Mitzvotמצוות

Lo Tachmod: The Prohibition of Coveting

Sources explore the biblical prohibition against coveting one's neighbor's possessions, examining both its textual foundations in Torah and its interpretation across rabbinic, medieval, and Hasidic traditions. The sources address how this commandment extends beyond external action to encompass inner desire, making it a paradigmatic 'duty of the heart' that guards against the spiritual dangers of envy.

הַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ

12 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Deuteronomy – Lo Tachmod and Lo Titaveh

Deuteronomy 5:18

The Deuteronomy version of the commandment adds a second prohibition — lo titaveh (do not desire/crave), understood by many as a distinct, lesser prohibition against inward longing even without action.

וְלֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד אֵ֣שֶׁת רֵעֶ֑ךָ {ס}        וְלֹ֨א תִתְאַוֶּ֜ה בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֗ךָ שָׂדֵ֜הוּ וְעַבְדּ֤וֹ וַאֲמָתוֹ֙ שׁוֹר֣וֹ וַחֲמֹר֔וֹ וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְרֵעֶֽךָ׃ {ס}

You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife. And you shall not crave your neighbor’s house, or field, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that is your neighbor’s.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Exodus – The Tenth Commandment

Exodus 20:14

The Torah prohibits coveting one's neighbor's house, wife, servant, animal, or anything belonging to him — the foundational text of Lo Tachmod.

לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑ךָ {ס}        לֹֽא־תַחְמֹ֞ד אֵ֣שֶׁת רֵעֶ֗ךָ וְעַבְדּ֤וֹ וַאֲמָתוֹ֙ וְשׁוֹר֣וֹ וַחֲמֹר֔וֹ וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְרֵעֶֽךָ׃ {פ}

You shall not covet your neighbor’s house: you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox or donkey, or anything that is your neighbor’s.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – Bava Metzia

Bava Metzia 5b

The Talmud addresses the mechanism by which covetousness leads to theft and other transgressions, showing how desire (lo tachmod) escalates into action (geneivah).

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב אַחָא מִדִּיפְתִּי לְרָבִינָא: וְהָא קָא עָבַר עַל לָאו דְּ״לֹא תַּחְמֹד״? ״לֹא תַּחְמֹד״ לְאִינָשֵׁי בְּלָא דְּמֵי מַשְׁמַע לְהוּ.

Rav Aḥa of Difti said to Ravina: But by paying for the deposit instead of returning it, doesn’t the bailee violate the prohibition of: “You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, nor his slave, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbor’s” (Exodus 20:14)? One transgresses this prohibition by taking an item from another by force or deceit, even if one pays for it. The Gemara answers: The prohibition “You shall not covet” is understood by most people as referring to taking an item without paying money. Since the bailee may have been unaware that he was acting criminally, his testimony and his oath are deemed credible.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 25b

The Talmud discusses how one who covets is willing to pursue his desire even to the point of causing harm, illustrating the moral danger latent in the prohibition.

הַחַמְסָנִין, מֵעִיקָּרָא סְבוּר דְּמֵי קָא יָהֵיב (אַקְרַאי בְּעָלְמָא הוּא). כֵּיוָן דַּחֲזוֹ דְּקָא חָטְפִי, גְּזַרוּ בְּהוּ רַבָּנַן.

Similarly, with regard to those who force transactions, initially the Sages did not disqualify them, as they assumed that their behavior could be excused for two reasons: They would pay money for the items they took, and their forcing transactions was merely occasional; it was not a common practice. When they realized that these people were snatching items regularly, the Sages issued a decree that they are disqualified from bearing witness.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot 4:1 – Who is Rich?

Pirkei Avot 4:1

Ben Zoma teaches: 'Who is rich? One who is satisfied with his portion' — a foundational principle that directly counters the root of Lo Tachmod, identifying contentment (sameach b'chelko) as the antidote to coveting.

אֵיזֶהוּ עָשִׁיר, הַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכח) יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל אַשְׁרֶיךָ וְטוֹב לָךְ. אַשְׁרֶיךָ, בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. וְטוֹב לָךְ, לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא.

He who subdues his [evil] inclination, as it is said: “He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that rules his spirit than he that takes a city” (Proverbs 16:32). Who is rich? He who rejoices in his lot, as it is said: “You shall enjoy the fruit of your labors, you shall be happy and you shall prosper” (Psalms 128:2) “You shall be happy” in this world, “and you shall prosper” in the world to come. Who is he that is honored?

