Halachaהלכה

Halakhic Rulings on Heretics and Apostates

Jewish legal sources establish the status of minim (heretics), apikorsim (heretics/epicureans), and meshumadim (apostates) as individuals outside the community of Israel with no obligation—and in some cases a positive duty—to preserve their lives. The sources range from Tanakh narratives of zealous religious violence to Talmudic rulings and Maimonidean codification of their exclusion from communal life and the World to Come.

מוֹרִידִין וְלֹא מַעֲלִין

11 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Bamidbar / Numbers

Numbers 25:7-13

Pinchas kills Zimri and Kozbi in an act of zealotry (kina'ut) that God praises and rewards with a covenant of eternal priesthood — the Torah's paradigmatic case of extrajudicial killing of a sinner performed by a zealot, which later sources apply to cases of public heresy and desecration.

וַיַּ֗רְא פִּֽינְחָס֙ בֶּן־אֶלְעָזָ֔ר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַכֹּהֵ֑ן וַיָּ֙קׇם֙ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הָֽעֵדָ֔ה וַיִּקַּ֥ח רֹ֖מַח בְּיָדֽוֹ׃ וַ֠יָּבֹ֠א אַחַ֨ר אִֽישׁ־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶל־הַקֻּבָּ֗ה וַיִּדְקֹר֙ אֶת־שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם אֵ֚ת אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־הָאִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־קֳבָתָ֑הּ וַתֵּֽעָצַר֙ הַמַּגֵּפָ֔ה מֵעַ֖ל בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ פִּֽינְחָ֨ס בֶּן־אֶלְעָזָ֜ר בֶּן־אַהֲרֹ֣ן הַכֹּהֵ֗ן הֵשִׁ֤יב אֶת־חֲמָתִי֙ מֵעַ֣ל בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בְּקַנְא֥וֹ אֶת־קִנְאָתִ֖י בְּתוֹכָ֑ם וְלֹא־כִלִּ֥יתִי אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּקִנְאָתִֽי׃ וְהָ֤יְתָה לּוֹ֙ וּלְזַרְע֣וֹ אַחֲרָ֔יו בְּרִ֖ית כְּהֻנַּ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם תַּ֗חַת אֲשֶׁ֤ר קִנֵּא֙ לֵֽאלֹהָ֔יו וַיְכַפֵּ֖ר עַל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

When Phinehas, son of Eleazar son of Aaron the priest, saw this, he left the assembly and, taking a spear in his hand, he followed the Israelite man into the chamber and stabbed both of them, the Israelite man and the woman, through the belly. Then the plague against the Israelites was checked. “Phinehas, son of Eleazar son of Aaron the priest, has turned back My wrath from the Israelites by displaying among them his passion for Me, so that I did not wipe out the Israelite people in My passion. It shall be for him and his descendants after him a pact of priesthood for all time, because he took impassioned action for his God, thus making expiation for the Israelites.’”

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

I Kings

I Kings 18:40

Elijah slaughters the 450 prophets of Baal after the contest on Mount Carmel — a narrative paradigm of zealous religious violence against heresy/idolatry, invoked by later rabbinic discussions of kana'ut (zealotry).

וַיֹּ֩אמֶר֩ אֵלִיָּ֨הוּ לָהֶ֜ם תִּפְשׂ֣וּ ׀ אֶת־נְבִיאֵ֣י הַבַּ֗עַל אִ֛ישׁ אַל־יִמָּלֵ֥ט מֵהֶ֖ם וַֽיִּתְפְּשׂ֑וּם וַיּוֹרִדֵ֤ם אֵלִיָּ֙הוּ֙ אֶל־נַ֣חַל קִישׁ֔וֹן וַיִּשְׁחָטֵ֖ם שָֽׁם׃

Then Elijah said to them, “Seize the prophets of Baal, let not a single one of them get away.” They seized them, and Elijah took them down to the Wadi Kishon and slaughtered them there.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Devarim / Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 13:2-16

The Torah commands the execution of a false prophet (navi sheker) who leads people to idolatry and mandates the destruction of an 'ir ha-nidachat' (subverted city) that was drawn into idolatry — the foundational biblical legislation on eliminating heretical influence.

