Shabbatשבת

Electricity and Shabbat Observance

These sources explore the halakhic status of electricity on Shabbat by examining the biblical and rabbinic prohibitions against kindling fire and performing creative work. The texts establish the conceptual framework—from the explicit Torah ban on fire to the Rambam's definitions of prohibited labor—that later authorities apply when determining whether using electricity violates Shabbat law.

לֹא־תְבַעֲר֣וּ אֵ֔שׁ בְּכֹ֖ל מֹשְׁבֹֽתֵיכֶ֑ם

10 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The foundational prohibition is stated in Shemot 35:3, which forbids kindling fire in any settlement on Shabbat, and the broader prohibition of all labor on Shabbat is rooted in Shemot 20:10, which forbids performing any melachah on the seventh day.

The Gemara enumerates kindling and extinguishing among the 39 primary categories of forbidden labor (Shabbat 75b:5), and the same sugya establishes that any act completing a piece of work also carries liability under the category of striking a blow with a hammer, a principle directly relevant to activating electrical devices.

the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 12:1) rules that one who lights a candle or wood — whether for warmth or light — is liable, and that heating iron to strengthen it is a derivative of kindling, showing that the prohibition extends beyond open flame to any productive generation of heat or energy.

the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 1:3) clarifies that even where formal liability does not apply, the act remains forbidden by rabbinic enactment as a safeguard around melachah — the framework through which later authorities extended the kindling prohibition to electricity.

Source 1 · Tanach
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Shemot – The Shabbat Commandment

Exodus 20:10

The fourth commandment forbids all 'melachah' (creative work) on Shabbat. The scope of this prohibition — what constitutes prohibited labor — underpins the entire halakhic question of electricity.

וְי֨וֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔֜י שַׁבָּ֖֣ת ׀ לַיהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑֗יךָ לֹֽ֣א־תַעֲשֶׂ֣֨ה כׇל־מְלָאכָ֜֡ה אַתָּ֣ה ׀ וּבִנְךָ֣͏ֽ־וּ֠בִתֶּ֗ךָ עַבְדְּךָ֤֨ וַאֲמָֽתְךָ֜֙ וּבְהֶמְתֶּ֔֗ךָ וְגֵרְךָ֖֙ אֲשֶׁ֥֣ר בִּשְׁעָרֶֽ֔יךָ׃

but the seventh day is a sabbath of the ETERNAL your God: you shall not do any work—you, your son or daughter, your male or female slave, or your cattle, or the stranger who is within your settlements.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Shemot – Prohibition of Kindling Fire

Exodus 35:3

The Torah explicitly prohibits kindling fire on Shabbat ('You shall not kindle fire in any of your dwellings on the Sabbath day'), which serves as the primary biblical anchor for the rabbinic debates over whether electricity constitutes a form of 'fire' or 'burning'.

לֹא־תְבַעֲר֣וּ אֵ֔שׁ בְּכֹ֖ל מֹשְׁבֹֽתֵיכֶ֑ם בְּי֖וֹם הַשַּׁבָּֽת׃ {פ}

You shall kindle no fire throughout your settlements on the sabbath day.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Mishnah Berakhot – Blessing over Fire at Havdalah

Mishnah Berakhot 8:5

The Mishnah rules that one recites a blessing over fire at Havdalah because fire was first created (or revealed) at the end of Shabbat, distinguishing Shabbat from weekday use of fire — a foundational text in understanding the halakhic significance of fire and its boundaries around Shabbat.

בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, שֶׁבָּרָא מְאוֹר הָאֵשׁ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, בּוֹרֵא מְאוֹרֵי הָאֵשׁ:

With regard to the blessing over the candle, Beit Shammai say: Who created [bara] the light of fire. And Beit Hillel say: Who creates [boreh] the lights of fire.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot – Fire Created at Twilight

Pirkei Avot 5:6

The Mishnah lists fire among the ten things created at twilight on the eve of the first Shabbat, implying that fire occupies a unique boundary position between the sacred and the mundane — a point that resonates in the rabbinic analysis of electricity and fire.

עֲשָׂרָה דְבָרִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, פִּי הָאָרֶץ, וּפִי הַבְּאֵר, וּפִי הָאָתוֹן, וְהַקֶּשֶׁת, וְהַמָּן, וְהַמַּטֶּה, וְהַשָּׁמִיר, וְהַכְּתָב, וְהַמִּכְתָּב, וְהַלּוּחוֹת.

Ten things were created on the eve of the Sabbath at twilight, and these are they: [1] the mouth of the earth, [2] the mouth of the well, [3] the mouth of the donkey, [4] the rainbow, [5] the manna, [6] the staff [of Moses], [7] the shamir, [8] the letters, [9] the writing, [10] and the tablets.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Shabbat – What Constitutes Kindling

Shabbat 29b:3

The Talmud discusses what materials and actions constitute the prohibited melachah of kindling ('hav'arah'), examining the nature of burning and ignition — categories directly relevant to whether closing an electrical circuit constitutes hav'arah.

מַתְנִי׳ לֹא יִקּוֹב אָדָם שְׁפוֹפֶרֶת שֶׁל בֵּיצָה וִימַלְּאֶנָּה שֶׁמֶן וְיִתְּנֶנָּה עַל פִּי הַנֵּר בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁתְּהֵא מְנַטֶּפֶת, וַאֲפִילּוּ הִיא שֶׁל חֶרֶס. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה מַתִּיר. אֲבָל אִם חִבְּרָהּ הַיּוֹצֵר מִתְּחִלָּה — מוּתָּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּלִי אֶחָד. לֹא יְמַלֵּא אָדָם קְעָרָה שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן וְיִתְּנֶנָּה בְּצַד הַנֵּר וְיִתֵּן רֹאשׁ הַפְּתִילָה בְּתוֹכָהּ בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁתְּהֵא שׁוֹאֶבֶת. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה מַתִּיר. מַתְנִי׳ הַמְכַבֶּה אֶת הַנֵּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מִתְיָרֵא מִפְּנֵי גּוֹיִם וּמִפְּנֵי לִיסְטִים, מִפְּנֵי רוּחַ רָעָה, מִפְּנֵי הַחוֹלֶה שֶׁיִּישַׁן — פָּטוּר. כְּחָס עַל הַנֵּר, כְּחָס עַל הַשֶּׁמֶן, כְּחָס עַל הַפְּתִילָה — חַיָּיב. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי פּוֹטֵר בְּכוּלָּן, חוּץ מִן הַפְּתִילָה — מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא עוֹשָׂהּ פֶּחָם.

MISHNA: The fundamental dispute in this mishna is with regard to the determination whether or not indirect acts of kindling and extinguishing fall within the parameters of the prohibition on Shabbat. The Rabbis said: A person may not pierce a hole in an eggshell and fill it with oil, and place it over the mouth of a lamp so that the egg will drip additional oil into the lamp and thereby extend the time that it burns. And this is the ruling even if it is not an actual egg but an earthenware vessel. And Rabbi Yehuda permits doing so. However, if the craftsman, who crafts ceramic vessels, attached the egg to the lamp from the outset, one is permitted to fill it with oil because it constitutes a single, large vessel. The Rabbis decreed that a person may not fill a bowl with oil, and place it beside the lamp, and place the unlit head of the wick into the bowl so that it draws additional oil from the bowl and thereby extend the time that the lamp burns. And Rabbi Yehuda permits doing so. MISHNA: One who extinguishes the lamp on Shabbat because he is afraid due to gentiles, from whom he is hiding in his home, and due to thieves, or if one is afraid due to an evil spirit, i.e., he is depressed and prefers sitting in the dark, or if he extinguished the flame due to the sick person so that he will sleep, he is exempt. However, in a case where he extinguishes the flame in order to spare the lamp, spare the oil, or spare the wick, he is liable. Rabbi Yosei exempts him in all of those cases, as in his opinion no labor prohibited by Torah law is being performed by extinguishing the flame, except for the case where he seeks to spare the wick. Only in that case is extinguishing a creative action because he makes the wick into charcoal by extinguishing the flame.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Shabbat – The 39 Melachot

Shabbat 75b:5

The passage discusses various activities prohibited on Shabbat, including dyeing, salting food, erasing, cutting, writing, building, destroying, extinguishing fire, kindling fire, and striking with a hammer, with the Talmudic sages debating the specific circumstances and labor categories under which each activity violates Shabbat law.

הַבּוֹנֶה, וְהַסּוֹתֵר, הַמְכַבֶּה, וְהַמַּבְעִיר, וְהַמַּכֶּה בְּפַטִּישׁ. רַבָּה וְרַבִּי זֵירָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַיְיהוּ: כֹּל מִידֵּי דְּאִית בֵּיהּ גְּמַר מְלָאכָה חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם מַכֶּה בְּפַטִּישׁ.

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: One who builds and one who dismantles; one who extinguishes and one who kindles; and one who strikes a blow with a hammer. With regard to the labor of striking a blow with a hammer, it is Rabba and Rabbi Zeira who both stated a principle: One who performs any action on Shabbat that contains an element of completion of work is liable for the labor of striking a blow with a hammer.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Hilchot Shabbat, Laws of Kindling

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 12:1

Rambam codifies that one who kindles a fire on Shabbat is liable for the melachah of hav'arah, and explains that the prohibition applies whether one uses wood, oil, or any substance that burns — establishing the conceptual framework for analyzing electricity as a potential form of hav'arah.

