Machshavaמחשבה

Understanding the Definition of a Gadol

These sources explore what constitutes true greatness (gadlut) in Jewish tradition, examining whether a gadol is defined by external status, scholarly mastery, moral character, community recognition, or spiritual realization. Together they present a multifaceted portrait of greatness as rooted in service, internal perfection, cosmic responsibility, and purposeful striving.

גדולים מעשי צדיקים יותר ממעשה שמים וארץ

17 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Numbers

Numbers 11:28

Joshua son of Nun is described as 'mesharet Moshe mibechurav' — the servant of Moses from his youth. The Torah implies that a future gadol is one who begins as a devoted disciple; greatness grows through apprenticeship and service, not just innate talent.

וַיַּ֜עַן יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בִּן־נ֗וּן מְשָׁרֵ֥ת מֹשֶׁ֛ה מִבְּחֻרָ֖יו וַיֹּאמַ֑ר אֲדֹנִ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה כְּלָאֵֽם׃

And Joshua son of Nun, Moses’ attendant from his youth, spoke up and said, “My lord Moses, restrain them!”

Source 2 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot

Pirkei Avot 2:5

Hillel teaches: 'In a place where there are no men, strive to be a man.' Greatness is contextual and relational — a gadol is one who rises to fill the need of the hour, taking responsibility when others do not.

הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אֵין בּוּר יְרֵא חֵטְא, וְלֹא עַם הָאָרֶץ חָסִיד, וְלֹא הַבַּיְשָׁן לָמֵד, וְלֹא הַקַּפְּדָן מְלַמֵּד, וְלֹא כָל הַמַּרְבֶּה בִסְחוֹרָה מַחְכִּים. וּבְמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין אֲנָשִׁים, הִשְׁתַּדֵּל לִהְיוֹת אִישׁ:

He used to say: A brute is not sin-fearing, nor is an ignorant person pious; nor can a timid person learn, nor can an impatient person teach; nor will someone who engages too much in business become wise. In a place where there are no men, strive to be a man.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot

Pirkei Avot 4:1

Ben Zoma asks: 'Who is mighty (gibor)? Who is wise (chacham)? Who is rich (ashir)? Who is honored (mechubad)?' — implying that true greatness is defined not by external status but by internal qualities: conquering one's inclination, learning from all people, being satisfied with one's portion, and honoring others. This mishna invites us to reexamine what makes someone truly 'great.'

בֶּן זוֹמָא אוֹמֵר, אֵיזֶהוּ חָכָם, הַלּוֹמֵד מִכָּל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיט) מִכָּל מְלַמְּדַי הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי כִּי עֵדְוֹתֶיךָ שִׂיחָה לִּי. אֵיזֶהוּ גִבּוֹר, הַכּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי טז) טוֹב אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם מִגִּבּוֹר וּמשֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ מִלֹּכֵד עִיר. אֵיזֶהוּ עָשִׁיר, הַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכח) יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל אַשְׁרֶיךָ וְטוֹב לָךְ. אֵיזֶהוּ מְכֻבָּד, הַמְכַבֵּד אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ב) כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד וּבֹזַי יֵקָלּוּ:

Ben Zoma said: Who is wise? He who learns from every man, as it is said: “From all who taught me have I gained understanding” (Psalms 119:99). Who is mighty? He who subdues his [evil] inclination, as it is said: “He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that rules his spirit than he that takes a city” (Proverbs 16:32). He who honors his fellow human beings as it is said: “For I honor those that honor Me, but those who spurn Me shall be dishonored” (I Samuel 2:30).

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin 36b

The Talmud discusses qualifications for membership on the Sanhedrin and the nature of gedolei Yisrael, listing qualities such as wisdom, humility, awe of heaven, integrity, and popularity with the community. A 'gadol' in the halakhic-institutional sense is one recognized by the community for these combined virtues.

הָא אִיכָּא אַחֲרִיתִי, דְּתַנְיָא: אֵין מוֹשִׁיבִין בְּסַנְהֶדְרִין זָקֵן וְסָרִיס וּמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בָּנִים. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מוֹסִיף: אַף אַכְזָרִי. וְחִילּוּפֵיהֶן בְּמֵסִית, דְּרַחֲמָנָא אָמַר: ״לֹא תַחְמֹל וְלֹא תְכַסֶּה עָלָיו״. וְאֵין הַכֹּל כְּשֵׁרִין לָדוּן דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת. מַאי טַעְמָא? דְּתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁבֵּית דִּין מְנוּקִּין בְּצֶדֶק, כָּךְ מְנוּקִּין מִכׇּל מוּם. אָמַר אַמֵּימָר, מַאי קְרָא: ״כֻּלָּךְ יָפָה רַעְיָתִי וּמוּם אֵין בָּךְ״.

