Mussarמוסר

Character Lessons from the Book of Ruth

Megillat Ruth offers rich moral instruction in the middot (character traits) of chesed (kindness), tzniut (modesty), hakarat hatov (gratitude), and anava (humility). The sources extract teachings from Ruth's devotion to Naomi, Boaz's generosity and leadership, and their exemplary conduct to illustrate timeless principles of spiritual and ethical growth.

הֵיטַבְתְּ חַסְדֵּךְ הָאַחֲרוֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁוֹן

13 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Megillas Rus — Ruth's Chesed Acknowledged Again

Ruth 3:10

Boaz declares that Ruth's latter kindness (in not pursuing young men) is greater than her first — a teaching that chesed can continually grow and deepen, and that tzniut and loyalty are themselves expressions of greatness of character.

וַיֹּ֗אמֶר בְּרוּכָ֨ה אַ֤תְּ לַֽיהֹוָה֙ בִּתִּ֔י הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הַבַּ֣חוּרִ֔ים אִם־דַּ֖ל וְאִם־עָשִֽׁיר׃

He exclaimed, “Be blessed of GOD, daughter! Your latest deed of loyalty is greater than the first, in that you have not turned to younger men, whether poor or rich.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Megillas Rus — Boaz Praises Ruth's Chesed

Ruth 2:11-12

Boaz tells Ruth that all the city knows she is a woman of valor and praises her for leaving her homeland to care for her mother-in-law. This highlights the middah of hakarat hatov and the recognition that true kindness comes with self-sacrifice.

וַיַּ֤עַן בֹּ֙עַז֙ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָ֔הּ הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י כֹּ֤ל אֲשֶׁר־עָשִׂית֙ אֶת־חֲמוֹתֵ֔ךְ אַחֲרֵ֖י מ֣וֹת אִישֵׁ֑ךְ וַתַּעַזְבִ֞י אָבִ֣יךְ וְאִמֵּ֗ךְ וְאֶ֙רֶץ֙ מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֔ךְ וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־יָדַ֖עַתְּ תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהֹוָ֖ה פׇּעֳלֵ֑ךְ וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהֹוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו׃

Boaz said in reply, “I have been told of all that you did for your mother-in-law after the death of your husband, how you left your father and mother and the land of your birth and came to a people you had not known before. May GOD reward your deeds. May you have a full recompense from the ETERNAL, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have sought refuge!”

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Megillas Rus — Ruth's Declaration of Loyalty

Ruth 1:16-17

Ruth's famous words 'wherever you go I will go... your people shall be my people and your God my God' exemplify the middah of chesed and self-sacrifice, as she clings to Naomi with total devotion despite having no personal benefit to gain.

וַתֹּ֤אמֶר רוּת֙ אַל־תִּפְגְּעִי־בִ֔י לְעׇזְבֵ֖ךְ לָשׁ֣וּב מֵאַחֲרָ֑יִךְ כִּ֠י אֶל־אֲשֶׁ֨ר תֵּלְכִ֜י אֵלֵ֗ךְ וּבַאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֙ינִי֙ אָלִ֔ין עַמֵּ֣ךְ עַמִּ֔י וֵאלֹהַ֖יִךְ אֱלֹהָֽי׃ בַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֙וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת וְשָׁ֖ם אֶקָּבֵ֑ר כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהֹוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יוֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י הַמָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ׃

But Ruth replied, “Do not urge me to leave you, to turn back and not follow you. For wherever you go, I will go; wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. Thus and more may GOD do to me if anything but death parts me from you.”

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud — The Laws of Accepting Converts

Yevamot 47b

The Talmud uses Naomi's instruction to Ruth as the halachic model for receiving converts, noting Ruth's unwavering response as the paradigm of sincerity and commitment. The passage highlights anava (humility) and emunah as the foundations of genuine spiritual transformation.