הַמַּבְעִיר כָּל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. וְכֵן הַמַּדְלִיק אֶת הַנֵּר אוֹ אֶת הָעֵצִים בֵּין לְהִתְחַמֵּם בֵּין לְהָאִיר הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב. הַמְחַמֵּם אֶת הַבַּרְזֶל כְּדֵי לְצָרְפוֹ בְּמַיִם הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת מַבְעִיר וְחַיָּב:

A person who kindles even the smallest fire is liable, provided he needs the ash that it creates. Similarly, a person who lights a candle or wood, whether to generate warmth or light, is liable. A person who heats iron in order to strengthen it by submerging it in water is liable for [performing] a derivative [of the forbidden labor] of kindling.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam – Definition of Melachah

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 1:3

Rambam defines the category of prohibited labor ('melachah') as purposeful, skilled creative work ('melachah she'tzricha legufah'), a principle that informs later poskim debating whether using electricity constitutes a 'melachah' in the halakhic sense.

וְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר שֶׁהָעוֹשֶׂה דָּבָר זֶה פָּטוּר הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִן הַכָּרֵת וּמִן הַסְּקִילָה וּמִן הַקָּרְבָּן אֲבָל אָסוּר לַעֲשׂוֹת אוֹתוֹ דָּבָר בְּשַׁבָּת וְאִסּוּרוֹ מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים וְהוּא הַרְחָקָה מִן הַמְּלָאכָה.

Whenever the expression, "one who performs this is not liable" is used, the intent is that he is not liable for karet, for [execution by] stoning, or for bringing a [sin] offering.

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Shevut and Rabbinic Shabbat Prohibitions

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 5:1

Rambam codifies the rabbinic category of 'shevut' — acts not biblically prohibited but forbidden rabbinically to preserve the spirit of Shabbat rest — which is invoked by poskim who hold that even if electricity is not biblically prohibited, it remains rabbinically forbidden.

כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁמְּבָרֵךְ עַל כָּל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בָּהֶם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים:

One is obligated to recite a blessing before kindling [the Sabbath lamp], as one does before fulfilling any of the obligations incumbent upon us by virtue of Rabbinic decree. [The blessing is:] Blessed are You, God, our Lord who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Sabbath lamp.

Source 10 · Hasidic
Verified

Me'or Einayim – Shabbat as Spiritual Cessation

Me'or Einayim, Vayakhel

The Me'or Einayim teaches that on Shabbat one must withdraw entirely from creative manipulation of the physical world and enter a state of divine union, emphasizing that any human 'completion' of the world's work is spiritually problematic on Shabbat — a Chassidic lens through which electricity (as completion of a circuit) is especially significant.

וכל זה בשית יומין דחול שאז הוא זמן בנין המשכן הל״ט מלאכות אך בבוא השבת נאסרו הל״ט מלאכות שאז הוא זמן הקמת המשכן כמו שכתוב ויקם משה את המשכן שהוא סוד הדעת מקים ומעלה א״ת המשכן עם כל הבחינות הכלולים מא׳ ועד ת׳ שנבנה בששת ימי החול ויש עלייה לכל הנבראים בקדושת שבת שמתפשט בכל העולמות ובכל הנבראים ועל כן אין מלאכת המשכן דוחה שבת מפני שהעבודה היא במדריגה העליונה למעלה מן העולם ובשבת אין באין לאדם השלם שעשה מלאכת המשכן בכל השבוע אין באין לאדם השלם שעשה מלאכת המשכן בכל השבוע אין באין לו מחשבות זרות לתקנם כי מלאכת המשכן אינו דוחה שבת מפני שבששת ימי השבוע העבודה ואהבה ויראה הם בצמצום מאחר שהוא עם זה העולם כי כל מה שהוא בעולמות הוא עדיין בגבול וצמצום אבל האהבה ויראה שבשבת הוא במוחין גדולין ובתענוג גדול שהוא למעלה מן העולם שאינו בצמצום כמו שכתוב בזוהר שבת שמא דקב״ה שלימו דכל סיטרין שהוא בשלימות הגמור שאינה בשבירה משאל כן בחול שהוא בשבירה בזה העולם שהוא למעלה מן העולם שאינו בצמצום כמו שכתוב בזוהר שבת שמא דקב״ה שלימו שכל סיטרין שהוא בשלימות הגמור שאינה בשבירה משאל כן בחול שהוא בשבירה בזה העולם שהוא בצמצום אז האהבה ויראה שצריכה לעובד ה׳ הוא גם כן בציצמצום אבל בשבת הוא בתענוג גדול תענוג שאין לו מיצר וגבול.