Otherכללי

Pirkei Avot for Family Learning

A source sheet pairing Pirkei Avot 1:1 and 4:1 to explore Torah transmission across generations and the counter-intuitive nature of true greatness—wisdom, strength, wealth, and honor redefined through inner character rather than external measures. The sources include biblical foundations, classical commentaries, and Chassidic teachings to engage learners from early childhood through older students.

אֵיזֶהוּ חָכָם, הַלּוֹמֵד מִכָּל אָדָם

11 sources · verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 6:7 — Teaching Your Children

Deuteronomy 6:7

The Torah commands teaching one's children Torah diligently and speaking of it 'when you sit at home, when you walk on the way, when you lie down, and when you rise up' — the foundational verse for family Torah learning and transmission across generations, directly echoing Avot 1:1's theme of passing Torah down.

וְשִׁנַּנְתָּ֣ם לְבָנֶ֔יךָ וְדִבַּרְתָּ֖ בָּ֑ם בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ֤ בְּבֵיתֶ֙ךָ֙ וּבְלֶכְתְּךָ֣ בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ וּֽבְשׇׁכְבְּךָ֖ וּבְקוּמֶֽךָ׃

Impress them upon your children. Recite them when you stay at home and when you are away, when you lie down and when you get up.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Proverbs 16:32 — Better to be Slow to Anger

Proverbs 16:32

'Better to be slow to anger than a mighty man, and one who rules over his spirit than one who conquers a city' — the biblical source underlying Ben Zoma's teaching in Avot 4:1 that true strength is self-mastery.

ט֤וֹב אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם מִגִּבּ֑וֹר וּמֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝רוּח֗וֹ מִלֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר׃

Better to be forbearing than mighty, To have self-control than to conquer a city.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Pirkei Avot 4:1 — Who is Wise? Who is Strong?

Pirkei Avot 4:1

Ben Zoma asks four questions: Who is wise? Who is strong? Who is rich? Who is honored? — and answers each one with a counter-intuitive definition rooted in inner character: the wise person learns from everyone, the strong person conquers their own inclination, the rich person is satisfied with their portion, and the honored person honors others.

בֶּן זוֹמָא אוֹמֵר, אֵיזֶהוּ חָכָם, הַלּוֹמֵד מִכָּל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיט) מִכָּל מְלַמְּדַי הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי כִּי עֵדְוֹתֶיךָ שִׂיחָה לִּי. אֵיזֶהוּ גִבּוֹר, הַכּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי טז) טוֹב אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם מִגִּבּוֹר וּמשֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ מִלֹּכֵד עִיר. אֵיזֶהוּ עָשִׁיר, הַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכח) יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל אַשְׁרֶיךָ וְטוֹב לָךְ. אֵיזֶהוּ מְכֻבָּד, הַמְכַבֵּד אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ב) כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד וּבֹזַי יֵקָלּוּ:

Ben Zoma said: Who is wise? He who learns from every man, as it is said: “From all who taught me have I gained understanding” (Psalms 119:99). Who is mighty? He who subdues his [evil] inclination, as it is said: “He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that rules his spirit than he that takes a city” (Proverbs 16:32). He who honors his fellow human beings as it is said: “For I honor those that honor Me, but those who spurn Me shall be dishonored” (I Samuel 2:30).

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Pirkei Avot 1:1 — The Chain of Transmission

Pirkei Avot 1:1

Moshe received the Torah from Sinai and transmitted it to Yehoshua, who gave it to the Elders, then to the Prophets, then to the Men of the Great Assembly — establishing the unbroken chain of Torah transmission. They taught three things: be deliberate in judgment, raise up many students, and make a fence around the Torah.

משֶׁה קִבֵּל תּוֹרָה מִסִּינַי, וּמְסָרָהּ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לִזְקֵנִים, וּזְקֵנִים לִנְבִיאִים, וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים, הֱווּ מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַעֲמִידוּ תַלְמִידִים הַרְבֵּה, וַעֲשׂוּ סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה:

Moses received the Torah at Sinai and transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the elders, and the elders to the prophets, and the prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly. They said three things: Be patient in [the administration of] justice, raise many disciples and make a fence round the Torah.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban's Letter to His Son — On Humility and Honoring Others

Iggeret HaRamban 1

The Ramban's famous ethical letter urges his son to speak gently, honor every person, and consider others greater than himself — themes that resonate powerfully with both Avot 1:1's call to 'raise up many students' and Avot 4:1's teaching that the honored person is one who honors others.

"שְׁמַע בְּנִי מוּסַר אָבִיךָ, וְאַל תִּטֹּשׁ תּוֹרַת אִמֶּךָ" (משלי א ח).

