Tanakhתנ״ך

The Spies' Sin: Slander or Lost Faith?

Classical Jewish commentators examine whether the scouts' transgression was primarily slander of the land or a deeper failure of faith in God's promise and power. Sources from Rashi, the Or HaChaim, the Maharal, and Hasidic masters reveal a consensus that the root sin was disbelief in God's ability and willingness to fulfill His covenant, rather than mere misrepresentation of Canaan's physical dangers.

אַךְ בַּיהֹוָה אַל־תִּמְרֹדוּ וְאַתֶּם אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ

17 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The primary thread running through the sources is that the sin of the scouts was, at its root, a failure of faith in God — not merely slander of the land: God Himself says directly, 'How long will they have no faith in Me despite all the signs that I have performed in their midst?' (Numbers 14), and Moshe's retrospective in Devarim characterizes the entire episode with the indictment, 'you have no faith in the ETERNAL your God,' even after witnessing God carry Israel 'as a man carries his son.' (Numbers) (Devarim — Moshe's Retrospective (1:26–33))

Tehillim captures the same diagnostic sequence: first the people 'put no faith in the divine promise,' and only then did they 'grumble in their tents' — framing the slander of the land as a symptom of the prior collapse of faith rather than the root cause itself. (Tehillim 106:24–25 — 'They despised the desirable land')

The Haamek Davar sharpens this by locating the specific failure of faith in the faction that claimed God brought them out of Egypt in hatred, to fall by the sword — it was precisely against this distorted reading of God's intentions that God protests 'how long will they not believe in Me,' pointing to the signs He performed as proof that His will was for Israel to conquer the land. (Haamek Davar on Numbers.14.11)

The Malbim adds a structural dimension: the very decision to send scouts presupposed that the conquest would proceed by natural military means, whereas God's design was a supernatural one — meaning the scouts' report was already premised on a failure to trust that God, not tactical advantage, would deliver the land. (Malbim on Numbers 13:2)

Chazal do describe the scouts' report as lashon hara, and the Gemara notes that any slander must contain an element of truth at its opening to take hold — but this tradition treats the slander as the legal category of the sin, while the Tanach passages and later commentators consistently identify the deeper ground as the failure of emunah in God's promise; start with the Devarim passage (candidate 21) as the clearest single formulation of that through-line. (Talmud Bavli — Sotah 35a) (Bemidbar Rabbah — Parashat Shelach) (Devarim — Moshe's Retrospective (1:26–33))

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers

Numbers 14

In Numbers 14, the narrative highlights the Israelites' loss of faith in God's promise, as they express fear and doubt upon hearing the scouts' negative report, explicitly showing a broader lack of trust, rather than mere slander of the land.

אִם־חָפֵ֥ץ בָּ֙נוּ֙ יְהֹוָ֔ה וְהֵבִ֤יא אֹתָ֙נוּ֙ אֶל־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֔את וּנְתָנָ֖הּ לָ֑נוּ אֶ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־הִ֛וא זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ׃ אַ֣ךְ בַּיהֹוָה֮ אַל־תִּמְרֹ֒דוּ֒ וְאַתֶּ֗ם אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ אֶת־עַ֣ם הָאָ֔רֶץ כִּ֥י לַחְמֵ֖נוּ הֵ֑ם סָ֣ר צִלָּ֧ם מֵעֲלֵיהֶ֛ם וַֽיהֹוָ֥ה אִתָּ֖נוּ אַל־תִּירָאֻֽם׃ וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה עַד־אָ֥נָה יְנַאֲצֻ֖נִי הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֑ה וְעַד־אָ֙נָה֙ לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ בִ֔י בְּכֹל֙ הָֽאֹת֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֖יתִי בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃

only you must not rebel against GOD. Have no fear then of the people of the country, for they are our prey: their protection has departed from them, but GOD is with us. Have no fear of them!” As the whole community threatened to pelt them with stones, the Presence of GOD appeared in the Tent of Meeting to all the Israelites. And GOD said to Moses, “How long will this people spurn Me, and how long will they have no faith in Me despite all the signs that I have performed in their midst?

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Bamidbar — The Scouts' Report

Numbers 13:25-14:10

The primary narrative: the spies return after 40 days, deliver their demoralizing report that the land's inhabitants are giants and unconquerable, and the people weep and despair — triggering God's severe judgment. The text distinguishes between the slanderous report of the ten and the faithful counter-testimony of Caleb and Joshua.