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Rabbeinu Bachya ibn Paquda – Chovot HaLevavot

Duties of the Heart, Introduction of the Author

The entire thrust of Chovot HaLevavot is that Torah obligations extend to the inner life of the heart; the prohibition of coveting is paradigmatic of a 'duty of the heart' that cannot be fulfilled by outward compliance alone.

חוֹבוֹת הָאֵבָרִים יֵחָלְקוּ לִב׳ חֲלָקִים: הָאֶחָד מֵהֶם מִצְוֹת שֶׁמְּחַיֵּב בָּהֶם הַשֵּׂכֶל אֲפִלּוּ אִם לֹא חִיְּבָה בָּהֶן הַתּוֹרָה. וְהַחֵלֶק הַשֵּׁנִי מִצְוֹת הַשֵּׁמַע שֶׁאֵין הַשֵּׂכֶל מְחַיֵּב בָּהֶם וְלֹא דּוֹחֶה אוֹתָם כְּאִסּוּר בָּשָׂר בְּחָלָב וְשַׁעַטְנֵז וְכִלְאַיִם וְהַדּוֹמֶה לָהֶם מִמָּה שֶׁנֶּעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ עִלַּת אִסּוּרָם וְעִלַּת חִיּוּב מִמָּה שֶׁנִּתְחַיַּבְנוּ מֵהֶן. וּמִמִּצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁבְּחוֹבוֹת הַלְּבָבוֹת.

The first aims at the knowledge of the duties of the limbs (practical duties) and is the science of external conducts. The second deals with the duties of the heart, namely, its sentiments and thoughts, and is the science of the inner life. The duties of the heart, however, are all rooted in rational principles, as I will explain with G-d's help.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Sefer HaMitzvot

Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 265-266

Rambam enumerates Lo Tachmod and Lo Titaveh as two distinct negative commandments (265 and 266), distinguishing between the prohibition on taking action toward coveted property and the prohibition on mentally desiring it.

הזהירנו מהשים מחשבתנו לעשות תחבולה כדי לקנות מה שברשות זולתנו מאחינו. והוא אמרו לא תחמוד בית רעך. ולשון מכילתא לא תחמוד יכול אפילו חומד בדבור תלמוד לומר לא תחמוד כסף וזהב מה להלן עד שיעשה מעשה אף כאן עד שיעשה מעשה. הנה יתבאר לך כי זה הלאו מזהיר מהערים עד שנקח לעצמנו הדבר שאנחנו חומדים אותו ממון אחינו ואפילו לקנותו ולתת בו דמים, הנה זה כלו מי שיעשהו עובר על לא תחמוד. (וישמע יתרו, הלכות גזילה פ"א): הזהירנו מהשים מחשבתנו לחמוד מה שיש לאחינו ולהתאוות בו שזה יהיה מבוא לעשות תחבולה לקנותו, וזהו לשון האזהרה בזה הענין אמרו לא תתאוה בית רעך, ואין שני לאוין אלו בענין אחד אבל הלאו הראשון והוא לא תחמוד מזהיר לקנות מה שיש לזולתנו, ולאו שני מזהיר אפילו להתאוות בלבנו לבד. ולשון מכילתא נאמר כאן לא תחמוד ולהלן הוא אומר ולא תתאוה לחייב על התאוה בפני עצמה ועל החמוד בפני עצמו, ושם אמרו מנין שאם התאוה שסופו לחמוד שנאמר ולא תתאוה ולא תחמוד מנין שאם חמד שסופו לאנוס ולגזול תלמוד לומר וחמדו שדות וגזלו. ובאור זה שאם ראה דבר יפה אצל אחד אם גברה מחשבתו עליו והתאוה בו עבר על לא תתאוה, ואם התעסק באהבת הדבר ההוא עד שישתדל להגיעו אצלו ולא יסור מחלות פניו ולהכביד עליו שימכרנו לו או יחליף אותו אליו במה שהוא יותר טוב ממנו הנה כבר עבר על לא תחמוד גם כן אחר שקנה הדבר שהיה לחבירו ולא היה רצונו למכרו אבל הכביד עליו והערים עד שלקחו ויהיה שלו כבר עבר שני לאוין לא תתאוה ולא תחמוד, ואם נמנע האיש ההוא מלמכור או להחליפו באהבתו בדבר ההוא הנה הוא יקחהו באונס והכרח בחוזק אהבתו בדבר ההוא בנפשו עובר על לא תגזול, הנה זה ההפרש בין לא תתאוה ולא תחמוד. (ואתתנן, שם):