(וּמוֹדִיעִים אוֹתוֹ עֲוֹן שִׁכְחָה וּפֵאָה) וְאֵין מַרְבִּים עָלָיו וְאֵין מְדַקְדְּקִים עָלָיו. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מַאי קְרָאָה — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַתֵּרֶא כִּי מִתְאַמֶּצֶת הִיא לָלֶכֶת אִתָּהּ וַתֶּחְדַּל לְדַבֵּר אֵלֶיהָ״. אֲמַרָה לַהּ: אֲסִיר לַן תְּחוּם שַׁבָּת — ״בַּאֲשֶׁר תֵּלְכִי אֵלֵךְ״. אֲסִיר לַן יִחוּד — ״בַּאֲשֶׁר תָּלִינִי אָלִין״. מִפַּקְדִינַן שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה מִצְוֹת — ״עַמֵּךְ עַמִּי״. אֲסִיר לַן עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה — ״וֵאלֹהַיִךְ אֱלֹהָי״. אַרְבַּע מִיתוֹת נִמְסְרוּ לְבֵית דִּין — ״בַּאֲשֶׁר תָּמוּתִי אָמוּת״. שְׁנֵי קְבָרִים נִמְסְרוּ לְבֵית דִּין — ״וְשָׁם אֶקָּבֵר״.

The baraita continues: And they inform him of the sin of neglecting the mitzva to allow the poor to take gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and produce in the corner of one’s field. And they do not overwhelm him with threats, and they are not exacting with him about the details of the mitzvot, i.e., the court should not overly dissuade the convert from converting. Rabbi Elazar said: What is the verse from which this ruling is derived? As it is written: “And when she saw that she was steadfastly minded to go with her, she left off speaking with her” (Ruth 1:18). When Naomi set out to return to Eretz Yisrael, Ruth insisted on joining her. The Gemara understands this to mean that Ruth wished to convert. Naomi attempted to dissuade her, but Ruth persisted. The verse states that once Naomi saw Ruth’s resolve to convert, she desisted from her attempts to dissuade her. The Gemara infers from here that the same approach should be taken by a court in all cases of conversion. The Gemara reconstructs the original dialogue in which Naomi attempted to dissuade Ruth from converting: Naomi said to her: On Shabbat, it is prohibited for us to go beyond the Shabbat limit. Ruth responded: “Where you go, I shall go” (Ruth 1:16), and no further. Naomi said to her: It is forbidden for us to be alone together with a man with whom it is forbidden to engage in relations. Ruth responded: “Where you lodge, I shall lodge” (Ruth 1:16), and in the same manner. Naomi said to her: We are commanded to observe six hundred and thirteen mitzvot. Ruth responded: “Your people are my people” (Ruth 1:16). Naomi said to her: Idolatrous worship is forbidden to us. Ruth responded: “Your God is my God” (Ruth 1:16). Naomi said to her: Four types of capital punishment were handed over to a court with which to punish those who transgress the mitzvot. Ruth responded: “Where you die, I shall die” (Ruth 1:17). Naomi said to her: Two burial grounds were handed over to the court, one for those executed for more severe crimes and another for those executed for less severe crimes. Ruth responded: “And there I shall be buried” (Ruth 1:17).

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud — Boaz and the Character of the Judges

Bava Batra 91a

The Gemara notes that Boaz (identified with Ivtzan) judged Israel and was known for his extraordinary acts of charity and hospitality. This illustrates the middah of nedivut (generosity) as the hallmark of Jewish leadership.

אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: אִבְצָן זֶה בֹּעַז. מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן? כִּי אִידַּךְ דְּרַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא – דְּאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים מִשְׁתָּאוֹת עָשָׂה בֹּעַז לְבָנָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיְהִי לוֹ שְׁלֹשִׁים בָּנִים, וּשְׁלֹשִׁים בָּנוֹת שִׁלַּח הַחוּצָה, וּשְׁלֹשִׁים בָּנוֹת הֵבִיא לְבָנָיו מִן הַחוּץ, וַיִּשְׁפֹּט אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים״. וּבְכׇל אַחַת וְאַחַת עָשָׂה שְׁנֵי מִשְׁתָּאוֹת – אֶחָד בְּבֵית אָבִיו, וְאֶחָד בְּבֵית חָמִיו; וּבְכוּלָּן לֹא זִימֵּן אֶת מָנוֹחַ – אָמַר: כּוּדָנָא עֲקָרָה, בְּמַאי פָּרְעָא לִי? תָּאנָא: וְכוּלָּן מֵתוּ בְּחַיָּיו. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: ״בְּחַיִּיךְ דִּילַדְתְּ שִׁיתִּין שִׁיתִּין – לְמָה לִיךְ? אִיכְּפַל, וְאוֹלִיד חַד דְּמִשִּׁיתִּין זָרִיז.

Apropos the story of Ruth the Gemara adds: Rabba bar Rav Huna says that Rav says: The judge Ibzan of Bethlehem (see Judges 12:8–10) is Boaz. The Gemara asks: What is he teaching us? The Gemara explains that this comment is in accordance with the other statement of Rabba bar Rav Huna, as Rabba bar Rav Huna says that Rav says: Boaz prepared one hundred and twenty feasts for his children at their weddings. As it is stated, concerning Ibzan: “And he had thirty sons, and thirty daughters he sent abroad, and thirty daughters he brought in from abroad for his sons. And he judged Israel seven years” (Judges 12:9). The verse indicates that he had sixty children. And at each and every wedding he prepared for his children, he made two feasts, one in the house of the father of the groom and one in the house of the father-in-law of the groom. And he did not invite Manoah, the future father of Samson, whose wife was barren (see Judges 13:2) to any of them, as he said: It is not worth inviting him; he is a sterile mule, how will he pay me back? Manoah will never invite me in return, as he has no children. A Sage taught: And all of the children of Ibzan died during his lifetime. And this explains the adage that people say: Why do you need the sixty, the sixty children that you beget during your lifetime? Go to the trouble and beget one who will be more diligent than sixty. This adage refers to Boaz, who had sixty children who died, and yet his last child, born from Ruth, is his glory, as King David was born from this line.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Talmud — Whoever Raises an Orphan

Sanhedrin 19b

The Talmud teaches that whoever raises an orphan in his home is considered as if he gave birth to them, derived from Boaz and Naomi's example; this illustrates the middah of taking responsibility for others as a core expression of chesed.

(חֲנִינָא קָרָא יוֹחָנָן וְאִשְׁתּוֹ אֶלְעָזָר וּגְאוּלָּה וּשְׁמוּאֵל בְּלִימּוּדוֹ סִימָן.) רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אוֹמֵר, מֵהָכָא: ״וַתִּקְרֶאנָה לוֹ הַשְּׁכֵנוֹת שֵׁם לֵאמֹר יוּלַּד בֵּן לְנׇעֳמִי״. וְכִי נָעֳמִי יָלְדָה? וַהֲלֹא רוּת יָלְדָה! אֶלָּא רוּת יָלְדָה וְנׇעֳמִי גִּידְּלָה, לְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא עַל שְׁמָהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: תּוֹקְפּוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף – עִנְוְותָנוּתוֹ שֶׁל בּוֹעַז, תּוֹקְפּוֹ שֶׁל בּוֹעַז – עִנְוְותָנוּתוֹ שֶׁל פַּלְטִי בֶּן לַיִשׁ. תּוֹקְפּוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף – עִנְוְותָנוּתוֹ שֶׁל בּוֹעַז, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה וַיֶּחֱרַד הָאִישׁ וַיִּלָּפֵת״. מַאי ״וַיִּלָּפֵת״? אָמַר רַב: שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה בְּשָׂרוֹ כְּרָאשֵׁי לְפָתוֹת.

