צִוָּה בַּתּוֹרָה עַד הָאֱלֹהִים יָבֹא דְּבַר שְׁנֵיהֶם (שמות כב ח), וְנָתַן בִּפְלִילִים (שם כא כב), אִם כֵּן מִצְוָה שֶׁיִּהְיוּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל פְּלִילִים. וּבֵאֵר בְּכָאן שֶׁיָּשִׂימוּ הַשּׁוֹפְטִים בְּכָל עָרֵיהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לָהֶם הַשֵּׁם אֶת הָאָרֶץ, כִּי בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֵינָם חַיָּבִים לְמַנּוֹת לָהֶם ב"ד, אֲבָל כַּאֲשֶׁר יִצְעַק הַמְעֻוָּת יַעַמְדוּ עָלָיו הָרְאוּיִים לִשְׁפֹּט וּבְמִשְׁפְּטֵיהֶם יִשְׁפְּטוּהוּ, אוֹ יַעֲלֶה לָאָרֶץ בִּזְמַנָּהּ וְשָׁם יִשְׁפְּטוּהוּ בִּמְקוֹם הַמִּשְׁפָּט. וְהוֹסִיף בְּכָאן שׁוֹטְרִים, וְהֵם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נוֹגְשִׂים בִּדְבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט, וּלְפִי זֶה אֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁבְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מְצֻוִּים לְמַנּוֹת לָהֶם דַּיָּנִין בָּעֲיָרוֹת, וְכֵן כָּתַב הָרַב ר' מֹשֶׁה (הל' סנהדרין פ"א ה"ב). אֲבָל בְּמַסֶּכֶת מַכּוֹת (מכות ז') שָׁנוּ, וְהָיוּ אֵלֶּה לָכֶם לְחֻקַּת מִשְׁפָּט לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם בְּכֹל מוֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶם, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁסַּנְהֶדְרִין נוֹהֶגֶת בָּאָרֶץ וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ, אֶלָּא בָּאָרֶץ אַתָּה מוֹשִׁיב בְּכָל פֶּלֶךְ וָפֶלֶךְ וּבְכָל עִיר וָעִיר, בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אַתָּה מוֹשִׁיב בְּכָל פֶּלֶךְ וָפֶלֶךְ וְאִי אַתָּה מוֹשִׁיב בְּכָל עִיר וָעִיר. וְנִרְאֶה מִזֶּה שֶׁחַיָּבִין לִמְנוֹת סַנְהֶדְרִין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, וְלֹא בְּכָל עִיר וָעִיר כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא פְּלָכִים פְּלָכִים, אִם כֵּן הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת נוֹהֶגֶת בְּכָל זְמַן בְּדִינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת וּבִדְבָרִים הַנִּדּוֹנִין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. אֲבָל בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה לְאַחַר שֶׁבָּטְלָה הַסְּמִיכָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁכָּל הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים בְּטֵלִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, דִּכְתִיב לִפְנֵיהֶם וְלֹא לִפְנֵי הֶדְיוֹטוֹת, וַאֲנַן הֶדְיוֹטוֹת אֲנַן, וְאֵין דַּיָּנִין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֶלָּא תַּקָּנָה דִּשְׁלִיחוּתַיְהוּ עָבְדִינַן (גיטין פח), אֵין אָנוּ חַיָּבִים בְּמִצְוַת מִנּוּי שׁוֹפְטִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה כְּלָל: וְטַעַם לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ, מוּסָב עַל תִּתֶּן לְךָ, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁמּוֹשִׁיבִים ב"ד בְּכָל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט וּבְכָל עִיר וָעִיר, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על דברים ט"ז:י"ח), וְכֵן בְּמַסֶּכֶת סַנְהֶדְרִין (סנהדרין ט"ז). וְלֹא יָדַעְתִּי פֵּרוּשׁ דָּבָר זֶה, כִּי כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּנִינוּ ב"ד בְּכָל עִיר וָעִיר, הֲרֵי בָּתֵּי דִּינִין רַבִּים בְּכָל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט. אוּלַי בָּא לוֹמַר שֶׁאִם הָיְתָה עִיר אַחַת לִשְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים, כִּירוּשָׁלַיִם שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ חֵלֶק לִיהוּדָה וּבִנְיָמִין, שֶׁיּוֹשִׁיב בָּהּ שְׁנֵי בָּתֵּי דִּינִים. וְכָךְ הֶעֱלוּ בְּפֶרֶק חֵלֶק (סנהדרין קיא), שֶׁחוֹלְקִים עִיר אַחַת לִשְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים, וְכֵן יְרוּשָׁלַיִם הָיְתָה לִיהוּדָה וּבִנְיָמִין. וְיִתָּכֵן לְפָרֵשׁ שֶׁחִיֵּב הַכָּתוּב לְמַנּוֹת ב"ד עַל כָּל הַשֵּׁבֶט וְהוּא יִשְׁפֹּט אֶת כֻּלָּם, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן נְמַנֶּה ב"ד בְּכָל עִיר וָעִיר שֶׁיִּשְׁפֹּט אֶת הָעִיר. ואע"פ שֶׁכֻּלָּם שָׁוִים בַּמִּנְיָן, שֶׁהֵם כ"ג בְּדִינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת וְג' בְּדִינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת, אֲבָל הַגְּדוֹלִים שֶׁבָּהֶם בְּחָכְמָה יִתְמַנּוּ עַל כָּל הַשֵּׁבֶט, וְתַחְתֵּיהֶם לְכָל עִיר וָעִיר, וְאֵין בַּעֲלֵי הַדִּין יְכוֹלִין לָכֹף זֶה אֶת זֶה לָדוּן אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי ב"ד שֶׁבְּעִירָם לֹא בִּפְנֵי ב"ד שֶׁבְּעִיר אַחֶרֶת. וַאֲפִלּוּ הָיוּ שְׁנֵי בַּעֲלֵי הַדִּין בְּעִיר אַחֶרֶת יָכוֹל לוֹמַר נֵלֵךְ לִפְנֵי ב"ד שֶׁבְּעִירֵנוּ, אֲבָל ב"ד הַשֵּׁבֶט יָכוֹל לָכֹף כָּל אַנְשֵׁי שִׁבְטוֹ לָדוּן לְפָנָיו, וַאֲפִלּוּ הָיוּ הַנִּדּוֹנִים בְּעִירָם יָכוֹל לוֹמַר לב"ד הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁל שֵׁבֶט אָזֵילְנָא, וְכֵן אִם נִסְתַּפְּקוּ בָּתֵּי דִּינִין שֶׁל עֲיָרוֹת יָבֹאוּ לִפְנֵי ב"ד הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁל שֵׁבֶט וְיִשְׁאֲלוּ, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁסַּנְהֶדְרֵי גְּדוֹלָה מְמֻנָּה עַל כָּל בָּתֵּי דִּינִין שֶׁל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּךְ יְהֵא ב"ד אֶחָד מְמֻנֶּה עַל כָּל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט. וְאִם הֻצְרְכוּ לְתַקֵּן וְלִגְזֹר דָּבָר עַל שֵׁבֶט שֶׁלָּהֶם גּוֹזְרִין וּמְתַקְּנִין, וְהִיא לַשֵּׁבֶט כִּגְזֵרַת סַנְהֶדְרֵי גְּדוֹלָה עַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְזֶה הב"ד הוּא הַמֻּזְכָּר בְּמַסֶּכֶת הוֹרָיוֹת (הוריות ה') שֶׁשָּׁנִינוּ בּוֹ, הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל אֶחָד מִן הַשְּׁבָטִים וְעָשָׂה אוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט עַל פִּיהֶם, אוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט חַיָּב וּשְׁאָר הַשְּׁבָטִים פְּטוּרִים וְכוּ'. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ הַפְּשָׁט שִׁעוּר הַכָּתוּב שֹׁפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ, יֹאמַר שֶׁיִּתְּנוּ שׁוֹפְטִים לְשִׁבְטֵיהֶם וְהֵם יִשְׁפְּטוּ בְּכָל שַׁעֲרֵיהֶם, וְשׁוֹפֵט הַשֵּׁבֶט יִשְׁפֹּט בְּכָל שְׁעָרָיו:
JUDGES ‘V’SHOTRIM’ SHALT THOU MAKE THEE IN ALL THY GATES WHICH THE ETERNAL THY G-D GIVETH THEE. He has commanded in the Torah, the word of both parties shall come before ha’elohim (the judges); and he shall pay as the judges determine. If so, He commanded [by implication] that Israel is to have judges, and here he [Moses] explained that they are to appoint judges in all their cities when G-d will give them the Land. For outside of the Land they are not required to appoint a court for themselves; rather, when an aggrieved party complains, people qualified to judge are to arise for him and according to their ordinances shall they judge it. Or the parties are to go up to the Land in the proper time [i.e., when there are courts of ordained judges functioning in the Land of Israel], and there, they will adjudicate it in the place of righteousness. He added here [that it is obligatory to appoint] shotrim, who are the ones that execute the judgment. Accordingly, Israelites living outside of the Land are not commanded to appoint for themselves judges in the cities. And so wrote Harav Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon. But in Tractate Makkoth the Rabbis have taught: “And these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings. This teaches that the laws of Sanhedrin are binding both within and without the Land. If so, why is it stated Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates? In the Land you are to appoint [judges] in every district and in every city; outside the Land you are to appoint [judges] in every district, but you are not obligated to do so in every city.” From this text it would appear that we are required to appoint a Sanhedrin outside the Land — not in every city as in the Land of Israel, but in every district. If so, this commandment is binding at all