Halachaהלכה

Organ Donation in Jewish Law

Jewish sources address organ donation through the lens of pikuach nefesh (saving a life), which overrides most other commandments, and the obligation not to stand idly by while another's life is in danger. Sources range from classical Talmudic principles to medieval and modern responsa that weigh the sanctity of life against concerns such as the dignity of the deceased.

כָּל הַמְקַיֵּם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ קִיֵּים עוֹלָם מָלֵא

13 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Leviticus – 'Do not stand idly by the blood of your neighbor'

Leviticus 19:16

The Torah's prohibition 'lo ta'amod al dam re'ekha' — do not stand idly by while your neighbor's life is in danger — is one of the central biblical sources cited in discussions of the obligation to save life, foundational to arguments in favor of organ donation.

לֹא־תֵלֵ֤ךְ רָכִיל֙ בְּעַמֶּ֔יךָ לֹ֥א תַעֲמֹ֖ד עַל־דַּ֣ם רֵעֶ֑ךָ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃

Do not deal basely with members of your people. Do not profit by the blood of your fellow: I am GOD.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Talmud Sanhedrin – Yehareg v'al ya'avor and the limits of self-sacrifice

Sanhedrin 74a

The Talmud's discussion of when one must give up one's life versus when one may (or must) violate a prohibition to survive is relevant to the question of whether a living person may donate an organ at personal risk for another's benefit.

אַבָּיֵי אָמַר: בְּיָכוֹל לְהַצִּיל בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרָיו, וְרַבִּי יוֹנָתָן בֶּן שָׁאוּל הִיא. דְּתַנְיָא: רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן בֶּן שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר, רוֹדֵף שֶׁהָיָה רוֹדֵף אַחַר חֲבֵירוֹ לְהוֹרְגוֹ, וְיָכוֹל לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרָיו וְלֹא הִצִּיל – נֶהֱרָג עָלָיו. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יְהוֹצָדָק: נִימְנוּ וְגָמְרוּ בַּעֲלִיַּת בֵּית נַתְּזָה בְּלוֹד, כׇּל עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה אִם אוֹמְרִין לָאָדָם ״עֲבוֹר וְאַל תֵּהָרֵג״ – יַעֲבוֹר וְאַל יֵהָרֵג, חוּץ מֵעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְגִילּוּי עֲרָיוֹת וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים.

Abaye says: The ruling of the mishna is stated with regard to a young woman who was raped in a case where one was able to save her by injuring the pursuer in one of his limbs, so that it was not necessary to kill him in order to achieve her rescue, and it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yonatan ben Shaul. As it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yonatan ben Shaul says: If a pursuer was pursuing another to kill him, and one was able to save the pursued party without killing the pursuer, but instead by injuring him in one of his limbs, but he did not save him in this manner and rather chose to kill him, he is executed on his account as a murderer. § The Gemara now considers which prohibitions are permitted in times of mortal danger. Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: The Sages who discussed this issue counted the votes of those assembled and concluded in the upper story of the house of Nitza in the city of Lod: With regard to all other transgressions in the Torah, if a person is told: Transgress this prohibition and you will not be killed, he may transgress that prohibition and not be killed, because the preserving of his own life overrides all of the Torah’s prohibitions. This is the halakha concerning all prohibitions except for those of idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed. Concerning those prohibitions, one must allow himself to be killed rather than transgress them.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Yoma – Pikuach nefesh overrides Shabbat

Yoma 85a

The Talmud derives from multiple verses that saving a life (pikuach nefesh) overrides virtually all other commandments, including Shabbat. This principle underlies the permissibility — and in some views, the obligation — of organ donation to save a recipient's life.

וּכְבָר הָיָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה מְהַלְּכִין בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וְלֵוִי הַסַּדָּר וְרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה מְהַלְּכִין אַחֲרֵיהֶן. נִשְׁאֲלָה שְׁאֵלָה זוֹ בִּפְנֵיהֶם: מִנַּיִין לְפִקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁדּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת? נַעֲנָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְאָמַר: ״אִם בַּמַּחְתֶּרֶת יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב״ — וּמָה זֶה, שֶׁסָּפֵק עַל מָמוֹן בָּא סָפֵק עַל נְפָשׁוֹת בָּא, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים מְטַמֵּא אֶת הָאָרֶץ, וְגוֹרֵם לַשְּׁכִינָה שֶׁתִּסְתַּלֵּק מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, נִיתָּן לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּנַפְשׁוֹ — קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְפִקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁדּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת.