The Gemara presents a mnemonic for the following discussion: Ḥanina called; Yoḥanan and his wife; Elazar and redemption; and Shmuel in my studies. Rabbi Ḥanina says: Proof for the aforementioned statement can be derived from here: “And the neighbors gave him a name, saying: There is a son born to Naomi” (Ruth 4:17). And did Naomi give birth to the son? But didn’t Ruth give birth to him? Rather, Ruth gave birth and Naomi raised him. Therefore, he was called by her name: “A son born to Naomi.” Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Joseph’s power is the humility of Boaz, as Joseph is praised for showing strength with regard to an accomplishment that was insignificant for Boaz (see Genesis, chapter 39). Likewise, Boaz’s power is the humility of Palti, son of Laish, as Palti’s capacity for restraint was greater still. Joseph’s power is the humility of Boaz, as it is written about Boaz: “And it came to pass at midnight that the man was startled and turned himself, and behold, a woman lay at his feet” (Ruth 3:8). What is the meaning of “and turned himself [vayyilafet]”? Rav says: The meaning is that his flesh became like the heads of turnips [lefatot], his sexual organ hardening out of arousal, but even though Ruth was not married he refrained from engaging in intercourse with her; while Joseph had to exert more effort, despite the fact that Potiphar’s wife was married.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Ralbag — Toaliyot (Moral Lessons) from Megillas Rus

Ralbag Ruth, Benefits

The Ralbag systematically extracts moral and philosophical lessons (toaliyot) from the Megillah, including the importance of clinging to good friends and role models, the virtue of humility in asking for help, and the reward that comes to those who perform chesed consistently.

התועלת השלישי. הוא להודיע שראוי לאדם שיהיה זריז להמציא לו הצורך אליו בעת שתמצא ידו ולא יתעצל בזה. הלא תראה מה שקרה לרות מפני חריצותה לאגור מאכלה ומאכל חמותה בעת שתמצא עד שתכף שבאו קציר. שעורים השתדלה ללקוט בשבלים אחרי הקוצרים והיתה שוקדת על זה כמו שספר זה שבתה הבית מעט ובאה שם בבקר ולקטה עד הערב: התועלת הרביעי. הוא להודיע שהמתקרב אל ה׳ יתברך יצליחו ענייניו. הלא תראה איך סבב ה' יתברך להצליח רות עד שכבר נשאת לשופט מהשופטים וזכתה להיות מזרעה המלכות על ישראל לנצח וזה שכבר יצא ממנה דוד אשר נתנה לו המלוכה ברית מלח: התועלת התשיעי. הוא להודיע כי כשיראה אדם רצון איש אחד להטיב לו מאד ולא ידע בזה סבה הנה ראוי שיודיע לו מי הוא כי אולי האחר טועה בו וחושב שהוא איש מה שהוא גמול חסדו ולקיחת הטוב בזה האופן הוא בלתי ראוי. ולזה ספר שכבר שאלה רות הסבה ואמרה לו מדוע מצאתי חן בעיניך להכירני ואנכי נכריה לחשבה כי אולי חשב בועז שהיא אשה. אחרת אשר הוא מחויב להטיב לה עד שהשיב לה כי כבר ידע מי היא ושהוא מחויב להטיב לה בעבור החסד שגמלה לנעמי: התועלת העשירי. הוא להודיע שהוא ראוי לגמול חסד למי שיגמלהו לו או לקרוביו. הלא תראה כי מפני החסד שעשתה רות לנעמי שהיתה אשת קרובו התעורר לעשות לרות זה החסד שנזכר בזאת המגלה עד שכבר הפליג בזה ורצה להטיב לה באופן שלא תרגיש בו כדי שלא תתבייש מזה והוא מה שצוה שישולו לה מן הצבתים וכבר עשה לה כל זה בעבור החסד שעשתה לנעמי כמו שספר מצורף אל זה מה שהראתה מטוב לבבה עם ה' יתברך בבואה לחסות תחת כנפיו ולזאת הסבה תמצא מפני החסד שעשתה רות לנעמי והיתה עושה לה תמיד התעוררה נעמי לבקש לה מנוח אשר ייטב לה ונתנה לה עצה נתיישרה בה להנשא לבועז:

The third benefit is to inform that a person should be diligent in securing what they need when the opportunity arises and not be lazy about it. Do you not see what happened to Ruth due to her diligence in gathering food for herself and her mother-in-law when she had the chance? As soon as the barley harvest began, she endeavored to gather ears of grain behind the reapers and was diligent in this, as it is recounted that she rested at home for only a short time, came there in the morning, and gathered until the evening. The fourth benefit is to inform that one who draws close to God will have their matters succeed. Do you not see how God caused Ruth to succeed until she married a judge of the judges and merited to be an ancestor of the royal lineage of Israel forever? This is because David, who received the eternal covenant of kingship, descended from her. The ninth benefit is to inform that when someone sees another person showing a strong desire to help them without knowing the reason, it is proper to ask them who they are. This is because the other person might be mistaken and think they are someone else who deserves their kindness, and accepting such kindness under false pretenses is improper. Therefore, it is mentioned that Ruth asked Boaz the reason, saying, "Why have I found favor in your eyes, that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner?" She thought Boaz might have mistaken her for someone else he was obligated to help, until he replied that he knew who she was and felt obligated to help her because of the kindness she had shown to Naomi. The tenth benefit is to inform that it is proper to show kindness to someone who has shown kindness to you or to your relatives. Do you not see that because of the kindness Ruth showed to Naomi, who was the wife of Boaz's relative, Boaz was moved to show Ruth the kindness mentioned in this scroll? He went to great lengths, even providing for her in a way that she would not feel embarrassed, as he instructed his workers to let her glean among the sheaves. He did all this because of the kindness she had shown to Naomi, along with the goodness she displayed in seeking refuge under the wings of the Divine Presence. Therefore, you will find that because of the kindness Ruth constantly showed to Naomi, Naomi was moved to seek rest for Ruth that would be good for her and gave her advice that led to her marrying Boaz.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Chovos HaLevavos — Love and Clinging to the Good

Duties of the Heart, Tenth Treatise on Devotion to God.6

Rabbeinu Bachya explains that true chesed and love must come from the heart and not merely external acts — Ruth's total commitment to Naomi is the archetype of this internal, sincere love that the Torah demands of us toward God and fellow human beings.

אֲבָל אוֹתוֹת הָאַהֲבָה בֵּאלֹהִים מִן הָאוֹהֵב, מֵהֶם עֲזִיבַת כָּל מָה שֶׁיַּטְרִידֵהוּ מֵעֲבוֹדַת הַבּוֹרֵא יִתְבָּרַךְ מֵעִנְיְנֵי הַמּוֹתָרִים. וְהַמָּשָׁל בָּזֶה מִשְּׁנֵי סוֹחֲרִים הִגִּיעוּ אֶל הַמְּדִינָה הִרְוִיחַ אֶחָד מֵהֶם בִּסְחוֹרָה אַחַת שֶׁהָיְתָה בְּיָדוֹ עֲשֶׂרֶת כִּפְלֵי הַקֶּרֶן וְהָיָה הַכֹּל מֵאָה זוּז.

The signs of genuine love recognizable in one who loves Him: * Abandoning every unnecessary thing that distracts him from the service of the Creator. * Another sign, that he is willing to give up his life, body, money, and children to do the will of the Creator, as written "For Your sake are we slain all the day long" (Tehilim 44:23).

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Tomer Devorah — Imitating Divine Attributes

Tomer Devorah 1:1

The Ramak teaches that the highest human calling is to emulate the thirteen middot of God's mercy. Ruth's chesed toward Naomi — unconditional, boundary-less, and self-sacrificing — mirrors the divine attribute of chesed and serves as the human ideal the Tomer Devorah asks us to embody.