The Gemara answers: But there is another difference, as it is taught in a baraita (Tosefta 7:5): The court does not seat on the Sanhedrin a very old person or one who is castrated or one who has no children, as those who did not recently raise children may lack compassion. Rabbi Yehuda adds: Even a cruel person is not eligible. The Gemara comments: And the opposite of this is the halakha with regard to one who entices others to engage in idol worship, as the Merciful One states concerning him: “Neither shall you spare, neither shall you conceal him” (Deuteronomy 13:9). § The mishna teaches: But not all are fit to judge cases of capital law; the judges may be only priests, Levites, or Israelites who are of sufficiently fit lineage to marry their daughters to members of the priesthood. The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this? The Gemara explains: As Rav Yosef taught: Just as the court is clean in justice, so too, it is clean of any blemish, i.e., it does not include anyone of flawed lineage. Ameimar says: What is the verse from which it is derived? It states: “You are all fair, my love; and there is no blemish in you” (Song of Songs 4:7).

Source 5 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot De'ot

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 2:3

Rambam defines the ideal human character as one who cultivates the middle path (the 'golden mean') in all character traits. The truly great person (chacham) is distinguished not merely by intellect but by perfected character — a model for others to emulate.

שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אָדָם עָנָו בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה שְׁפַל רוּחַ וְתִהְיֶה רוּחוֹ נְמוּכָה לִמְאֹד. וּלְפִיכָךְ נֶאֱמַר בְּמשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ (במדבר יב ג) "עָנָו מְאֹד" וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר עָנָו בִּלְבַד. וּלְפִיכָךְ צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים מְאֹד מְאֹד הֱוֵי שְׁפַל רוּחַ.

If a man is only humble, he is not following a good path. Rather, he must hold himself lowly and his spirit very unassuming. That is why Numbers 12:3 describes our teacher Moses as "very humble" and not simply "humble".

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Talmud Torah

Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 4:1

Rambam outlines the hierarchy of Torah scholars, indicating that a gadol ba-Torah is defined by the breadth and depth of his mastery of halacha, the ability to render legal decisions, and the transmission of tradition. Knowledge alone, however, must be accompanied by proper conduct to constitute true greatness.

אוֹ לְתָם. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה הוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ לֹא טוֹבָה מַחְזִירִין אוֹתוֹ לַמּוּטָב וּמַנְהִיגִין אוֹתוֹ בְּדֶרֶךְ יְשָׁרָה וּבוֹדְקִין אוֹתוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתוֹ לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וּמְלַמְּדִין אוֹתוֹ.

Torah should be taught only to a proper student - one whose deeds are attractive - or to a person whose behavior is unknown. However, [a potential student] who follows bad ways should be influenced to correct his behavior and trained to follow a straight path. [After he repents, his deeds] are examined and he is allowed to enter the house of study to be instructed.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Chovot HaLevavot – Introduction

Duties of the Heart, Introduction of the Author

R. Bachya ibn Paquda argues that external religious performance without inner conviction and purity of heart is insufficient for true greatness. A gadol, in his framework, must master the 'duties of the heart' — love, awe, trust, and self-examination — and not merely the 'duties of the limbs.'

וְאָמַרְתִּי עוֹד שֶׁמָּא הֵם כָּל כָּךְ מְבֹאָרוֹת וִידוּעוֹת לַכֹּל וְכָל בְּנֵי אָדָם דְּבֵקִים בָּהֶם עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִצְטָרְכוּ לְחַבֵּר בְּסֵפֶר וְעִיַּנְתִּי מִנְהֲגֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם בְּרוֹב הַדּוֹרוֹת הַנִּזְכָּרִים בַּסְּפָרִים וּמְצָאתִים רְחוֹקִים מִן הַמִּין הַזֶּה מִן הַמִּצְוֹת אֶלָּא הַזְּרִיזִים הַפְּרוּשִׁים בָּהֶם כְּפִי הַנִּזְכָּר עֲלֵיהֶם אַךְ הַשְּׁאָר כַּמָּה הָיוּ צְרִיכִין לְהָעִיר וּלְהוֹרוֹת אוֹתָם וכ״ש רֹב אַנְשֵׁי זְמַנֵּנוּ זֶה אֲשֶׁר זִלְזְלוּ בְּחָכְמַת מִצְוֹת הָאֵבָרִים כ״ש בְּמִצְוֹת הַלְּבָבוֹת וַאֲשֶׁר יִדְּבֶנּוּ לִבּוֹ מֵהֶם לְעַיֵּן בְּחָכְמַת הַתּוֹרָה הוּא מִתְכַּוֵּן לְדָבָר שֶׁיִּקָּרֵא בּוֹ חָכָם אֵצֶל עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ וְשֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה לוֹ שֵׁם אֵצֶל הַגְּדוֹלִים וַיֵּט מִדֶּרֶךְ הַתּוֹרָה אֶל מָה שֶׁלֹּא יַקְנֵהוּ מַעֲלָה יְתֵרָה וְלֹא יְנַקֵּהוּ מִמִּכְשׁוֹל בְּנַפְשׁוֹ וְשֶׁאִם לֹא הָיָה יוֹדְעוֹ לֹא הָיָה נֶעֱנָשׁ עָלָיו וְהִנִּיחַ לְעַיֵּן בְּשָׁרְשֵׁי דָּתוֹ וִיסוֹדֵי תּוֹרָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיָה לוֹ לְהִתְעַלֵּם מֵהֶם וּלְהַנִּיחָם וְשֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל לְקַיֵּם מִצְוֹת אִם לֹא יֵדָעֵם וְיַעֲשֵׂם כְּמוֹ אֱמוּנַת הַיִּחוּד אִם אֲנַחְנוּ חַיָּבִים לְעַיֵּן בּוֹ מִצַּד שִׂכְלֵנוּ אוֹ אִם יַסְפִּיק לָנוּ אִם נֵדָעֵהוּ מִצַּד הַקַּבָּלָה שֶׁנֹּאמַר שֶׁאֱלֹהֵינוּ אֶחָד כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ הַפְּתָאִים מִבְּלִי אוֹת וּמוֹפֵת אוֹ אִם אֲנַחְנוּ חַיָּבִים לַחְקֹר עַל עִנְיַן הָאֶחָד הָאֱמֶת וְהָאֶחָד הָעוֹבֵר לְהַבְדִּיל הָעִנְיָן אֶצְלֵנוּ מִשְּׁאָר עִנְיְנֵי הָאֲחָדִים הַנִּמְצָאִים אִם לֹא.