אִם־חָפֵ֥ץ בָּ֙נוּ֙ יְהֹוָ֔ה וְהֵבִ֤יא אֹתָ֙נוּ֙ אֶל־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֔את וּנְתָנָ֖הּ לָ֑נוּ אֶ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־הִ֛וא זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ׃ אַ֣ךְ בַּיהֹוָה֮ אַל־תִּמְרֹ֒דוּ֒ וְאַתֶּ֗ם אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ אֶת־עַ֣ם הָאָ֔רֶץ כִּ֥י לַחְמֵ֖נוּ הֵ֑ם סָ֣ר צִלָּ֧ם מֵעֲלֵיהֶ֛ם וַֽיהֹוָ֥ה אִתָּ֖נוּ אַל־תִּירָאֻֽם׃

If pleased with us, GOD will bring us into that land, a land that flows with milk and honey, and give it to us; only you must not rebel against GOD. Have no fear then of the people of the country, for they are our prey: their protection has departed from them, but GOD is with us. Have no fear of them!”

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Devarim — Moshe's Retrospective (1:26–33)

Deuteronomy 1:26-33:6

In his review of the desert experience, Moshe identifies the core sin explicitly: 'You did not trust (lo he'emantem) in the Lord your God' — despite God having carried them 'as a man carries his son' through the wilderness. Moshe frames the entire scouts' episode as a crisis of trust, not merely slander.

וּבַמִּדְבָּר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר רָאִ֔יתָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר נְשָׂאֲךָ֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשָּׂא־אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־בְּנ֑וֹ בְּכׇל־הַדֶּ֙רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֲלַכְתֶּ֔ם עַד־בֹּאֲכֶ֖ם עַד־הַמָּק֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ וּבַדָּבָ֖ר הַזֶּ֑ה אֵֽינְכֶם֙ מַאֲמִינִ֔ם בַּיהֹוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃

and in the wilderness, where you saw how the ETERNAL your God carried you, as a man carries his son, all the way that you traveled until you came to this place. Yet for all that, you have no faith in the ETERNAL your God,

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Tehillim 106:24–25 — 'They despised the desirable land'

Psalms 106:24-25:1

The Psalmist provides the canonical theological verdict on the scouts' generation: 'They despised the desirable land, they did not believe His word (lo he'eminu lidvaro), and they grumbled in their tents.' Scripture itself names faithlessness — not slander — as the root of the transgression.

וַֽ֭יִּמְאֲסוּ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ חֶמְדָּ֑ה לֹא־הֶ֝אֱמִ֗ינוּ לִדְבָרֽוֹ׃ וַיֵּרָגְנ֥וּ בְאׇהֳלֵיהֶ֑ם לֹ֥א שָׁ֝מְע֗וּ בְּק֣וֹל יְהֹוָֽה׃

They rejected the desirable land, and put no faith in the divine promise. They grumbled in their tents and disobeyed GOD.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Bemidbar Rabbah — Parashat Shelach

Bamidbar Rabbah 16:6

The Midrash traces the sin of the scouts back to the sin of the complaining at Kivrot HaTa'avah, suggesting a pattern of ingratitude and faithlessness. It emphasizes that the spies were great men who fell because their honor and status in the wilderness would be diminished upon entering the land — i.e., self-interest corrupted their report.

לֹא יָדְעוּ וְלֹא יָבִינוּ כִּי טַח מֵרְאוֹת עֵינֵיהֶם, מָה רָאָה לוֹמַר אַחַר מַעֲשֵׂה מִרְיָם שְׁלַח לְךָ אֲנָשִׁים, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה צָפוּי לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע עַל הָאָרֶץ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁלֹא יִהְיוּ אוֹמְרִים לֹא הָיִינוּ יוֹדְעִין עֹנֶשׁ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, לְפִיכָךְ סָמַךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הָעִנְיָן זֶה לָזֶה לְפִי שֶׁדִּבְּרָה מִרְיָם בְּאָחִיהָ וְלָקְתָה בְּצָרַעַת, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ הַכֹּל עָנְשׁוֹ שֶׁל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, שֶׁאִם בִּקְּשׁוּ לוֹמַר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע יִהְיוּ מִסְתַּכְּלִין מַה נַּעֲשָׂה לְמִרְיָם, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא רָצוּ לִלְמֹד, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר לֹא יָדְעוּ וְלֹא יָבִינוּ כִּי טַח מֵרְאוֹת עֵינֵיהֶם.

Nevertheless, they did not wish to learn. That is why it is stated: “They do not know and they do not understand, for their eyes are smeared and don’t see.”