הָאָדָם רָאוּי שֶׁיִּתְדַּמֶּה לְקוֹנוֹ וְאָז יִהְיֶה בְּסוֹד הַצּוּרָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה צֶלֶם וּדְמוּת, שֶׁאִלּוּ יְדֻמֶּה בְּגוּפוֹ וְלֹא בִּפְעֻלּוֹת הֲרֵי הוּא מַכְזִיב הַצּוּרָה וְיֹאמְרוּ עָלָיו צוּרָה נָאָה וּמַעֲשִׂים כְּעוּרִים. שֶׁהֲרֵי עִיקָר הַצֶּלֶם וְהַדְּמוּת הָעֶלְיוֹן הֵן פְּעֻלּוֹתָיו, וּמַה יוֹעִיל לוֹ הֱיוֹתוֹ כְּצוּרָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה דְּמוּת תַּבְנִית אֵבָרָיו וּבַפְּעֻלּוֹת לֹא יִתְדַמֶּה לְקוֹנוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ רָאוּי שֶׁיִּתְדַּמֶּה אֶל פְּעֻלּוֹת הַכֶּתֶר שֶׁהֵן י"ג מִדּוֹת שֶׁל רַחֲמִים עֶלְיוֹנוֹת. וּרְמוּזוֹת בְּסוֹד הַפְּסוּקִים (מיכה ז, יח) מִי אֵל כָּמוֹךָ. יָשׁוּב יְרַחֲמֵנוּ.

Chapter 1 - That it is fitting for a person to resemble his Creator: It is fitting for a person to resemble his Creator and then he will be [configured] in the secret of the Highest Form, [both] in image and likeness. As if he is alike in his body but not in his actions, he betrays the Form; and they will say about him, "A lovely form, but ugly deeds." As behold, the essence of the Highest Image and Likeness is His actions. And what will it benefit him to have the structure of his limbs like the Highest Form, but not resemble his Creator in his actions? Therefore it is fitting that he should [make his actions] resemble the actions of the Crown (Keter), which are the thirteen highest traits of mercy.

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal — Netiv Gemilut Chasadim

Netivot Olam, Netiv Gmilut Chasadim 1:1

The Maharal explains that gemilut chasadim is the very foundation upon which the world stands, and that it is performed with one's entire being — body and soul — in contrast to mere charity. Ruth's acts are the living embodiment of this teaching.

יבאר ענייני גמילות חסדים והכנסת אורחים ובקור חולים והלוויית המת ושמחת חתן וכלה:

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

Mesillas Yesharim — The Middah of Kedushah and Prishus

Mesillat Yesharim, Chapter 19

The Ramchal teaches that holiness includes refining one's interpersonal conduct; the story of Ruth and Boaz in the threshing floor (Ruth 3) is a classic example of acting with tzniut and kedushat hamiddot even when no one is watching.