"Listen, my son, to the thought of your father, and do not forsake the teaching of your mother." (Proverbs 1:8)

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Orchot Tzadikim — Gate of Humility

Orchot Tzadikim

The anonymous medieval mussar work teaches that true honor comes to those who humble themselves and honor others — directly paralleling Ben Zoma's teaching that the honored person is the one who honors other people, providing a rich mussar lens for family discussion.

הַגַּאֲוָה הִיא הַמַּטְבֵּעַ אֲשֶׁר פָּסַל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְהִזְהִירָנוּ עָלֶיהָ בְּתוֹרָתוֹ. כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ו יב): ״הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת יְיָ אֱלֹהֶיךָ, אֲשֶׁר הוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם״. כִּי הַגֵּאֶה יִשְׁכַּח יוֹצְרוֹ, כְּדִכְתִיב (דברים ח יג-יח):

For pride is the doorway to many evils and we have seen nothing as evil as arrogance in all of the qualities. Therefore, a man must be wise and lead pride along paths that are worthy, and thrust it away from the place where it is not proper for it to be. Pride is the coin which the Great King, Blessed be He, voided, and about which He warned us in His Torah, as it is said: "Take care lest you forget the Lord your God and fail to keep His commandments" (Deut. 8:11).

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal — Derekh Chayyim on Avot 4:1

Derekh Chayyim 4:1

The Maharal explains Ben Zoma's four questions as defining true human greatness — not by what one possesses externally (power, money, social standing) but by inner qualities of wisdom, self-control, contentment, and giving honor to others.

בֶּן זוֹמָא אוֹמֵר, אֵיזֶהוּ חָכָם, הַלּוֹמֵד מִכָּל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיט, צט) מִכָּל מְלַמְּדַי הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי כִּי עֵדְוֹתֶיךָ שִׂיחָה לִּי. אֵיזֶהוּ גִבּוֹר הַכּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי טז, לב) טוֹב אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם מִגִּבּוֹר וּמשֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ מִלֹּכֵד עִיר. אֵיזֶהוּ עָשִׁיר הַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכח, ב) יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל אַשְׁרֶיךָ וְטוֹב לָךְ. אַשְׁרֶיךָ, בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. וטוֹב לָךְ, לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. אֵיזֶהוּ מְכֻבָּד הַמְכַבֵּד אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ש"א ב, ל) כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד וּבֹזַי יֵקָלוּ: איזהו חכם וכו'. יש לשאול בזה, שאמר 'איזהו חכם הלומד מכל אדם', למה לא יהיה 'חכם' מי שיודע תורה הרבה. ועוד, שאמר שנאמר (תהלים קיט, צט) "מכל מלמדי השכלתי", מנא ליה לפרש כך, כי נראה פירוש "מכל מלמדי" - יותר מכל מלמדי, אותם שהיו מלמדי אותם השכלתי*, כמו (תהלים יט, יא) "הנחמדים מזהב ומפז רב". ועוד, שאמר 'איזהו עשיר השמח בחלקו', אף כי בודאי ראוי לומר כי השמח בחלקו הוא עשיר גם כן, כאשר הוא מסתפק בעצמו, אך לשון 'איזהו עשיר', שמשמע כי דוקא השמח בחלקו הוא עשיר, וזולתו אינו עשיר, דבר זה קשיא בודאי, כי למה לא יהיה עשיר מי שיש לו מאה שדות ומאה כרמים ומאה עבדים עובדים אותם, כדאיתא בפרק שני דשבת (כה:). ועוד, 'איזהו מכובד, המכבד את הבריות, מדכתיב (ש"א ב, ל) "כי מכבדי אכבד"', ומה ראיה היא זאת שהמכבד הבריות הוא מכובד. ועוד קשיא, למה בא לפרש אלו ארבע מדות בפרט, ולא בא לפרש מדות אחרות. פירוש המאמר הזה, כי בא בן זומא לתת מוסר על המעלות שהם לאדם. ומפני כי בא ללמוד על דבר שהוא כולל, דהיינו על הדברים שהם בפרט שייכים לאדם במה שהוא אדם, ולכך* שם התנא דברי בן זומא ראש הפרק, כמו שפירשנו בפרק רבי אומר (למעלה פ"ב מ"א) ובפרק עקביא (למעלה פ"ג מ"א), שבאים גם כן ללמוד מוסר כללי. ובא בן זומא ללמד על מעלות אלו שזכר, שהם שייכים בפרט אל האדם. שכל אותם מעלות אינם נחשבים מעלה כי אם כאשר הם באדם עצמו. כי אלו ארבע דברים שייכים לאדם, ונכנסים בגדר האדם; כי החכמה לשכל האדם, שהוא האדם. והגבורה לנפש האדם, שהוא האדם. והעושר קנייני האדם, שאי אפשר לאדם זולתם. וכן הכבוד הוא לאדם עצמו, כמו שיתבאר. לכך אמר כי אלו דברים ראוים שיהיו לאדם מצד* עצמו, כיון שהם שייכים לאדם, ולא שיהיו* מצד זולתו.