He prohibited us from putting our thoughts to fabricating machinations in order to acquire that which is in the possession of our other brothers (fellow Jews). And that is His saying, "You shall not covet your neighbor’s house" (Exodus 20:14). And the language of the Mekhilta (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 20:14:3) is, "'You shall not covet' - perhaps even if one covets with speech? [Hence] we learn to say, 'You shall not covet the silver and gold' (Deuteronomy 7:25). Just as there, [he is not liable] until he performs an act, so [too], here [he is not liable] until he performs an act." Behold it has been made clear to you that this negative commandment prohibits us from tricks that [enable] us to take our brother's property, that we have been coveting, for ourselves - even when we buy it and give him money. Whoever does any of this is surely transgressing, "You shall not covet." (See Parashat Yitro; Mishneh Torah, Robbery and Lost Property 1.) He prohibited us from putting our thoughts to coveting that which is our brothers' (fellow Jews), and to desire it. For this is the entranceway to fabricating machinations in order to acquire it. And the language of the prohibition about this content is His saying, "you shall not desire your neighbor’s house" (Deuteronomy 5:18). And these two negative commandments are not about the same content. Rather the first negative commandment - and that is, "You shall not covet" - is prohibiting the acquisition of what is someone else's; whereas the second negative commandment prohibits even only to desire it in our hearts. And the language of the Mekhilta (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 20:14:2) is, "Here (Exodus 20:14) it states 'You shall not covet,' and later, it says, 'You shall not desire' - to make liable for desiring in itself, and for coveting in itself." And there, they said, "From where [do we know] that if one desires; in the end, he will covet? As it is stated, 'Do not desire [...] and you will not covet.' From where [do we know] that if he does covet; in the end, he will use force and steal? [Hence] we learn to say, 'and they will covet fields and steal [them]' (Micah 2:2)." And the explanation of this is that if he saw something nice with someone else: If his thought about it overwhelms him and he desires it, he has transgressed, "You shall not desire." But if he becomes occupied with the love of that thing, to the point that he makes efforts to bring it to himself - and he does not cease from begging him and pressuring him to sell it to him or to trade it to him for something better than it - behold he has already also transgressed, "you shall not covet." Once he acquired the thing that belonged to his fellow, who did not want to sell it - but he pressured him and tricked him, until he acquired it and it became his - he has already transgressed two negative commandments, "You shall not desire," and, "You shall not covet." However if that man prevented himself from selling or exchanging [it] - on account of his own love for that thing - [the man who desires it] will surely take it by duress and force, as a result of the intensity of his soul's longing for that thing. He will [then] transgress the prohibition of, "you shall not rob." Behold, that is the difference between, "You shall not desire," and, "You shall not covet." (See Parashat Vaetchanan; Mishneh Torah, Robbery and Lost Property 1.)

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Orchot Tzadikim – Gate of Envy (Sha'ar HaKin'ah)

Orchot Tzadikim

The Orchot Tzadikim devotes an entire gate to the trait of envy and jealousy, explaining that it is the psychological engine behind Lo Tachmod — one who covets is rooted in envy of another's fortune and must cultivate satisfaction with their own lot.

וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: כְּאִלּוּ בָּא עַל עֲרָיוֹת, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא יח כז): ״כִּי אֶת כָּל הַתּוֹעֵבֹת הָאֵל עָשׂוּ...״. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים:

Arrogance leads to the pursuit of wealth in order to lord over people. You already know what happened to Korah and his band because of his arrogance, for he sought to make himself great and to assume greatness that had not been given to him by Heaven, and from this he entered into controversy and from the controversy came jealousy and hatred. All of these qualities are very demeaning qualities, as shall, with God's help, be explained.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Ramchal – Mesillat Yesharim (Chapter on Cleanliness)

Mesillat Yesharim 11

The Ramchal discusses how covetousness and desire for others' property is a corruption of character that must be uprooted from within, connecting Lo Tachmod to the broader mussar project of inner purification.

כִּי יַעֲבֹר בַּעֲוֹן הַהוֹנָאָה אֲשֶׁר

In truth, all this is due to his eyes drawing his heart instead of his heart ruling over his eyes thereby

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Maharal – Netivot Olam, Netiv Koach HaYetzer

Netivot Olam, Netiv Koach Hayeitzer

The Maharal explores how the evil inclination manifests as desire and covetousness, and how channeling the yetzer properly — rather than suppressing desire altogether — is the deeper intention of prohibitions like Lo Tachmod.