§ The Gemara relates: It once happened that Rabbi Yishmael, and Rabbi Akiva, and Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya were walking on the road, and Levi HaSadar and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, were walking respectfully behind them, since they were younger and did not walk alongside their teachers. This question was asked before them: From where is it derived that saving a life overrides Shabbat? Rabbi Yishmael answered and said that it is stated: “If a thief be found breaking in and be struck so that he dies, there shall be no blood-guiltiness for him” (Exodus 22:1). Now, if this is true for the thief, where there is uncertainty whether he comes to take money or to take lives, and it is known that bloodshed renders the land impure, since it is stated about a murderer: “And you shall not defile the land” (Numbers 35:34), and it causes the Divine Presence to depart from the Jewish people, as the verse continues: “In the midst of which I dwell, for I the Lord dwell in the midst of the children of Israel” (Numbers 35:34), and even so the home owner is permitted to save himself at the cost of the thief’s life, then a fortiori saving a life overrides Shabbat.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Mishnah Sanhedrin – Whoever saves a single life

Sanhedrin 4:5

The famous Mishnah teaching that 'whoever saves a single soul of Israel, Scripture accounts it as if he saved an entire world' — a cornerstone of the halachic imperative to save life (pikuach nefesh), often invoked to support organ donation.

לְפִיכָךְ נִבְרָא אָדָם יְחִידִי, לְלַמֶּדְךָ, שֶׁכָּל הַמְאַבֵּד נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ אִבֵּד עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וְכָל הַמְקַיֵּם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ קִיֵּם עוֹלָם מָלֵא.

And conversely, anyone who sustains one soul from the Jewish people, the verse ascribes him credit as if he sustained an entire world. The mishna cites another reason Adam the first man was created alone: And this was done due to the importance of maintaining peace among people, so that one person will not say to another: My father, i.e., progenitor, is greater than your father.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot – Weigh the loss of a mitzvah against its reward

Pirkei Avot 2:1

Rabbi's teaching to calculate the 'loss' incurred by performing a mitzvah against the reward, and the 'gain' of a transgression against its cost, is applied in responsa literature to the risk a living donor takes upon himself for another's benefit.

וֶהֱוֵי מְחַשֵּׁב הֶפְסֵד מִצְוָה כְּנֶגֶד שְׂכָרָהּ, וּשְׂכַר עֲבֵרָה כְנֶגֶד הֶפְסֵדָהּ.

Also, reckon the loss [that may be sustained through the fulfillment] of a commandment against the reward [accruing] thereby, and the gain [that may be obtained through the committing] of a transgression against the loss [entailed] thereby.

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Positive obligation to save life

Mishneh Torah, Murderer and the Preservation of Life 1:14

Rambam rules that one who is able to save another's life but fails to do so transgresses 'lo ta'amod al dam re'ekha.' This is cited as a basis for a positive obligation to donate organs when doing so will save a life.

אוֹ לִסְטִים בָּאִים עָלָיו.

Whenever a person can save another person's life, but he fails to do so, he transgresses a negative commandment, as Leviticus 19:16 states: "Do not stand idly by while your brother's blood is at stake." Similarly, this commandment applies when a person sees a colleague drowning at sea or being attacked by robbers or a wild animal, and he can save him himself or can hire others to save him.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Pikuach nefesh overrides all commandments

Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 5:1

Rambam codifies that one must violate commandments to save a life, as 'the Torah was given to live by, not to die by' (vechai bahem). This principle is central to permitting posthumous organ donation even where other concerns such as kavod ha-met (dignity of the dead) might otherwise apply.

