water negates their ill effects, as a simple morning meal is beneficial to the body.

Source 22 · Hasidic
Verified

Likutei Moharan

Likutei Moharan, Part II.24.1

Rabbi Nachman of Breslov writes about the importance of finding joy amidst suffering, often quoted in discussions about mental states.

מִצְוָה גְּדוֹלָה לִהְיוֹת בְּשִׂמְחָה תָּמִיד, וּלְהִתְגַּבֵּר לְהַרְחִיק הָעַצְבוּת וְהַמָּרָה שְׁחֹרָה בְּכָל כֹּחוֹ. וְכָל הַחוֹלַאַת הַבָּאִין עַל הָאָדָם, כֻּלָּם בָּאִין רַק מִקִּלְקוּל הַשִּׂמְחָה. כִּי יֵשׁ עֲשָׂרָה מִינֵי נְגִינָה, שֶׁהֵם בְּחִינַת שִׂמְחָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (תהילים צ״ב:ה׳): עֲלֵי עָשׂוֹר וְכוּ' כִּי שִׂמַּחְתַּנִי ה' בְּפָעֳלֶךָ וְכוּ'. כִּי כָּל מִינֵי חוֹלַאַת כְּלוּלִים בְּיוּד מִינֵי דְּפִיקִין, וְכֵן כָּל מִינֵי נִגּוּנִים כְּלוּלִים בְּיוּד מִינֵי נְגִינָה. וּכְּפִי קִלְקוּל הַשִּׂמְחָה וְהַנִּגּוּן, כֵּן בָּא חוֹלַאַת כַּנַּ"ל. וְגַם חַכְמֵי הָרוֹפְאִים הֶאֱרִיכוּ בָּזֶה, שֶׁכָּל הַחוֹלַאַת – עַל־יְדֵי מָרָה שְׁחֹרָה וְעַצְבוּת,

It is a great mitzvah to always be happy, and to make every effort to determinedly keep depression and gloom at bay. All the illnesses that afflict people are due only to flawed joy. For there are ten types of song, which are synonymous with joy, as in “Upon a ten-stringed instrument… For You caused me to rejoice by Your deeds…” (Psalms 92:4–5). For all the different types of illness are contained within the ten types of pulses. Similarly, all the different types of song are contained within the ten types of song. The illness that arises corresponds to the flaw in the joy and the song. Eminent physicians, too, have spoken at length about this—that all illness is the product of gloom and depression.

Source 23 · Hasidic
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Kedushat Levi, Parshat Emor – Counting the Omer and Inner Fluctuation

Kedushat Levi, Leviticus, Emor

Reb Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev connects the daily counting of the Omer to the need to track and attend to one's inner state each day, with awareness that each day brings a different spiritual-emotional quality. This frames the Omer as a practice of daily emotional/spiritual self-monitoring.

או יבואר, וספרתם לכם, והוא קרוב לאופן הנ"ל, כי הנה בפסח נתגלה אלוהותו על ידי ניסים ונפלאות ושראוי לעבדו. אמנם השם יתברך רוצה הגם שהוא מעורר אותנו מלמעלה לעבדו שנהיה אנחנו חפיצים להתעוררות הזה. וזה סוד הספירה שבשבוע הראשון אנחנו חפיצים באהבתו, ובשבוע השניה אנחנו חפצים ביראתו, ובשבוע השלישית אנחנו חפצים שיתפאר בנו כאב המתפאר בבנו, ובשבוע הרביעית והחמישית שנאמין באמונת הבורא ברוך הוא, ובשבוע השישית שנהיה אנחנו דבוקים ומקושרים בעבודתו, ובשבוע השביעית שאנחנו ממליכים אותו על כל העולם כולו ועלינו. לכן אחר שאלו המדות נמשכים מהבורא ברוך הוא באלו ימי הספירה יש לאדם בימי הספירה להתבודד ולעבוד את ה' אלהינו כיון שבאלו הימים נמשכים אלו המדות הישרים לעמו בית ישראל, ובפרט בעת הספירה יש לאדם לשמוח ולדבק את עצמו באלו המדות ישרים, כין שאדם חפץ שמידות ישרים ימשוך בו אהבה ויראת הבורא ימשוך בו כמאמר חכמינו ז"ל (מכות י:) בדרך שאדם רוצה לילך מוליכין אותו. והנה בפסח היה התגלות והתעוררת של מדות ישרים והשכליות מהבורא ברוך הוא, ובספירה הוא התעוררת שלנו שאנחנו חפיצים בזה התעוררת העליון מה שנתגלה בפסח ממילא ניתוסף מלמעלה יותר הארה והזדככות בזה החפץ והרצון שאנחנו חפיצים. לכן יש לספור ספירת העומר באהבה וביראה וכן בימי הספירה להיות מוכנים ורוצים בזה השפע. וזהו וספרתם לכם, לכם דייקא, כלומר הפעולה שאתם מעוררים עצמיכם לאלו המדות בספירה זהו בכם, כי בפסח היה התעוררת העליון ובספירה אנחנו רוצים לזה התעוררת וזהו לכם. ונמשך לנו מלמעלה בימי הספירה מה שנמשך בפסח ביותר הזדככות וביותר הארה:

The words ‎וספרתם לכם‎, “you shall count for yourselves,” ‎need further analysis, [as in all instances when the Torah ‎adds the apparently superfluous ‎לכם‎.] In this instance ‎the word ‎לכם‎ may be understood as G’d reiterating that although ‎it is our task in life to serve Him, each one of us must decide to do ‎so of his own free will. He is not to feel coerced, as if he felt that ‎way he could never qualify for the reward that the Torah ‎promises us for observing G’d’s commandments. The first of the “seven” weeks we are to “count,” measuring ‎our spiritual progress, are devoted to 1) digesting the fact that ‎finally, after close to 2500 years of human existence, the human ‎race had come to acknowledge its Creator and the fact that He ‎had a favorite people, whose three patriarchs had somehow ‎sustained them sufficiently so that they had accepted Moses as ‎His prophet. As a result our people learned to relate to G’d with ‎love. 2) The second of the seven weeks is devoted to embracing ‎G’d with reverence and awe, recognizing in Him the greatness of ‎the Originator of all existence. The third week is devoted to ‎ensure that G’d will have reason to “boast” of His people and their ‎spiritual accomplishments.‎ The fourth and fifth week of our counting is devoted to ‎deepening our faith in the Creator, our ability to withstand ‎anything that might make us doubt His being the only G’d in the ‎universe. The sixth week is devoted to strengthen our ties to Him ‎through the intensity with which we serve Him. Finally, the ‎seventh week is devoted to declaring Him as our King, enthroning ‎Him as the King of Kings of the entire universe.‎ In light of the fact that theses attributes are derivatives of the ‎Essence of G’d Himself, during the days when we observe the ‎commandment of counting the days and weeks, it is especially ‎important that each one of us will set aside time for ‎contemplating these holy thoughts and serve the Creator by ‎doing so, as the sages have taught us that ‎בדרך שאדם רוצה להלוך ‏מוליכים אותו‎, “that people who wish to travel along the right path ‎will enjoy heavenly assists in doing so.” (Makkot 10) Seeing ‎that the redemption occurred on Passover, (15th Nissan) we know ‎that each year at that time, G’d is singularly prepared to reveal ‎Himself as He did on the occasion of the first Passover, ‎‎[actually, according to tradition already on the night when ‎Avraham defeated the four mightiest kings with his 318 men, ‎compare Genesis 15,15 Ed.] The period between then and ‎the festival of Shavuot is especially suited for anyone who ‎wishes to experience spiritual progress to do so by means of ‎observing this commandment of counting with especial ‎devotion. The word ‎לכם‎ therefore is best translated as “for your ‎personal benefit,” suggesting that this period more than any ‎other should be exploited by the pious to elevate themselves ‎spiritually.‎ ‎

Source 24 · Hasidic
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Toldot Yaakov Yosef – The Tzaddik's Role in Elevating Fallen States

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Kedoshim

The Toldot discusses how a person cycles through states of spiritual highs (mochin d'gadlut) and lows (mochin d'katnut) and that the role of the spiritual guide is to help a person navigate — and not be destroyed by — these oscillations. This Chassidic concept is remarkably applicable to bipolar experience.

וז"ש ט' פעמים ואומר, להמשיך ולהשפיע השפע מן ט' ספיר[ו]ת אל מלכות בחינה עשירית, כי ואומר הוא השפעה כנ"ל, והבן.

And since he has connected Kingship [Malkhut, which is the diving presence], to the Holy One, blessed be He, which is life, then minds from Understanding, which is called life, are drawn to him, so life is automatically drawn to me, as it is impossible for it to be otherwise. [This is the case] even though he did not intend it for himself

Source 25 · Hasidic
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Tzava'at HaRivash – The Baal Shem Tov on Atzvut (Depression)

Tzava'at HaRivash 1:1

The Baal Shem Tov's teachings strongly emphasize that atzvut (depression/sadness) is one of the greatest spiritual dangers and must be actively countered — not ignored. He distinguishes atzvut from genuine remorse and prescribes joy as a religious-therapeutic imperative, directly relevant to mood disorders.

להיות תמים בעבודתו יתברך עבודה תמה ועיקר שלא לשכוח הדברים. ועיקר ללמוד בכל יום שיעור מוסר הן רב הן מעט.

Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem, peace be upon him, taught us to be wholehearted in our service of HaShem, blessed is He and to serve Him with simplicity. Of primary importance is not to forget the Commandments we received directly from HaShem at Chorev (Aseret HaDvarim-עשרת הדברים), and to study teachings of Mussar, that deal with developing good character traits and right conduct, on a daily basis, whether one studies a little or a lot.