בא להודיע אל האדם מעלת התורה, כי האדם נברא עם יצר הרע וכאשר עוסק בתורה יצר הרע נמסר בידו, ולפיכך אם האדם רוצה שלא יהיה יצר הרע שולט בו אז יהיה האדם דבק בטוב ואז הוא נצול מן הרע הגמור הוא היצה"ר, ודבקות האדם בטוב צריך שיהיה בשכלו וכן בנפשו ואז יצר הרע אין שולט בו. ולפיכך אם עוסק בתורה ובגמילות חסדים, כי על ידי התורה האדם הוא טוב מצד שכלו, כי התורה בודאי תקרא טוב שנאמר כי לקח טוב נתתי לכם תורתי אל תעזובו, וכאשר עוסק בגמילות חסדים שע"י ג"ח בודאי הוא אדם טוב מצד נפשו ובשביל הטוב שבו שהוא נפש טובה מטיב לאחרים, ואם האדם הוא טוב הן מצד שכלו הן מצד נפשו הרי הוא מסולק מן היצה"ר שהוא רע. ועיקר שמו של היצה"ר רע כמו שאמר הקב"ה קראו ליצה"ר רע שנאמר כי יצר לב האדם רע מנעוריו, וכאשר אין היצה"ר שולט בו אז יצר הרע נמסר בידו כאשר האדם מושל על יצרו.

Source 11 · Hasidic
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Toldot Yaakov Yosef – Parashat Yitro

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Yitro

The Toldot Yaakov Yosef, one of the earliest Chassidic works, discusses the Ten Commandments and teaches that Lo Tachmod is the culminating commandment because it guards the inner world — one who perfects their inner life will not covet.

ולפעמים מחמת עבירת האדם שנעשה מסך מבדיל בינו לבין קונו נוסף על הפסק המחיצה שמצד החומר, ונתגבר החומר על הצורה לבקש מותרות יתר על המדה ומשקל, שראוי לאדם להתקדש במותר לך, כמו שנאמר (ויקרא יט, ב) קדושים תהיו כי קדוש אני, ודרשו חז"ל (יבמות כ.) קדש עצמך במותר לך, ולמנוע מן היתרון שזהו נקרא יתרו.

Source 12 · Hasidic
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Tanya – Iggeret HaKodesh

Tanya, Part IV; Iggeret HaKodesh 28

The Alter Rebbe teaches that the root of all sin, including covetousness, lies in the animal soul's attachment to material things; the antidote is cultivating love for God that displaces all other desires.

אָמְנָם, נוֹדָע מִזּוֹהַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ וְהָאֲרִיזַ״ל, סוֹד הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ – הֵן בְּחִינַת הַעֲלָאַת ״מַיִּין נוּקְבִין״ מִנֶּפֶשׁ הַבַּהֲמִית שֶׁבְּנוֹגַהּ, אֶל שָׁרְשָׁן וּמְקוֹרָן – הֵן בְּחִינוֹת ד׳ חַיּוֹת שֶׁבַּמֶּרְכָּבָה הַנּוֹשְׂאוֹת אֶת הַכִּסֵּא, פְּנֵי שׁוֹר וּפְנֵי נֶשֶׁר וְכוּ׳, וְעַל־יְדֵי זֶה נִמְשָׁכִים וְיוֹרְדִים ״מַיִּין דּוּכְרִין״ מִבְּחִינַת ״אָדָם״ שֶׁעַל הַכִּסֵּא, הַנִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם ״מַלְכָּא״ וּ״זְעֵיר אַנְפִּין״. מַה־שֶּׁאֵין־כֵּן בַּקָּרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, שֶׁאֵינָן מְכַפְּרִים אֶלָּא עַל הַשְּׁגָגוֹת, שֶׁהֵן מֵהִתְגַּבְּרוּת נֶפֶשׁ הַבַּהֲמִית שֶׁמִּנּוֹגַהּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּ״לִקּוּטֵי תּוֹרָה״ פָּרָשַׁת וַיִּקְרָא.

However, it is known from the sacred Zohar, and from the Arizal, that the principium of the sacrifices brought on the altar is that they are an aspect of the elevation of mayin nukvin: from the animal soul, which is in (the class of) nogah, to their root and source, i.e., the forms of the four animals of the chariot bearing the throne: the face of the ox, and the face of the eagle…. Thereby the mayin duchrin are elicited and descend from the aspect of the “man upon the throne,” referred to as malka, and z’eyr anpin. This is not the case, though, with the sacrifices that are upon the altar. They atone only for inadvertent sins which come about because of the strengthening of the animal soul which is of nogah, as mentioned in Likkutei Torah, section of Vayikra.