times in civil cases and in matters that may be adjudicated outside the Land. Nowadays, however, that ordination has ceased, since, according to Torah-law, all judicial functions are void — for it is written, “[And these are the ordinances which thou shalt set] before them, and not before commoners ” and we [not being ordained,] are commoners, and would not be empowered to adjudicate outside the Land except for the Rabbinical ordinance that we “carry out the commission of the former ones [who had received ordination]” — we are not at all bound, according to Torah-law, by the commandment to appoint judges. THROUGHOUT THY TRIBES. “This refers to the expression [at the beginning of the verse] shalt thou make thee. This teaches that courts are to be set up in each and every tribe, and in each and every city.” This is Rashi’s language, and so it is also stated in Tractate Sanhedrin. But I know not the meaning of this text, for, since we have appointed courts in each and every city, there are many courts in every tribe [thus making it redundant to specify “throughout thy tribes”]! Perhaps the intent of the verse is to state that if there is a city belonging to two tribes, such as Jerusalem in which there is a share for [the tribe of] Judah and [for the tribe of] Benjamin, that we are to seat two courts therein. And so the Rabbis concluded in Chapter Cheilek that they may divide one city among two tribes, and so, indeed, was Jerusalem shared by Judah and Benjamin. And it is possible to explain that Scripture obligated [the nation] to appoint a court [exercising authority] over the whole tribe and it is to judge all [its people], and then we are to appoint a court for each and every city that is to judge that [particular] city. Now, although all these courts were alike in number of judges, consisting of twenty-three in criminal cases and three in civil cases, [people] most superior in wisdom among them were appointed over the whole tribe, while those inferior to them [were designated for the courts] of each and every city. Parties to a suit could force one another to adjudicate only before the court in their city, not before the court of another city. Even if both parties happened to be in another city one could still say, “Let us go before the court of our own city.” But the [supreme] court of the tribe could force any of the people of that tribe to stand trial before it. And even if the litigants are in their own city one can still say, “I want to go to the Great Court of the tribe.” Similarly, if the courts of the cities are in doubt [concerning the law], they are to come before the Great Court of the tribe and request [its decision]. Thus just as a Great Sanhedrin [of seventy-one judges] was appointed over all courts of all Israel, so one [supreme] court was to be appointed over each and every tribe. And if [the judges of that court] found it necessary to ordain or decree any matter for their own tribe, they were empowered to so decree and ordain and, to that tribe, their word was equivalent to the decree of the Great Sanhedrin over all Israel. This is “the court” mentioned in Tractate Horayoth wherein we are taught, “If the court of one of the tribes rendered a decision [that was unwittingly contrary to a negative commandment, punishable by excision] and that tribe acted according to their word, that tribe is obligated [to bring the prescribed offering], but the rest of the tribes are not liable.” And by way of the plain meaning of Scripture the sense of the verse is [to be inverted as follows]: “Judges and officers shalt thou make thee throughout all thy tribes in all thy gates,” the verse stating that they are to appoint judges over their tribes, and they are to judge in all their gates. Thus the judges of the tribe are to judge in all its cities.