Ben Zoma says, "Who is the wise one? He who learns from all men, as it is stated (Psalms 119:99), 'I have acquired understanding from all my teachers.' Who is the mighty one? He who conquers his impulse, as it is stated (Proverbs 16:32), 'slowness to anger is better than a mighty person and the ruler of his spirit than the conqueror of a city.' Who is the rich one? He who is happy with his lot, as it is stated (Psalms 128:2), 'When you eat [from] the work of your hands, you will be happy, and it will be well with you.' 'You will be happy' in this world, and 'it will be well with you' in the world to come. Who is honored? He who honors the creatures, as it is stated (I Samuel 2:30), 'For those who honor Me, I will honor; and those who despise Me will be held in little esteem.'" Who is the wise one, etc.: It may be asked [about] that which he said - "Who is the wise one? He who learns from all men" - why should one who knows much Torah not be [noted here as] wise? Moreover, that which he said - "As it is stated (Psalms 119:99), 'I have acquired understanding from (mi, which can also mean, more than) all my teachers'" - why did he explain it thus? As it appears that the explanation of, "mi all my teachers," is: More than all my teachers, those that taught me, I have acquired understanding. It is like, "They are desirable mi gold and mi much fine gold" (Psalms 19:11). And also, that which he said, "Who is the rich one? He who is happy with his lot": Even though it is certainly appropriate to say that one who is happy with his lot is also rich - as he is self-sufficient - nevertheless, the expression, "who is the happy one," implies that specifically the one who is happy with his lot is rich, and no one else is rich. And this thing is certainly difficult. For why shouldn't someone who has a hundred fields and a hundred vineyards and a hundred servants working them be rich, as it is found in the second chapter of Shabbat (25b)? Moreover, "Who is honored? He who honors the creatures," from its being written (I Samuel 2:30), "For those who honor Me, I will honor" - but what proof is this that one who honors the creatures is honored? And a further difficulty - why did he come to explain specifically these four characteristics and not come to explain other characteristics? The explanation of this statement is that Ben Zoma came to give ethics about the virtues that a man has. And because he came to teach about a thing that is comprehensive - meaning that they are relevant to a person, in that he is a person - that is the reason the teacher placed the words of Ben Zoma at the beginning of the chapter, as we explained in the chapter [entitled] Rabbi Omer (Derekh Chayim 2:1), and in the chapter [entitled] Akavia (Derekh Chayim 3:1) - as they were also coming to teach comprehensive ethics. And Ben Zoma came to teach about these virtues that he mentioned, which are specifically connected to a person. For these four things are connected to a person and fit in with the delineation of man. As wisdom is for the intellect of a man, which is the person; and might is for the spirit of a man, which is the person; and wealth is the acquisitions of a man, which are impossible for a person to be without; and likewise honor is for the man himself, as will be explained. That is the reason he said [this]; for these four things are appropriate to be for a person from the angle of himself - since they are connected to a person - and not from the angle of something besides him.

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal — Derekh Chayyim on Avot 1:1

Derekh Chayyim 1:1

The Maharal explains why the Mishnah begins with Moshe receiving Torah from Sinai: Torah's authority derives not from human wisdom but from its divine origin at Sinai, and the chain of transmission ensures every generation is connected to that original divine source.

אמנם מה שאמר 'משה קבל תורה מסיני', ולא אמר שקבל התורה מפי הקב"ה, יש לפרש כי לכך אמר 'משה קבל תורה מסיני', כי זה מורה על עיקר מעלת הקבלה של משה, שהיה הקב"ה מיחד לו מקום, והוא הר סיני, לתת לו שם תורה. ולא היה הדבר בקרי, כדכתיב אצל נביאי האומות (במדבר כג, ד) "ויקר אלהים אל בלעם", שלא היה מייחד אליו מקום קבוע לדבר. ולא נקרא זה שקבל התורה ממנו יתברך, אם היה הדבר במקרה אליו. כי הקבלה שהוא במקרה לא נקרא קבלה, כיון שבמקרה היה. כי המקבל מקבל מן הנותן אשר מכוין למסור לו, ואז קובע לו מקום לזה. ולכך אמר 'משה קבל תורה מסיני', שהיה מייחד מקום לקבלה זאת, ולא היה כאן קבלה במקרה כלל.