כְּשֶׁיַּעֲמֹד עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים וְיֶאֱנֹס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲבֹר עַל אַחַת מִכָּל מִצְוֹת הָאֲמוּרוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה אוֹ יַהַרְגֶּנּוּ יַעֲבֹר וְאַל יֵהָרֵג שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּמִּצְוֹת (ויקרא יח ה) "אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם". וָחַי בָּהֶם וְלֹא שֶׁיָּמוּת בָּהֶם. וְאִם מֵת וְלֹא עָבַר הֲרֵי זֶה מִתְחַיֵּב בְּנַפְשׁוֹ:

Should a gentile arise and force a Jew to violate one of the Torah's commandments at the pain of death, he should violate the commandment rather than be killed, because [Leviticus 18:5] states concerning the mitzvot: "which a man will perform and live by them." [They were given so that] one may live by them and not die because of them. If a person dies rather than transgress, he is held accountable for his life.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Chovot HaLevavot – Inner intention in deeds of chesed

Duties of the Heart, Introduction of the Author

Rabbeinu Bachya emphasizes that acts of bodily and material giving must be accompanied by pure inner devotion to God and love of one's fellow. This is cited in ethical discussions to frame organ donation not merely as a legal question but as an act of profound spiritual intention.

חוֹבוֹת הָאֵבָרִים יֵחָלְקוּ לִב׳ חֲלָקִים: הָאֶחָד מֵהֶם מִצְוֹת שֶׁמְּחַיֵּב בָּהֶם הַשֵּׂכֶל אֲפִלּוּ אִם לֹא חִיְּבָה בָּהֶן הַתּוֹרָה. וְהַחֵלֶק הַשֵּׁנִי מִצְוֹת הַשֵּׁמַע שֶׁאֵין הַשֵּׂכֶל מְחַיֵּב בָּהֶם וְלֹא דּוֹחֶה אוֹתָם כְּאִסּוּר בָּשָׂר בְּחָלָב וְשַׁעַטְנֵז וְכִלְאַיִם וְהַדּוֹמֶה לָהֶם מִמָּה שֶׁנֶּעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ עִלַּת אִסּוּרָם וְעִלַּת חִיּוּב מִמָּה שֶׁנִּתְחַיַּבְנוּ מֵהֶן.

The first aims at the knowledge of the duties of the limbs (practical duties) and is the science of external conducts. The second deals with the duties of the heart, namely, its sentiments and thoughts, and is the science of the inner life.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Tomer Devorah – Imitating divine attributes of compassion

Tomer Devorah 1:1

Rabbi Moshe Cordovero teaches that the highest form of human conduct is to emulate God's thirteen attributes of mercy, especially chesed (loving-kindness) extended even to those undeserving. This provides a theological and ethical framework for viewing organ donation as an act of supreme chesed.

הָאָדָם רָאוּי שֶׁיִּתְדַּמֶּה לְקוֹנוֹ וְאָז יִהְיֶה בְּסוֹד הַצּוּרָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה צֶלֶם וּדְמוּת, שֶׁאִלּוּ יְדֻמֶּה בְּגוּפוֹ וְלֹא בִּפְעֻלּוֹת הֲרֵי הוּא מַכְזִיב הַצּוּרָה וְיֹאמְרוּ עָלָיו צוּרָה נָאָה וּמַעֲשִׂים כְּעוּרִים. שֶׁהֲרֵי עִיקָר הַצֶּלֶם וְהַדְּמוּת הָעֶלְיוֹן הֵן פְּעֻלּוֹתָיו, וּמַה יוֹעִיל לוֹ הֱיוֹתוֹ כְּצוּרָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה דְּמוּת תַּבְנִית אֵבָרָיו וּבַפְּעֻלּוֹת לֹא יִתְדַמֶּה לְקוֹנוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ רָאוּי שֶׁיִּתְדַּמֶּה אֶל פְּעֻלּוֹת הַכֶּתֶר שֶׁהֵן י"ג מִדּוֹת שֶׁל רַחֲמִים עֶלְיוֹנוֹת. וּרְמוּזוֹת בְּסוֹד הַפְּסוּקִים (מיכה ז, יח) מִי אֵל כָּמוֹךָ. יָשׁוּב יְרַחֲמֵנוּ.