וְהַנָּבִ֣יא הַה֡וּא א֣וֹ חֹלֵם֩ הַחֲל֨וֹם הַה֜וּא יוּמָ֗ת כִּ֣י דִבֶּר־סָ֠רָ֠ה עַל־יְהֹוָ֨ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֜ם הַמּוֹצִ֥יא אֶתְכֶ֣ם ׀ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֗יִם וְהַפֹּֽדְךָ֙ מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים לְהַדִּֽיחֲךָ֙ מִן־הַדֶּ֔רֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֧ר צִוְּךָ֛ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ לָלֶ֣כֶת בָּ֑הּ וּבִֽעַרְתָּ֥ הָרָ֖ע מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ {ס} כִּ֤י הָרֹג֙ תַּֽהַרְגֶ֔נּוּ יָ֥דְךָ֛ תִּֽהְיֶה־בּ֥וֹ בָרִֽאשׁוֹנָ֖ה לַהֲמִית֑וֹ וְיַ֥ד כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם בָּאַחֲרֹנָֽה׃ וּסְקַלְתּ֥וֹ בָאֲבָנִ֖ים וָמֵ֑ת כִּ֣י בִקֵּ֗שׁ לְהַדִּֽיחֲךָ֙ מֵעַל֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ הַמּוֹצִיאֲךָ֛ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים׃ הַכֵּ֣ה תַכֶּ֗ה אֶת־יֹ֥שְׁבֵ֛י הָעִ֥יר הַהִ֖וא לְפִי־חָ֑רֶב הַחֲרֵ֨ם אֹתָ֧הּ וְאֶת־כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֛הּ וְאֶת־בְּהֶמְתָּ֖הּ לְפִי־חָֽרֶב׃

As for that prophet or dream-diviner, they shall be put to death for having urged disloyalty to the ETERNAL your God—who freed you from the land of Egypt and who redeemed you from the house of bondage—to make you stray from the path that the ETERNAL your God commanded you to follow. Thus you will sweep out evil from your midst. but take that person’s life. Let your hand be the first to put them to death, followed by the hand of the rest of the people. Stone them to death for having sought to make you stray from the ETERNAL your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. put the inhabitants of that town to the sword and put its cattle to the sword. Doom it and all that is in it to destruction:

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 27a

The Talmud discusses the legal status of a 'mumar' (apostate), noting that certain transgressors are disqualified from testimony and treated differently from ordinary Jews, laying groundwork for later rulings on heretics.

וְהִלְכְתָא כְּוָותֵיהּ דְּאַבָּיֵי בְּ״יַעַ״ל קַגַ״ם״. מוּמָר אוֹכֵל נְבֵילוֹת לְתֵיאָבוֹן – דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּל פָּסוּל. לְהַכְעִיס – אַבָּיֵי אָמַר: פָּסוּל, רָבָא אָמַר: כָּשֵׁר.

The Gemara comments: And in disputes between Abaye and Rava the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rava, except for six cases in which the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Abaye. They are: In the cases represented by the mnemonic yod, ayin, lamed, kuf, gimmel, mem: Unknown despair [ye’ush]; conspiring witnesses [eidim] who are disqualified retroactively; a side post [leḥi] standing alone; betrothal [kiddushin] that is not given to consummation; revealing intent with a bill of divorce [get]; and an apostate [mumar] who sins rebelliously. § The Gemara cites another dispute between Abaye and Rava with regard to disqualification of a witness. Concerning a transgressor who eats carcasses, i.e., non-kosher meat, due to appetite, i.e., because he desires this type of meat, or because it is less expensive or otherwise more accessible, everyone agrees that he is disqualified from bearing witness; it is suspected that just as he transgresses the halakhot of the Torah to satisfy his appetite, so too, he is willing to testify falsely for personal benefit. With regard to one who eats non-kosher meat to express insolence, Abaye says that he is disqualified from bearing witness and Rava says that he is fit.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Berakhot

Berakhot 28b-29a

The Gemara records the institution of the birkat ha-minim (the blessing against heretics) by Shmuel HaKatan at Yavneh, intended to identify and exclude heretics from communal prayer — reflecting a social/legal strategy of exclusion toward those who undermine the community from within.