הַחֵלֶק הַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁבָּרִאשׁוֹן הוּא בַּמֶּה שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וְעִנְיָנוֹ גֹּדֶל הַהֲטָבָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הָאָדָם לְעוֹלָם מֵטִיב לַבְּרִיּוֹת וְלֹא מֵרֵעַ לָהֶם, וְזֶה בַּגּוּף, בַּמָּמוֹן, וּבַנֶּפֶשׁ. בַּגּוּף, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִשְׁתַּדֵּל לַעֲזֹר כָּל אָדָם בְּמָה שֶׁיּוּכַל וְיָקֵל מַשָּׂאָם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם, וְהוּא מָה שֶׁשָּׁנִינוּ (אבות פ"ו): וְנוֹשֵׂא בְעֹל עִם חֲבֵרוֹ, וְאִם מַגִּיעַ לַחֲבֵרוֹ אֵיזֶה נֶזֶק בְּגוּפוֹ, וְהוּא יוּכַל לִמְנֹעַ אוֹתוֹ אוֹ לַהֲסִירוֹ, יִטְרַח כְּדֵי לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ. בְּמָמוֹן, לְסַיְּעוֹ בַּאֲשֶׁר תַּשִּׂיג יָדוֹ, וְלִמְנֹעַ מִמֶּנּוּ הַנְּזָקִין בְּכָל מָה שֶׁיּוּכַל, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁיַּרְחִיק הוּא כָּל מִינֵי נְזָקִין שֶׁיְּכוֹלִים לָבוֹא מֵחֲמָתוֹ, בֵּין לְיָחִיד בֵּין לְרַבִּים, בַּנֶּפֶשׁ, שֶׁיִּשְׁתַּדֵּל לַעֲשׂוֹת לַחֲבֵרוֹ כָּל קוֹרַת רוּחַ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדוֹ, בֵּין בְּעִנְיְנֵי הַכָּבוֹד, בֵּין בְּכָל שְׁאָר הָעִנְיָנִים, כָּל מָה שֶׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאִם יַעֲשֵׂהוּ לַחֲבֵרוֹ הוּא מְקַבֵּל נַחַת רוּחַ מִמֶּנּוּ, מִצְוַת חֲסִידוּת הוּא לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁלֹּא יְצַעֲרֶנּוּ בְּשׁוּם מִינֵי צַעַר כְּלָל, יִהְיֶה בְּאֵיזֶה אֹפֶן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה. וּכְלָל כָּל זֶה הוּא גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים אֲשֶׁר הִפְלִיגוּ חֲזַ"ל בְּשִׁבְחָהּ וּבְחוֹבָתֵנוּ בָּהּ, וּבִכְלַל זֶה רְדִיפַת הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁהוּא הַהֲטָבָה הַכְּלָלִית בֵּין כָּל אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ.

Our sages, of blessed memory, called these "the remnants of a mitzva". They said: "the remnants of the mitzvot prevent divine punishment" (Sukkah 38a). For even though the body of a mitzvah is fulfilled without them and one has already discharged his obligation, nevertheless, this is sufficient for the general masses of the Jewish people. But those who are Pious must only increase fulfillment in the mitzvot and not omit any detail whatsoever of them. As we learned: "bearing the yoke with one's fellow" (Avot 6:6). If his fellow is about to be struck by some bodily harm and he can prevent it or remove it, he should exert himself to do so.

Source 12 · Hasidic
Verified

Noam Elimelech — Clinging to the Tzaddik

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bereshit, Noach 1

The Noam Elimelech teaches the concept of dvekut — clinging to a tzaddik as the path to spiritual elevation. Ruth's clinging to Naomi (a prophetess and great woman) is the paradigm of this chassidic ideal: the student who clings to her teacher is transformed.