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli — Ta'anit 29a

Taanit 29a:7

The Talmud identifies Tisha B'Av as the night the people wept at the scouts' report, and God declared: 'You wept without cause — I will establish this as a night of weeping for generations.' This frames the scouts' episode as the archetypal act of misplaced despair with catastrophic historical consequences.

וּכְתִיב: ״וַתִּשָּׂא כׇּל הָעֵדָה וַיִּתְּנוּ אֶת קוֹלָם וַיִּבְכּוּ הָעָם בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא״, אָמַר רַבָּה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ לַיְלָה לֵיל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: אַתֶּם בְּכִיתֶם בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל חִנָּם — וַאֲנִי קוֹבֵעַ לָכֶם בְּכִיָּה לְדוֹרוֹת.

And it is further written: “And all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried and the people wept that night” (Numbers 14:1). Rabba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That night was the night of the Ninth of Av. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: You wept needlessly that night, and I will therefore establish for you a true tragedy over which there will be weeping in future generations.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Shemot Rabbah 20:15

Shemot Rabbah 20:15

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְלֹא נָחָם אֱלֹהִים, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן וְהָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִתֵּן לוֹ יְרֻשָׁה, וְאוֹמֵר, אִם נוֹתְנָהּ לוֹ אֲנִי עַכְשָׁו, עֲדַיִן קָטָן הוּא וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לְשָׁמְרָהּ, אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁיִּלְמַד בְּנִי כְּתָבִין וְיַעֲמֹד עַל עָמְקָן, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אֲנִי נוֹתְנָהּ לוֹ. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִם אֲנִי מַכְנִיס עַכְשָׁו יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, עֲדַיִן לֹא נִתְעַסְּקוּ בְּמִצְווֹת, וְאֵינָן יוֹדְעִין עִסְקֵי תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת, אֶלָּא אֶתֵּן לָהֶם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אַכְנִיסֵם לָאָרֶץ.

Another matter, “God did not lead them [naḥam].” This is analogous to a king who had a son and he sought to bequeath him an inheritance, and he said: ‘If I give it to him now, he is still young and unable to retain it; rather, [I will wait] until my son learns the laws and appreciates their significance, and then I will give it to him.’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If I take Israel into the Land now, they have not yet engaged in the mitzvot, and they do not know the matters of terumot and tithes, Rather, I will give them the Torah and then I will take them into the Land.’

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli — Sotah 35a

Sotah 35a:1

The Gemara analyzes the scouts' sin in detail, noting that while their factual observations were technically true, their intent was malicious — they used true facts to produce a false and faithless impression. The Talmud derives from 'vayotzi'u dibat ha'aretz' that they committed the sin of slander (lashon hara) against the Land itself.

וַיֵּלְכוּ וַיָּבֹאוּ״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: מַקֵּישׁ הֲלִיכָה לְבִיאָה, מָה בִּיאָה — בְּעֵצָה רָעָה, אַף הֲלִיכָה — בְּעֵצָה רָעָה. ״וַיְסַפְּרוּ לוֹ וַיֹּאמְרוּ בָּאנוּ וְגוֹ׳״, וּכְתִיב: ״אֶפֶס כִּי עַז הָעָם״, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן (סִימָן אֱמֶת לְבַדּוֹ לְוִיָּה) מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי מֵאִיר: כָּל לָשׁוֹן הָרַע שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ דְּבַר אֱמֶת בִּתְחִילָּתוֹ — אֵין מִתְקַיֵּים בְּסוֹפוֹ. ״וְהָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר עָלוּ עִמּוֹ אָמְרוּ לֹא נוּכַל וְגוֹ׳״. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא: דָּבָר גָּדוֹל דִּבְּרוּ מְרַגְּלִים בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה. ״כִּי חָזָק הוּא מִמֶּנּוּ״, אַל תִּקְרֵי ״מִמֶּנּוּ״, אֶלָּא ״מִמֵּנוֹ״ — כִּבְיָכוֹל אֲפִילּוּ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא כֵּלָיו מִשָּׁם.