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Mesillat Yesharim — Introduction

Mesillat Yesharim, Introduction

Rav Moshe Chaim Luzzatto opens by noting that the fundamentals of character refinement are not hidden secrets — they are well known but rarely examined deeply. This mirrors Ben Zoma's approach in Avot 4:1: we know what wisdom and strength are, but we misdefine them until we look inward.

הַחִבּוּר הַזֶּה לֹא חִבַּרְתִּיו לְלַמֵּד לִבְנֵי הָאָדָם אֶת אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּ, אֶלָּא לְהַזְכִּירָם אֶת הַיָּדוּעַ לָהֶם כְּבָר וּמְפֻרְסָם אֶצְלָם פִּרְסוּם גָּדוֹל. כִּי לֹא תִּמְצָא בְּרוֹב דְּבָרַי, אֶלָּא דְּבָרִים שֶׁרֹב בְּנֵי הָאָדָם יוֹדְעִים אוֹתָם וְלֹא מִסְתַּפְּקִים בָּהֶם כְּלָל. אֶלָּא שֶׁכְּפִי רֹב פִּרְסוּמָם וּכְנֶגֶד מַה שֶׁאֲמִתָּתָם גְּלוּיָה לַכֹּל, כָּךְ הַהֶעְלֵם מֵהֶם מָצוּי מְאֹד וְהַשִּׁכְחָה רַבָּה. עַל כֵּן אֵין הַתּוֹעֶלֶת הַנִּלְקָט מִזֶּה הַסֵּפֶר יֹצֵא מִן הַקְּרִיאָה בּוֹ פַּעַם אַחַת, כִּי כְּבָר אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא הַקּוֹרֵא בְּשִׂכְלוֹ חִדּוּשִׁים אַחַר קְרִיאָתוֹ שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ בּוֹ לִפְנֵי קְרִיאָתוֹ, אֶלָּא מְעַט.

The writer says: I have composed this work not to teach people what they do not know but to remind them of what they already know and which is very familiar to them. For you will find in most of my words only things which most people already know and do not have any doubt about. But according to their familiarity and to the extent that their truth is evident to all, so too is their neglect very prevalent and forgetfulness of them very great.

Source 10 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi — Satisfaction and Inner Richness

Kedushat Levi, Leviticus, Homily for Pesach

Reb Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev teaches that true satisfaction (samei'ach b'chelko) is not passive acceptance but active joy in one's portion — it is a spiritual achievement that liberates one to serve God with wholeness, enriching the family discussion of Ben Zoma's definition of 'who is rich.'

והנה מלך בשר ודם המצוה לעבדיו לעשות כך וכך עודם מדברים עמו יש יכולת בידם לבקש להפוך ציווי אבל משדיבר עמהם והלכו מלפניו אי אפשר להפוך דבריו. על דרך האב האוהב את בנו קטן לאהבתו הוא מצמצם את שכלו הגדול ומדבר עם הבן כפי השגתו, כך מרוב אהבתו יתברך עושה לנו ניסים ונפלאות ומשנה סדרי בראשית. וזהו פ"ה ס"ח, מלשון (חבקוק ג, ו) שחו גבעת עולם שהוא ירידה ממדריגתו: חכם מה הוא אומר מה העדות והחוקים והמשפטים אשר צוה ה' אלהינו אתכם כו' אין מפטירין אחר הפסח אפיקומן. בכדי להבין קושיות הבן חכם ושייכות התירוץ של אין מפטירין להקושיה נקדים הקדמה אחת.

This is like the way a father speaks to his young child. The father's love for his child leads him to contract (metzamtzem) his adult intellect and speak with the child according to his capabilities. Similarly, based on the greatness of Their love, the Blessed One performs for us signs and wonders and changes the orders of creation.

Source 11 · Hasidic
Verified

Tzava'at HaRivash — The Baal Shem Tov on Learning from Every Person

Tzava'at HaRivash 1:1

The Baal Shem Tov's teachings (as recorded in Tzava'at HaRivash) emphasize that one can and must find something to learn from every single person — even from a wicked person one can learn what to avoid — giving a vivid Chassidic depth to Ben Zoma's maxim in Avot 4:1.

להיות תמים בעבודתו יתברך עבודה תמה ועיקר שלא לשכוח הדברים. ועיקר ללמוד בכל יום שיעור מוסר הן רב הן מעט.

Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem, peace be upon him, taught us to be wholehearted in our service of HaShem, blessed is He and to serve Him with simplicity. Of primary importance is not to forget the Commandments we received directly from HaShem at Chorev (Aseret HaDvarim-עשרת הדברים), and to study teachings of Mussar, that deal with developing good character traits and right conduct, on a daily basis, whether one studies a little or a lot.