אלה תולדות נח נח איש צדיק תמים היה בדורותיו. נ"ל דהנה האדם העוסק בעבודת הבורא יתברך ויתעלה בכל מעשיו, דהיינו אפילו בדברים הגשמיים כמו אכילה ושתיה, שאוכל ושותה בקדושה, עכ"פ בכוונה לדחות את הפסולת ולהעלות את הרוחניות שבו, אזי בכל פעם שעולה ובא בבחינה אחרת יתירה זה נקרא בשם 'דור', דהבחינה הראשונה שהיה מתנהג בה, כל ימי נהוגו בה היא כמו 'דור', ואחר שנופל מבחינה זאת ונופל לבחינה אחרת, הרי הוא כמו שבא בדור אחר. וזה הוא "דור הולך ודור בא", פירושו כנ"ל, שזה נופל מבחינה ראשונה שהיה מתנהג עד הנה, הבחינה הזאת הולכת ממנו זה "דור הולך", "ודור בא", ג"כ כנ"ל שבא לבחינה אחרת, ואמר הכתוב אך צריך שיהיה באופן "והארץ לעולם עומדת", פירוש שהארציות, דהיינו הגשמיות, צריך להעמידה שיהא מתנהג בהם בקדושה כנ"ל, והיינו "לעולם עומדת", ר"ל לעולם העליון. והאדם המתנהג כנ"ל, בא בכל פעם בבחינה אחרת, אבל מי שאינו מתנהג בקדושה לא שייך בו כל זאת, שאין עולה כלל לבחינה אחרת. וזהו "דור לדור", פירוש אדם הרוצה לצאת ולבוא מדור לדור, דהיינו מבחינה לבחינה כנ"ל, "ישבח מעשיך", פירוש צריך לקדש עצמו אף בגשמיות כ"כ, עד שגם מעשיו הגשמיים ישבחו להשי"ת ב"ה. וזהו "נח איש צדיק תמים היה בדורותיו", פירוש בכל בחינותיו שהיה בו, בכל פעם היה צדיק תמים בהם, וכל זה היה לו מחמת ש"את האלקים התהלך נח", ר"ל שכל מעשיו לא היו רק לשמו הגדול יתברך, לכן הלך בכל פעם מבחינה לבחינה.

These are the generations of Noach, Noach was a righteous person, complete in his time (Genesis 6:9) It appears to me that the person who deals with serving the Blessed and Exalted Creator in all their deeds, meaning, even in physical things such as eating and drinking, that that person eats and drinks in holiness, in any instance trying to distance from the dross and to raise the spirituality in themselves, then in every time that they raise up and get to a different, more complete, level, this is called "generation". This is because the first aspect that they were acting on, all the days they are acting on that aspect, that aspect is called "generation". And after they fall into a different aspect, behold, that person is like one who came into a different generation. And this is the meaning of "a generation goes and a generation comes", as just explained, that the one who falls from one's first aspect in which they were acting until now, that aspect is gone from them, like "a generation goes". "And a generation comes" it is also as explained, that they came to a different aspect, and the text says that nevertheless the person needs to get through the method "and the land [eretz] stands forever", meaning, that the corporeality [artziut], that is, physicality, needs to be maintained so that one will act in it with holiness, as explained, and "stands forever [le'olam]" really means to the Upper World [olam]. And a person that acts as described come to a different aspect every moment, but to one who does not act with holiness, none of this applies, since they do not go to any other aspect at all. And this is "from generation to generation", meaning, a person who wants to go out and enter from a generation to another generation, that is, from one aspect to another, as explained, "Your deed will be praised", meaning, one needs to make even oneself holy even in their corporeality, to the point that even one's physical deeds will be praise to the Holy Exalted Name, Blessed be. And this is "Noach was a righteous man, perfect in his generations" - the explanation is that in all his aspects, all that was in him, in every moment he was righteous and perfect, and all that was due to "Noach walked with E-lohim", meaning, all his deeds were only for the Great Blessed Name, and so he always went from one aspect to another aspect.

Source 13 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi — Chesed as the Root of Redemption

Kedushat Levi, Leviticus, Homily for Pesach 1

The Kedushat Levi connects the theme of chesed shel emet (true lovingkindness) to the process of geulah (redemption), teaching that acts of pure selfless love — exemplified by Ruth — are the spiritual engine that draws the final redemption closer.

והנראה, דהנה כשאדם מאמין באמונה שלימה שהקדוש ברוך הוא הוא אבינו ויש לו תענוג כשמשפיע טובות על עמו ישראל כאשר היכולת בידו לתת טובות לכל העולמות אז האדם אינו חסר כלום וכשיבקש מן הקדוש ברוך הוא לרחם על עמו בודאי הקדוש ברוך הוא ימלא רצונו. וזה הרמז בפסוק (דברים יח, יג) תמים תהיה עם ה' אלהיך, כלומר אתה תהיה תמים בלתי חסר שום דבר כשתהיה עם ה' אלהיך.