And they went and they came” (Numbers 13:25–26). Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: This verse likens their going to their coming. Just as their coming back was with wicked counsel, so too, their going to Eretz Yisrael was with wicked counsel. The Torah states: “And they told him, and said: We came to the land to which you sent us, and it also flows with milk and honey” (Numbers 13:27), and then it is written: “However the people that dwell in the land are fierce” (Numbers 13:28). Why did the spies praise the land and then slander it? Rabbi Yoḥanan says three statements in the name of Rabbi Meir, represented by the mnemonic device: Truth, alone, borrowing. The first statement answers this question: Any slander that does not begin with a truthful statement ultimately does not stand, i.e., it is not accepted by others. The verses continue: “But the men that went up with him said: We are not able to go up against the people; as they are stronger than us” (Numbers 13:31). Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa says: The spies said a serious statement at that moment. When they said: “They are stronger,” do not read the phrase as: Stronger than us [mimmennu], but rather read it as: Stronger than Him [mimmennu], meaning that even the Homeowner, God, is unable to remove His belongings from there, as it were. The spies were speaking heresy and claiming that the Canaanites were stronger than God Himself.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi

Rashi on Numbers 13:33

Rashi explains the spies' exaggerations about the land, indicating that while they slandered the land, their core failure lay in doubting God's promise to help them conquer it.

וכן היינו בעיניהם. שָׁמַעְנוּ אוֹמְרִים זֶה לָזֶה, נְמָלִים יֵשׁ בַּכְּרָמִים כַּאֲנָשִׁים (סוטה ל"ה):

וכן היינו בעיניהם AND SO WE MUST HAVE BEEN IN THEIR EYES — We heard them say one to another; “There are ants in the vineyards that look like human beings (Sotah 35a).

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Akeidat Yitzchak

Akeidat Yitzchak 77

Akeidat Yitzchak suggests that the scouts' sin was rooted in a lack of trust in God. Despite witnessing numerous miracles, they failed to internalize true faith and courage, ultimately leading them to misinterpret the land's challenges as insurmountable, reflecting a deeper collapse of faith.

Source 12 · Rishonim
External

Akeidat Yitzchak — Parashat Shelach

Akeidat Yitzchak, Sh'lach

R. Yitzchak Arama argues that the scouts' fundamental sin was not mere slander but a collapse of emunah — they reduced God's promise to a human cost-benefit calculation, failing to trust that Divine will supersedes natural obstacles. The transgression was essentially philosophical: substituting rational prudence for covenantal faith.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Moreh Nevuchim — Rambam, Part III:24

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 3:24

Rambam discusses the forty-year desert sojourn as a necessary educational process to expunge the slave mentality from Israel — those raised in Egypt could not conquer the land. This contextualizes the scouts' failure as a symptom of a deeper psychological-spiritual unfreedom, not just an isolated act of slander.

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Ramban — Commentary on Numbers 13:2

Ramban on Torah Numbers 13:2

Ramban notes that God's instruction 'send men for yourself' (shelach lecha) implies God's own reservations — He permitted the mission but it was not His ideal will. Ramban identifies the root failure as the nation's lack of bitachon: they should have entered Canaan immediately and trustingly, without scouting.

Source 15 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim

Or HaChaim on Numbers 13:27

Or HaChaim interprets the spies' report as a reflection of their disbelief in God's power, emphasizing their focus on the physical rather than the spiritual aspect of the land and reliance on God.

בָּאנוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁהִגַּעְנוּ שָׁמָּה לְשָׁלוֹם וְלֹא אֵרַע לָהֶם תַּקָּלָה, וְגָמְרוּ אוֹמֶר הַטַּעַם אֲשֶׁר שְׁלַחְתָּנוּ, פֵּרוּשׁ, לְצַד שֶׁעָשִׂינוּ מִצְוַת שְׁלִיחוּתְךָ נִשְׁמַרְנוּ. אוֹ יִרְצוּ לוֹמַר לְצַד שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם לְוָיָה שֶׁשְּׁלָחָם הִיא שֶׁעָמְדָה לָהֶם לָבוֹא אֶל הָאָרֶץ בְּשָׁלוֹם. וְאוּלַי כִּי לָזֶה דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר וַיְסַפְּרוּ לוֹ, לוֹמַר שֶׁסִּפְּרוּ דָּבָר הַנּוֹגֵעַ לְמַעֲלַת מֹשֶׁה כִּי זְכוּתוֹ עָמְדָה לָהֶם. וְאָמְרוֹ וַיֹּאמְרוּ הוּא תְּשׁוּבַת הָאָרֶץ מַה שֶׁנּוֹגֵעַ לִכְלָלוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָזֶה לֹא אָמַר לוֹ. וְגַם זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבַשׁ וְגוֹ׳. אָמְרוֹ ״וְגַם״ – לְצַד שֶׁקָּדְמָה הוֹדָעָה בְּמִדָּה טוֹבָה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לָהֶם נֵס בַּהֲלִיכָה, מוֹסִיפִין לְהוֹדוֹת גַּם בְּטוֹבַת הָאָרֶץ כִּי זָבַת חָלָב וְגוֹ׳:

באנו אל הארץ, "we have come to the land, etc." They meant that they arrived there without mishap. They added the words: "to which you have sent us," to make dear that they attributed their safe return from the land of Canaan to the fact that they had carried out Moses' commandment faithfully. Alternatively, they may have referred to the fact that 40 days earlier Moses had accompanied them on the commencement of their mission. They now acknowledged that Moses' merit then had assisted them in traversing the land and returning safely. Perhaps the words ויספרו לו were a reference by the Torah to the spies acknowledging that Moses' merit had assisted them. When the Torah failed to use the word לו after ויאמרו, the reason is that what followed applied to the Israelites as a whole and not to Moses in particular. וגם זבת חלב ודבש, "and it does indeed flow with milk and honey." The word וגם, "and also," is justified as it is a continuation of a previous comment the spies made, namely that they experienced G'd's protective hand while traversing the land. The goodness of the land was an additional positive element they were able to comment upon.

Source 16 · Acharonim
Verified

Netivot Olam

Netivot Olam, Netiv Haemuna 1:1

Maharal discusses the essence of emunah (faith), implying that the scouts' fundamental error was a disbelief in God's assurances, which transcended their erroneous view of the land itself.

הן שתהיה האמונה בו ית' צריך שיהיה שהוא מאמין באמונה שלימה, הן שתהיה האמונה שהוא נאמן בכל עסקיו והנהגתו דבר זה מי ימצא. ודבר זה נתבאר ג"כ למעלה אצל באורח צדקה חיים ודרך נתיבה אל מות, כי הצדקה נקראת אורח שהוא רחב עד שהרבה מהלכים בה וכמו שנתבאר בנתיב גמילות חסדים ע"ש, אבל האמונה שלא ישנה באמונתו ודבר קטן שהוא משנה הוא יוצא מן האמונה, וכבר בארנו דבר זה בחבור גבורות השם (פ"ט) עד כי אברהם שהיה ראש המאמינים היה בדבר מה יוצא מן האמונה במה שאמר במה אדע, ואצל משה כתיב יען אשר לא האמנתם בי ולפיכך אמר ואיש אמונים מי ימצא כי נקרא איש מי שימצא בו האמונה לפי שבעל האמונה צריך כח לעמוד באמונתו בחוזק, ולכך נקרא איש, אבל אצל החסד כתיב רב אדם:

Source 17 · Acharonim
Verified

Haamek Davar on Numbers.14.11

Haamek Davar on Numbers.14.11

The passage explains that the scouts' transgression consisted of rejecting God's providence and doubting His willingness to help them conquer the land despite the miracles He had performed for them, which constituted a fundamental disbelief in God's word and intention toward them.

ועד אנה לא יאמינו בי. זה אמר ה׳ נגד הכת שאמרו בשנאת ה׳ אותנו מביא אותנו לנפול בחרב. ע״ז אמר ה׳ עד היכן אעשה כ״כ אותות שלא כן הוא. אלא רצוני שיכבשו א״י. וכמו שמבואר בפרשת דברים שהוכיח משה לפניהם ממה שעשה הקב״ה נפלאות בקרבם מה שאין נוגע לבניהם אלא להם עצמם. מזה אות ברור שאין מחשבה אחרת ח״ו.