אִילּוּ לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם הָיוּ מוֹלִיכִין אוֹתִי, שֶׁהַיּוֹם כָּאן וּמָחָר בַּקֶּבֶר, שֶׁאִם כּוֹעֵס עָלַי אֵין כַּעֲסוֹ כַּעַס עוֹלָם, וְאִם אוֹסְרֵנִי — אֵין אִיסּוּרוֹ אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם, וְאִם מְמִיתֵנִי — אֵין מִיתָתוֹ מִיתַת עוֹלָם, וַאֲנִי יָכוֹל לְפַיְּיסוֹ בִּדְבָרִים וּלְשַׁחֲדוֹ בְּמָמוֹן, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן הָיִיתִי בּוֹכֶה וְעַכְשָׁיו שֶׁמּוֹלִיכִים אוֹתִי לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁהוּא חַי וְקַיָּים לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים, שֶׁאִם כּוֹעֵס עָלַי — כַּעֲסוֹ כַּעַס עוֹלָם, וְאִם אוֹסְרֵנִי — אִיסּוּרוֹ אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם, וְאִם מְמִיתֵנִי — מִיתָתוֹ מִיתַת עוֹלָם, וְאֵינִי יָכוֹל לְפַיְּיסוֹ בִּדְבָרִים וְלֹא לְשַׁחֲדוֹ בְּמָמוֹן. וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְפָנַי שְׁנֵי דְרָכִים, אַחַת שֶׁל גַּן עֵדֶן וְאַחַת שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָּם, וְאֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ בְּאֵיזוֹ מוֹלִיכִים אוֹתִי, וְלֹא אֶבְכֶּה?! אָמְרוּ לוֹ: רַבֵּינוּ, בָּרְכֵנוּ.

In light of the previous mention of the blessing of the heretics, the Gemara explains how this blessing was instituted: The Sages taught: Shimon HaPakuli arranged the eighteen blessings, already extant during the period of the Great Assembly, before Rabban Gamliel, the Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in order in Yavne. Due to prevailing circumstances, there was a need to institute a new blessing directed against the heretics. Rabban Gamliel said to the Sages: Is there any person who knows to institute the blessing of the heretics, a blessing directed against the Sadducees? Shmuel HaKatan, who was one of the most pious men of that generation, stood and instituted it.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 90a

The Gemara discusses the category of 'apikoros' (heretic) and lists those who have no share in the World to Come, establishing the foundational Talmudic framework for treating heretics as outside the community of Israel with severe legal consequences.

וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא: הָאוֹמֵר אֵין תְּחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְאֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְאֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס. יָרׇבְעָם, אַחְאָב, וּמְנַשֶּׁה.

The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? Rav Aḥa, son of Rav Ika, says: It is derived as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei says: What is the meaning when the verse states with regard to conspiring witnesses: “And you shall do to him as he conspired to do to his brother” (Deuteronomy 19:19)? And these are the exceptions, the people who have no share in the World-to-Come, even when they fulfilled many mitzvot: One who says: There is no resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah, and one who says: The Torah did not originate from Heaven, and an epikoros, who treats Torah scholars and the Torah that they teach with contempt.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Avodah Zarah

Avodah Zarah 26a-26b

The Gemara explicitly rules that minim (heretics/sectarians) and meshumadim (apostates) are not to be rescued from a pit and may even be pushed in — a ruling that goes further than the law regarding idolaters, reflecting the severity with which Chazal viewed internal religious betrayal.

