Yishmael and Persia in Jewish Thought

וְה֤וּא יִהְיֶה֙ פֶּ֣רֶא אָדָ֔ם יָד֣וֹ בַכֹּ֔ל וְיַ֥ד כֹּ֖ל בּ֑וֹ וְעַל־פְּנֵ֥י כׇל־אֶחָ֖יו יִשְׁכֹּֽן׃

He shall be a wild ass of a person; His hand against everyone, And everyone’s hand against him; He shall dwell alongside all his kin.”

וּפָרְסָאֵי מְנָא לַן דְּמִיֶּפֶת קָאָתוּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״בְּנֵי יֶפֶת גּוֹמֶר וּמָגוֹג וּמָדַי וְיָוָן וְתוּבָל וּמֶשֶׁךְ וְתִירָס״. גּוֹמֶר — זֶה גֶּרְמַמְיָא, מָגוֹג — זוֹ קַנְדִּיָּא, מָדַי — זוֹ מַקֵדוֹנְיָא, יָוָן — כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, תּוּבָל — זֶה בֵּית אוּנַיְיקִי, מֶשֶׁךְ — זוֹ מוּסְיָא, תִּירָס, פְּלִיגִי בַּהּ רַבִּי סִימַאי וְרַבָּנַן, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ רַבִּי סִימוֹן וְרַבָּנַן, חַד אָמַר: זוֹ בֵּית תְּרַיְיקִי, וְחַד אָמַר: זוֹ פָּרַס. תָּנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: תִּירָס — זוֹ פָּרַס. אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי אִלְעַאי: עֲתִידָה רוֹמִי שֶׁתִּפּוֹל בְּיַד פָּרַס, קַל וָחוֹמֶר: וּמָה מִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁבְּנָאוּהוּ בְּנֵי שֵׁם וְהֶחְרִיבוּהוּ כַּשְׂדִּיִּים — נָפְלוּ כַּשְׂדִּיִּים בְּיַד פָּרְסִיִּים. מִקְדָּשׁ שֵׁנִי שֶׁבְּנָאוּהוּ פָּרְסִיִּים וְהֶחְרִיבוּהוּ רוֹמִיִּים — אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁיִּפְּלוּ רוֹמִיִּים בְּיַד פָּרְסִיִּים?

§ The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that the Persians descend from Japheth? The Gemara answers: As it is written: “The sons of Japheth were Gomer and Magog and Madai and Javan and Tuval and Meshech and Tiras” (Genesis 10:2). The Gemara explains: Gomer, that is Germamya; Magog, that is Kandiya; Madai, that is Macedonia; Javan, in accordance with its plain meaning, Greece; Tuval, that is the nation called Beit Unaiki; Meshech, that is Musya. With regard to Tiras, Rabbi Simai and the Rabbis disagree, and some say the dispute is between Rabbi Simon and the Rabbis: One said: That is Beit Teraiki, and one said: That is Persia. According to that approach, Persia is listed among the descendants of Japheth. Rav Yosef taught: Tiras is Persia. Similarly, Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi Elai: Rome is destined to fall into the hands of Persia. This is derived by means of an a fortiori inference: Just as the First Temple, that the descendants of Shem built it and the Chaldeans destroyed it, and in turn the Chaldeans, ruled by Belshazzar, fell to Persians, ruled by Darius the Mede and his son-in-law Cyrus the Persian; the Second Temple, that the Persians built it and the Romans destroyed it, is it not right that the Romans will fall into the hands of the Persians?

יִשְׁמָעֵאל מִנַּיִן? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְקָרָאת שְׁמוֹ יִשְׁמָעֵאל״. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יִשְׁמָעֵאל? שֶׁעָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִשְׁמֹעַ נַאֲקַת הָעָם מִמַּה שֶּׁעֲתִידִין בְּנֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּאָרֶץ בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים. לְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יִשְׁמָעֵאל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יִשְׁמַע אֵל וְיַעֲנֵם״.

Whence do we know about Ishmael? Because it is said, "And the angel of the Lord said unto her, Behold, thou art with child,… and thou shalt call his name Ishmael" (Gen. 16:11). Why was his name || called Ishmael? Because in the future the Holy One, blessed be He, will hearken to the cry of the people arising from (the oppression) which the children of Ishmael will bring about in the land in the last (days); therefore was his name called Ishmael.

(יט) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: אִלּוּ הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים לְךָ כִּי מֶלֶךְ הֹדּוּ אִישׁ חֶסֶד רָאוּי לְרוֹמְמוֹ וְלָתֵת כָּבוֹד לִשְׁמוֹ וּלְסַפֵּר מַעֲשָׂיו בְּמַה שֶּׁיַּגִּיעַ אֵלֶיךָ מִצֶּדֶק אַנְשֵׁי אַרְצוֹ וּמִדּוֹתָם הַטּוֹבוֹת, וְשֶׁמַּשָּׂאָם וּמַתָּנָם בֶּאֱמוּנָה, הֶהָיִיתָ חַיָּב בָּזֶה.

19. The Rabbi: If thou wert told that the King of India was an excellent man, commanding admiration, and deserving his high reputation, one whose actions were reflected in the justice which rules his country and the virtuous ways of his subjects, would this bind thee to revere him?

ויאמר ה' אל אברם לך לך כו'. נ"ל דהנה צריך האדם לעבוד הבורא ב"ה בשלש מדריגות זו אחר זו, דהיינו [א] מתחילה צריך לשבר כח התאווה המוטבע באדם מדרך הטבע כגון אכילה ושתיה וכיוצא בהם שיהא אכילתו בקדושה ובטהרה, ועל ידי זה הוא משבר כח 'אלקים אחרים' ד'אלקים' גימטריה 'הטבע', ואחר שמשבר כח אלקים אחרים, זוכה לבוא למדריגת יראה שהוא אלקים חיים,

God said to Avram: 'Go forth from your land etc' (Gen. 12:1) ~ it seems to me that behold, a person needs to serve the Blessed Creator in three levels, one after the other, which are (1) at the outset one needs to break the strength of desire, the natural desire found in a human due to the nature of humans. Examples are eating and drinking, and such, so that one's eating will be in holiness and purity, through that one breaks the strength of "other gods" (elohim acherim) since "gods" has the same gematria as "the nature" (hateva), and one the forces of "other gods" are broken, one merits to come to the level "living God" (E-lohim chayim".