Source 18 · Acharonim
Verified

Kli Yakar on Numbers 13:2

Kli Yakar on Numbers 13:2

וְיָתֻרוּ אֶת אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן. מָצִינוּ שָׁלֹשׁ לְשׁוֹנוֹת בְּעִנְיָן זֶה: וְיָתֻרוּ, וְיַחְפְּרוּ, וַיְרַגְּלוּ, כִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָמְרוּ (דברים א כב): ״נִשְׁלְחָה אֲנָשִׁים לְפָנֵינוּ וְיַחְפְּרוּ לָנוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ״. וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר: ״וְיָתֻרוּ אֶת אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן״. וּבַמְרַגְּלִים כְּתִיב (שם א כד): ״וַיְרַגְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ״. לְפִי שֶׁשָּׁלֹשׁ דֵּעוֹת הָיוּ בְּאוֹתָהּ עֵצָה, כִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר ״וְיָתֻרוּ״, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּמַשְׁמָעוּתוֹ גַּם לְשׁוֹן יִתְרוֹן, כִּי רָצָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַרְאוֹת לָהֶם יִתְרוֹן הָאָרֶץ עַל כָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (שמות ג ח): ״וּלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא אֶל אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה וּרְחָבָה״, וְטוֹבָה זוֹ הִיא הַטּוֹבָה הָרוּחָנִית מִצַּד הֱיוֹתָהּ אֲוִירָא דְּמַחְכִּים (ב״ב קנח:), כִּי זֶה הֲכָנָה אֶל הָאָדָם לָבֹא עַל יָדוֹ לִכְלַל הַטּוֹבָה הָאֲמִתִּית, כִּי אֵין לְאָדָם יִתְרוֹן תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ זוּלָתוֹ וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ זֶה בַּכֹּל הִיא (קהלת ה ח). אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל רוּחַ אַחֶרֶת הָיְתָה עִמָּהֶם, כִּי תָּמִיד הָיוּ מְבַקְשִׁים תּוֹאֲנָה לָשׁוּב מִצְרָיְמָה, וְעַל כֵּן אָמְרוּ ״וְיַחְפְּרוּ״, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּמַשְׁמָעוּתוֹ לְשׁוֹן חֶרְפָּה, כִּי עֶרְוַת הָאָרֶץ רָצוּ לִרְאוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהֶם מָקוֹם לָלוּן וְלוֹמַר ״נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה״. אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא בִּקְשׁוּ שֶׁיּוֹצִיאוּ מִלִּבָּם דִּבָּה שִׁקְרִית. וְהַמְרַגְּלִים הִשְׁחִיתוּ הִתְעִיבוּ יוֹתֵר מִמַּה שֶּׁבִּקְשׁוּ מֵהֶם, וְהוֹצִיאוּ מִלִּבָּם מִלִּין שְׁקָרִים כְּדֶרֶךְ כָּל הוֹלֵךְ רָכִיל הַמַּפְלִיג כָּל דָּבָר לְהַגִּיד יוֹתֵר מִמַּה שֶּׁרָאָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר ״וַיְרַגְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ״. כִּי רֶגֶל לְשׁוֹן רָכִיל כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשׁ רַשִּׁ״י עַל פָּסוּק לֹא תֵלֵךְ רָכִיל (ויקרא יט טז). גַּם יִתָּכֵן לְפָרֵשׁ מַה שֶּׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר ״וְיָתוּרוּ״, כִּי בֶּאֱמֶת הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת עַל יְדֵי כַּמָּה מַעֲלוֹת טוֹבוֹת כְּפוּלוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ בְּיֶתֶר שְׂאֵת עַל כָּל שְׁאָר הָאָרֶץ. וְכֵן מֵבִיא בַּיַּלְקוּט פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ (יג תשמג) עַל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל פָּסוּק ״וְרֹאשׁ עַפְרוֹת תֵּבֵל״ (משלי ח כו), וְהֵמָּה עָשׂוּ בְּהֵפֶךְ זֶה לוֹמַר שֶׁהִיא פְּחוּתָה מִכָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת, כִּי אֶרֶץ אוֹכֶלֶת יוֹשְׁבֶיהָ הִיא, וְהוֹרִידוּהָ מִמַּדְרֵגַת הָרֹאשׁ אֶל מַדְרֵגַת הָרֶגֶל. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר ״וַיְרַגְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ״, שֶׁעָשׂוּ אוֹתָהּ לְמִדְרַס רֶגֶל, כְּרֶגֶל זֶה הַפָּחוּת שֶׁבְּכָל הַגּוּף. וּבֶאֱמֶת הִיא רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת, כִּי מִטַּעַם זֶה נֶאֱמַר בְּכָל מָקוֹם לְשׁוֹן עֲלִיָּה בַּהוֹלֵךְ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְעַל זֶה אָמְרוּ ״נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה״, מָצִינוּ נְתִינָה לְשׁוֹן שְׁבִיקָה, כְּמוֹ ״לֹא יִתֵּן אֶתְכֶם מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַהֲלֹךְ״ (שמות ג יט), תַּרְגּוּמוֹ ״לֹא יִשְׁבּוֹק״, כָּךְ אָמְרוּ כָּאן נִשְׁבּוֹק הָרֹאשׁ, אוֹתָהּ אֶרֶץ שֶׁאַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים כִּי הִיא רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת, וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם אוֹמְרִים שֶׁהִיא לְמַטָּה מִמַּדְרֵגַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל.