Chapter 1 - That it is fitting for a person to resemble his Creator: It is fitting for a person to resemble his Creator and then he will be [configured] in the secret of the Highest Form, [both] in image and likeness. As if he is alike in his body but not in his actions, he betrays the Form; and they will say about him, "A lovely form, but ugly deeds." As behold, the essence of the Highest Image and Likeness is His actions. And what will it benefit him to have the structure of his limbs like the Highest Form, but not resemble his Creator in his actions? Therefore it is fitting that he should [make his actions] resemble the actions of the Crown (Keter), which are the thirteen highest traits of mercy.

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Noda BiYehudah – Autopsies and deriving benefit from the dead

Noda BiYehudah II, Yoreh Deah 210

Rabbi Yechezkel Landau's landmark responsum rules that autopsies (and by extension, invasive procedures on a corpse) are only permitted when a patient who needs the information is 'before us' (lefaneinu). This principle is directly applied in later discussions of organ donation — organs may only be used when there is a concrete patient waiting.

את כל אלה כתבתי לפי דבריכם שאתם קורים זה פיקוח והצלת נפש. אבל אני תמה הלא אם זה יקרא אפילו ספק הצלת נפשות א"כ למה לכם כל הפלפול והלא זה הוא דין ערוך ומפורש שאפילו ספק דוחה שבת החמורה ומשנה מפורשת ביומא דף פ"ג וכל ספק נפשות דוחה שבת ושם דף פ"ד ע"ב ולא ספק שבת זו אלא אפילו ספק שבת אחרת ע"ש. ואמנם כ"ז ביש ספק סכנת נפשות לפנינו כגון חולה או נפילת גל, וכן במס' חולין שם גבי רוצח הפיקוח נפש לפנינו וכן אפילו לענין ממון שם במס' ב"ב ההיזק לפנינו אבל בנדון דידן אין כאן שום חולה הצריך לזה רק שרוצים ללמוד חכמה זו אולי יזדמן חולה שיהיה צריך לזה ודאי דלא דחינן משום חששא קלה זו שום איסור תורה או אפילו איסור דרבנן שאם אתה קורא לחששא זו ספק נפשות א"כ יהיה כל מלאכת הרפואות שחיקת ובישול סמנים והכנת כלי איזמל להקזה מותר בשבת שמא יזדמן היום או בלילה חולה שיהיה צורך לזה ולחלק בין חששא לזמן קרוב לחששא לזמן רחוק קשה לחלק. וחלילה להתיר דבר זה ואפילו רופאי האומות אינן עושים נסיון בחכמת הניתוח ע"י שום מת כי אם בהרוגים ע"פ משפט או במי שהסכים בעצמו בחייו לכך ואם אנו ח"ו מקילים בדבר זה א"כ ינתחו כל המתים כדי ללמוד סידור אברים הפנימים ומהותן כדי שידעו לעשות רפואות להחיים. ולכן האריכות בזה הוא ללא צורך ואין בזה שום צד להתיר. ולדעתי שגגה יצאה מלפני כבוד מעלתו שמיהר להשיב להקל.

I have written all of this in accordance with your words, for you call this saving lives. But I am puzzled. If this is considered even a questionable case of saving lives, why must you engage in all of these mental gymnastics? It is clear and explicit that even an uncertainty supersedes the severity of Shabbat, and there is an explicit mishna on Yoma 83 that the possibility of saving a life supersedes Shabbat. And there on 84b it states that not only an uncertainty concerning the present Shabbat, but even an uncertainty concerning a different Shabbat [supersedes]. However, this all applies when there is a present case of uncertainty concerning a risk to life—such as a sick person or collapsed building. Similarly, in the case in Hullin regarding a murderer, the risk to life is present. So too in the monetary case in Bava Batra, the potential damage is present. But in our case, there is no ill person who needs this. Rather, they want to study this discipline in case they encounter a sick person who requires it. We certainly do not supersede any Torah prohibition or even a rabbinic prohibition due to such a slight concern. For if you call this concern “an uncertainty pertaining to a life,” then any task related to healing—grinding and cooking medicine or preparing a scalpel for bloodletting—will be permitted on Shabbat, perhaps they will encounter a sick person who requires it that night or the next day. It is also difficult to distinguish between concern for the need arising in the near future and concern for the need arising in the distant future. Heaven forfend that such a thing should be permitted. Even gentile physicians do not gain surgical experience with just any corpse, but only with those put to death by the law or with those who themselves consented to it while living. If we, God forbid, are lax in this matter, they will operate on every corpse to learn anatomy and physiology, so that they may know how to cure the living. Therefore, this is all unnecessarily lengthy, and there is no lenient approach whatsoever. In my opinion, your Excellency was mistaken in rushing to respond leniently.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh – Obligation to save life on Shabbat