וְלֹא מוֹרִידִין, אֲבָל הַמִּינִין וְהַמָּסוֹרוֹת וְהַמְשׁוּמָּדִים — מוֹרִידִין וְלֹא מַעֲלִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנִי שׁוֹנֶה ״לְכׇל אֲבֵדַת אָחִיךָ״ לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַמְשׁוּמָּד, וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ מוֹרִידִין? סְמִי מִכָּאן מְשׁוּמָּד! אָמַר מָר: מוֹרִידִין אֲבָל לֹא מַעֲלִין. הַשְׁתָּא אַחוֹתֵי מַחֲתִינַן, אַסּוֹקֵי מִיבְּעֵי? אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף בַּר חָמָא אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: לֹא נִצְרְכָה, שֶׁאִם הָיְתָה מַעֲלָה בַּבּוֹר — מְגָרְרָהּ, דְּנָקֵיט לֵיהּ עִילָּא וְאָמַר: לָא תֵּיחוֹת חֵיוְתָא עִלָּוֵיהּ.

and one may not lower them into a pit. But the heretics, and the informers, and the apostates [vehameshummadim] are lowered into a pit, but not raised out of it. Rabbi Yoḥanan said to Rabbi Abbahu: I teach that the verse: “And so you shall do with every lost item of your brother” (Deuteronomy 22:3), serves to include the apostate in one’s obligation to return a lost item to another Jew; and you say that one may lower him into a pit? Remove the term apostate from here. § The Gemara returns to the subject of lowering someone into a pit. The Master said: Heretics, informers, and apostates are lowered into a pit but not raised out of it. The Gemara analyzes this statement: Now that it is known that one actively lowers them into a pit, is it necessary to teach that one does not raise them from it? Rav Yosef bar Ḥama said that Rav Sheshet said: No, it is necessary to teach this halakha because it can be inferred from here that if there was a ledge in the pit, a Jew scrapes it off so that the one in the pit cannot ascend from it, as the Jew employs a pretext and says that he is removing the ledge so that animals do not descend upon the one in the pit while he is trapped in the pit.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Avodah Zarah

Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 2:8

Rambam rules that a min who engages in idolatry is not returned from a pit, and lists the categories of persons whom it is actually a mitzvah to kill — establishing the legal category of 'mitzvah to remove' for confirmed heretics who lead others astray.

אַזְהָרָה שֶׁל מְגַדֵּף מִנַּיִן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב כז) "אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל". בְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם בּוֹדְקִין אֶת הָעֵדִים בְּכִנּוּיִים יַכֶּה יוֹסִי אֶת יוֹסִי. נִגְמַר הַדִּין מוֹצִיאִין אֶת כָּל אָדָם לַחוּץ וְשׁוֹאֲלִים אֶת הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּעֵדִים וְאוֹמְרִים לוֹ אֱמֹר מַה שֶּׁשָּׁמַעְתָּ בְּפֵרוּשׁ וְהוּא אוֹמֵר וְהַדַּיָּנִים עוֹמְדִים עַל רַגְלֵיהֶם וְקוֹרְעִין וְלֹא מְאַחִין.

Which verse serves as the warning prohibiting blasphemy? [Exodus 22:27]: "Do not curse God." [The procedure for the trial of a blasphemer is as follows:] Each day [when] the witnesses are questioned, [they use] other terms for God's name, [stating,] "May Yosse strike Yosse." At the conclusion of the judgment, all bystanders are removed [from the courtroom]. The judges question the witness of greatest stature and tell him, "Tell us what you heard explicitly." He relates [the curse]. The judges stand upright and rend their garments.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Mamrim

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 3:1-3

Rambam categorizes different types of apostates and heretics (mumar, apikoros, min), ruling that minim and those who reject Torah from Heaven are to be cast down and not raised up — i.e., one has no obligation to save their life and may even act to cause their death.

מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מוֹדֶה בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה אֵינוֹ זָקֵן מַמְרֵא הָאָמוּר בַּתּוֹרָה. אֶלָּא הֲרֵי זֶה בִּכְלַל הָאֶפִּיקוֹרוֹסִין [וּמִיתָתוֹ בְּכָל אָדָם]: מֵאַחַר שֶׁנִּתְפַּרְסֵם שֶׁהוּא כּוֹפֵר בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה [מוֹרִידִין אוֹתוֹ] וְלֹא מַעֲלִין וַהֲרֵי הוּא כִּשְׁאָר כָּל הָאֶפִּיקוֹרוֹסִין וְהָאוֹמְרִין אֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהַמּוֹסְרִין וְהַמּוּמָרִין. שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ אֵינָם בִּכְלַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לֹא לְעֵדִים וְלֹא הַתְרָאָה וְלֹא דַּיָּנִים [אֶלָּא כָּל הַהוֹרֵג אֶחָד מֵהֶן עָשָׂה מִצְוָה גְּדוֹלָה וְהֵסִיר הַמִּכְשׁוֹל]:

A person who does not acknowledge validity of the Oral Law is not the rebellious elder mentioned in the Torah. Instead, he is one of the heretics and he should be put to death by any person. Since it has become known that such a person denies the Oral Law, he may be pushed into a pit and may not be helped out. He is like all the rest of the heretics who say that the Torah is not Divine in origin, those who inform on their fellow Jews, and the apostates. All of these are not considered as members of the Jewish people. There is no need for witnesses, a warning, or judges for them to be executed. Instead, whoever kills them performs a great mitzvah and removes an obstacle from people at large.

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaIkkarim — Book of Principles

Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 1 1:2

Rabbi Yosef Albo defines the foundational beliefs of Judaism, and by implication, who constitutes a heretic (kofer b'ikar) whose denial of core principles places them outside the community — the conceptual framework underlying legal treatment of heretics.

ויש משיבים בזה ואומרים כי רבי הלל לא היה כופר בעקר המשיח חלילה, אבל דעתו לומר שאין להם משיח לישראל מהכרח הפסוקים, כי כל הפרשיות שנאמרו בישעיה על המשיח, כמו ויצא חטר מגזע ישי ודומיהם, לא נאמרו אלא על חזקיה מלך יהודה ונתקיימו הנבואות ההן בימיו, ומה שאמר הכתוב שרש ישי אשר עומד לנס עמים אליו גוים ידרושו, נאמר על מרודך בלאדן בן בלאדן מלך בבל ששלח ספרים ומנחה אל חזקיהו.

The expression at the end of the same verse, And his resting-place shall be glorious, also refers to Hezekiah.

Source 11 · Hasidic
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Toldot Yaakov Yosef — Parashat Pinchas

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Pinchas

The Toldot Yaakov Yosef reflects on the act of Pinchas as an expression of total self-abnegation and Divine will, exploring when zealous action against spiritual corruption is sanctioned and when it reflects the individual's own inner purification.

וצ"ל דבאמת כך הוא, כי קודם שמייסר את הצדיק כבר נידון הרשע אשר ראוי להענש בלאו הכי מצד מעשיו הרעים, נידון אשר על ידו יהיה יסורי הצדיק, ואז עדי אובד הרשע, וכמ"ש בכתבים בעת אשר שליט האדם באדם לרע לו של המיצר, כי הצדיק מברר הניצוצין שהם מאנין תבירין, על ידי יסורין שנתיסר על ידי הרשע, והצדיק עולה ורשע יורד תחתיו שמה, בסוד שעיר עזים לחטאת דראש חודש, יעו"ש. וזה שאמר כי את[ה] אשר הכית רדפו, כי אתה היודע האמת שעל ידו נתיסר הצדיק וע"כ רשע הוא, והראי', כי אשר רצית להכות נעשה על ידם, שהם רדפו אותו. וא"כ נגזר דינו להענש, לכך תנה עון זה ג"כ על עונם וימחו מספר חיים, ודפח"ח.