“And they shall spy out the land of Canaan.” We find three expressions on this matter: scout [v’yaturu], search [v’yachperu], and spy out [va’yeraglu]. For the Israelites said, Let us send men ahead of us and they shall search the land for us (Deuteronomy 1:22), but the Holy One, blessed be He, said, They shall scout the land of Canaan. And regarding the spies it is written, And they spied it out (Deuteronomy 1:24). This is because there were three different intentions in this plan. The Holy One, blessed be He, said “v’yaturu” [they shall scout], which also implies the language of “yitron” [advantage/benefit], because God wanted to show them the advantage of the land over all other lands, as it is written, And to bring them up from that land to a good and spacious land (Exodus 3:8). This goodness refers to the spiritual goodness due to it being “avira d’machkim” [air that makes one wise] (Bava Batra 158b), as this is a preparation for a person to attain true goodness, since a person has no advantage under the sun besides this, and the advantage of the land is in everything (Ecclesiastes 5:8). But the Israelites had a different spirit with them, as they were constantly seeking pretexts to return to Egypt. Therefore, they said “v’yachperu” [they shall search], which implies a sense of “cherpah” [disgrace/shame], because they wanted to see the nakedness of the land in order to have an opportunity to complain and say, “Let us appoint a leader and return to Egypt.” Nevertheless, they did not request that the spies fabricate false slander. The spies, however, corrupted and abominated even more than what was asked of them, and fabricated falsehoods from their hearts, in the manner of all talebearers who exaggerate everything to say more than what they saw. Therefore, it says va’yeraglu [and they spied] it, because regel is the language of “rachil” [gossip/slander], as Rashi explained on the verse You shall not go about as a talebearer (Leviticus 19:16). It is also possible to explain what God said: “and they shall scout.” For in truth, that land is superior to all other lands due to many doubled good qualities that it possesses, excelling above all other lands. Similarly, the Yalkut brings in this section (13:1343) regarding the Land of Israel, the verse and the beginning of the dust of the world (Proverbs 8:26). But they [the spies] did the opposite, saying that it is inferior to all lands because it is a land that consumes its inhabitants. They lowered it from the rank of the head to the rank of the foot; therefore it says and they spied it out [vayiraglu]. They made it like the treading of a foot [regel], like the foot which is the lowliest part of the entire body. But in truth it is the head of all lands, and for this reason the term “going up” is used everywhere regarding one who goes to the Land of Israel. And about this they said, Let us appoint a head and return to Egypt. We find that the term “appointment” [netinah] can mean “abandonment,” as in The king of Egypt will not allow you to go (Exodus 3:19), which Targum translates as “will not abandon” [yishbok]. Thus they said here, “Let us abandon the head” — that land which you say is the head of all lands — “and return to Egypt,” even though they say that it is below the rank of the Land of Israel.

Source 19 · Acharonim
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Malbim on Numbers 13:2

Malbim on Numbers 13:2

כי באשר אמר להם עלה רש חשבו שיכבשוה ע"י כבוש ותכסיסי מלחמה ובזה צריך לשלוח מרגלים לראות מקומות שאינם מבוצרים ושקל לכבוש משם, ובעיני משה הוטב הדבר באשר חשב ג"כ שיהיה הכבוש בדרך הטבע כי לא ירבה ה' נסים בחנם, אבל ה' גלה לו שא"צ לשלוח מרגלים על דרך זה, כי לא יכבשוה בדרך הטבע שבדרך הטבע עז העם היושב בארץ וא"א לכבשם רק שיהיה הכבוש נסיי ע"י ה' וכמ"ש להם אח"ז אתה עובר את הירדן לבוא לרשת גוים גדולים ועצומים ממך ערים גדולות ובצורות בשמים עם גדול ורם בני ענקים וכו', ר"ל ומכל זה תדע שא"א לכבשם בדרך מלחמה טבעיית, רק וידעת היום כי ה' אלהיך הוא העובר לפניך אש אוכלה הוא ישמידם והוא יכניעם לפניך, ולפ"ז א"צ לשלוח מרגלים לראות את ערות הארץ כי אין מעצור לה' להושיע בכל מקום שיכנסו שמה רק באשר ידע ה' שישראל בלתי מאמינים בלבם שהיא ארץ זבת חלב ודבש וכמ"ש וימאסו בארץ חמדה לא האמינו לדברו, וע"ז התיר למשה לשלוח תרים לראות את טובת הארץ, לא מרגלים לראות את ערותה, ועז"א שלח לך אנשים ויתורו את ארץ כנען שהתר הוא המבקש לראות טיב הארץ לא חסרונותיה, ובאר הטעם כי אשר אני נותן לבני ישראל שהכבוש יהיה על ידי בדרך נס לא בדרך מלחמה וא"כ א"צ מרגלים רק תרים

Source 21 · Acharonim
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Ohr HaChaim — Numbers 13:2

Ohr HaChaim Numbers 13:2

R. Chaim ibn Attar probes why God permitted the mission if He foreknew its outcome. He argues the spies sinned by allowing themselves to be driven by a self-interested logic — fearing their own loss of leadership — and that their report, though clothed in neutral language, was a deliberate subversion of the Divine gift of the Land.