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 328:1

The Shulchan Arukh codifies that one must violate Shabbat to save a life, and one who acts zealously to do so is praiseworthy. This principle frames the urgency of transplantation and the permissibility of all associated procedures.

מי שיש לו מיחוש בעלמא והוא מתחזק והולך כבריא אסור לעשות לו שום רפואה ואפי' ע"י עכו"ם גזירה משום שחיקת סמנים:

Someone who has a mere bad feeling, but he strengthens himself and walks around like a healthy person, it is forbidden to do any healing for him, even by nonJews, because of grinding spices [lest one grind spices for medicine]...

Source 12 · Hasidic
Verified

Noam Elimelekh – The tzaddik's body as a vessel for divine life-force

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bereshit, Vayera, Vayera

The Noam Elimelekh teaches that the tzaddik channels divine vitality to others, and that one's physical actions in the world can be conduits for blessing life. This Chassidic theme informs reflections on the sacred potential of gifting life through one's physical body.

דהנה העולמות העליונים נקראים 'ימים', והצדיק בקדושתו מגיע עד העולמות העליונים, וזהו "ואברהם זקן" זה קנה חכמה, "בא בימים", ר"ל עד שהגיע אל העולמות העליונים, וכן בדוד המלך ע"ה נאמר "ודוד זקן בא בימים כו'", וזהו "חיים שאל ממך נתת לו אורך ימים", דהנה הצדיק, החיים שיש לו בעוה"ז אינו אצלו רק כמו דבר הנשאל לפי שעה, ומחמת זה הולך ומתגבר תמיד בקדושה מחמת שמחשב תמיד שמא היום הוא החזרת השאלה וזהו "חיים שאל ממך", פירוש הצדיק שמחשב שהחיים אינם אלא שאלה ששאל ממך, לכן "נתת לו אורך ימים", עי"ז זוכה לאריכות ימים הוא עוה"ב.

the tzadik who thinks that life is only borrowed from You, therefore "You granted him many days", through this the tzadik merits many days, which are the life in the world to come. And this is "and Hashem appeared to him at the terebinths of Mamre", meaning, that thought Avraham was on the bed, the essence of his sitting really was on the upper worlds, and this is hinted to in "in the heat of the day", meaning, in the heat of holiness and clinging to God, since the heat and the clinging of the upper world is called 'day', as we explained.

Source 13 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi – Avraham's chesed as paradigm

Kedushat Levi, Genesis, Vayera

The Kedushat Levi reflects on Avraham's total selflessness in hospitality and saving others, even while recovering from his own circumcision, as a model of giving oneself for another's sake — a Chassidic lens through which organ donation can be understood as ultimate chesed.

וזהו ויאכלו, כי המלאכים החיות שלהם ממצות ישראל כשישראל עושים רצון הקדוש ברוך הוא ועושים מצותו ברוך הוא ונמצא שעשה המצוה של הכנסת האורחים. וזהו הרמז ויקח ויתן לפניהם, המצוה של הכנסת אורחים שעשה ויאכלו, מזה היה החיות שלהם. וזהו והוא עומד עליהם תחת העץ ויאכלו, כי העץ הוא תורה על שם הפסוק (משלי ג, יח) עץ חיים היא: ונבאר מה דאיתא במדרש (בראשית רבה מט) דאברהם אבינו עליו השלום לאחר שאכלו אמר ברכו לאלהי עולם.

Genesis ‎18,2. “when he saw, he ran towards them;” Avraham had ‎still been suffering from the pains of his circumcision. A sick or ‎ailing person is usually the recipient of the loving concern of the ‎attribute of Mercy; Avraham, instead of indulging himself was ‎overcome with the attribute of ‎גבורה‎, overpowering courageous ‎energy, so that he was able to run to meet these men.