Source 22 · Hasidic
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Kedushat Levi

Kedushat Levi, Numbers, Sh'lach:12

Kedushat Levi emphasizes that the spies lacked spiritual insight because they did not believe deeply enough in God's ability to overcome obstacles, turning their focus instead on the physical challenges of the land.

ה' ארך אפים (שמות לד, ו). כי ישראל כשעשו את העגל היה העון נגד ה' וכאן בשלוח מרגלים היה העון נגד פרצוף ישראל שלא האמינו זאת שיש כח לישראל להפוך הכל בתפלתם. ובאמת מדת רחום הוא כביכול שהקדוש ברוך הוא מדבק עצמו בעולמות התחתונים כמו שהעשיר שמרחם על העני צריך לדבק עצמו בצער העני כדי שעל ידי זה ירחם עצמו, כן כביכול אצל הקדוש ברוך הוא מדת רחום ומדת חנון הוא שיש לנו חן בעיני הקדוש ברוך הוא. וכאן בשלוח הרגלים לא האמינו זאת במדת רחום שהקדוש ברוך הוא מדבק עצמו בישראל ובמדות חנון שיש לנו חן בעיני הקדוש ברוך הוא לכך לא אמר בזה הבקשה רחום וחנון, רק ארך אפים:

Numbers 14,17. “Hashem’s forbearance is long ‎lasting;” when the Israelites committed the sin of the golden ‎calf, this was a sin of direct disobedience of the second of the Ten ‎Commandments, i.e. a sin that directly provoked G’d. In this ‎instance, the sin of the spies was a provocation of Israel’s image, ‎i.e. they did not believe that their fellow Jews had sufficient faith ‎in G’d to overturn the numerical and physical superiority of their ‎adversaries the Canaanites’, by the power of their prayers. This ‎attribute called ‎רחום‎, is G’d’s ability to attach Himself closely to ‎the “lower” parts of His universe, just as a rich man who displays ‎true empathy for the poor needs to share the poor man’s pain so ‎that he can truly have mercy on him. The two Divine attributes ‎of ‎רחום וחנון‎ are therefore practically inseparable, as the latter ‎implies that the victim in need of this attribute has found grace ‎in G’d’s eyes. Seeing that the spies underestimated the Jewish ‎people’s faith in G’d, Moses omitted coupling the attribute the ‎two attributes of ‎רחום וחנון‎ but appealed only to ‎ארך אפים‎, G’d’s ‎attribute of forbearance.

Source 23 · Hasidic
Verified

Noam Elimelech — Parashat Shelach

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bamidbar, Sh'lach

R. Elimelech of Lizhensk interprets the scouts' sin through the lens of hitbonenut — genuine spiritual self-examination. The spies projected their own inner smallness ('we were like grasshoppers in our own eyes') outward onto the land; the root was a failure of inner spiritual identity and connection to their Divine source.

דהנה צריך האדם לעבוד את הבורא [בשני מדריגות, א'] להסתכל תמיד בשפלותו ולשבר ולהכניע את הגשמיות והארציות. ב' לחשב תמיד רוממות אל ולילך במחשבות טהורות לזכך ולטהר את מחשבתו, ועי"ז הוא מעלה את נשמתו למעלה עד מקום שרשו.

Source 24 · Hasidic
Verified

Sefat Emet — Parashat Shelach (5631)

Sefat Emet, Leviticus, Emor 2:1

The Gerrer Rebbe teaches that the land of Israel has an inner dimension of holiness that can only be perceived through emunah. The scouts saw only the external, material reality; their sin was the inability to perceive the spiritual dimension of the land — they looked with physical eyes alone and therefore their report was fundamentally untrue.

תרל"ג

Sefat Emet – Rabbi Yehudah Leib Alter of Ger, translated by Rabbi Arthur Green

Source 25 · Modern
External

Meshech Chochmah — Parashat Shelach

Meshekh Chokhmah, Numbers 13:2

R. Meir Simcha of Dvinsk argues that the very request to send spies was itself the sin — it revealed that the people did not truly believe God's promise that the land was already theirs. The scouts' report merely made explicit the faithlessness that was already latent in the nation's heart when they asked for reconnaissance.