The sciences whose use is closest to worldly matters is the science of nature, which is the lowest science and the practical science, which is second.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Moreh Nevukhim – Guide for the Perplexed

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1

Rambam identifies four types of human perfection — of possessions, of body, of character, and of intellect — and argues that the highest perfection is intellectual and moral: knowing God and imitating His ways. The true 'gadol' is one who achieves this highest level and translates it into ethical action for the community.

ואין זה אלא כאמירתו של מי שאמר: בן אדם חטא והפליג ברשע, ועל כן הפך לכוכב בשמים. זו היתה כוונת הקושיה ומשמעותה, אף שלא נוסחה בלשון זה.

As man’s distinction consists in a property which no other creature on earth possesses, viz., intellectual perception, in the exercise of which he does not employ his senses, nor move his hand or his foot, this perception has been compared—though only apparently, not in truth—to the Divine perception, which requires no corporeal organ. On this account, i.e., on account of the Divine intellect with which man has been endowed, he is said to have been made in the form and likeness of the Almighty, but far from it be the notion that the Supreme Being is corporeal, having a material form.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Mesillat Yesharim – Introduction

Mesillat Yesharim 1

The Ramchal opens by defining man's ultimate purpose as cleaving to God, and argues that the foundation of all greatness is clarity about one's purpose and consistent moral-spiritual striving. Greatness is not a static title but the ongoing pursuit of closeness to the Divine.

וְאִם תַּעֲמִיק עוֹד בָּעִנְיָן תִּרְאֶה כִּי הָעוֹלָם נִבְרָא לְשִׁמּוּשׁ הָאָדָם. אָמְנָם הִנֵּה הוּא עוֹמֵד בְּשִׁקּוּל גָּדוֹל.

If he will be a man of valor, emerging from the battle victorious on all fronts - he will be the "Adam HaShalem" (whole/perfect man) who will merit to cling to his Creator and will emerge from this corridor to enter into the palace to enlighten in the Light of (eternal) Life. According to the extent that he conquered his inclination and lusts, and distanced from the factors which distance him from the good, and exerted himself to cling to G-d, to that extent will he attain it and rejoice in it.

Source 10 · Acharonim
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חכמי המדרש, מדרש רבה

Kohelet Rabbah 6:2

רבי ישמעאל אומר (משלי כ"ח) חכם בעיניו איש עשיר, זה בעל תלמוד, ודל מבין יחקרנו זה בעל אגדה.

אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֶּן לוֹ הָאֱלֹהִים, עשֶׁר זֶה בַּעַל מִקְרָא, וּנְכָסִים זֶה בַּעַל מִשְׁנָה, וְכָבוֹד זֶה בַּעַל תּוֹסֶפְתָּא, וְאֵינֶנּוּ חָסֵר לְנַפְשׁוֹ מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר יִתְאַוֶּה אֵלּוּ מִשְׁנָיוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת, כְּגוֹן: מִשְׁנָתוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, וּמִשְׁנָתוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי חִיָּא, וְשֶׁל רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה, וְשֶׁל בַּר קַפָּרָא, וְלֹא יַשְׁלִיטֶנּוּ הָאֱלֹהִים לֶאֱכֹל מִמֶּנּוּ, שֶׁאָסוּר לְהוֹרוֹת מֵהֶם, כִּי אִישׁ נָכְרִי יֹאכְלֶנּוּ זֶה בַּעַל תַּלְמוּד, שֶׁמְטַמֵּא וּמְטַהֵר אוֹסֵר וּמַתִּיר.

This is vanity and it is a grave disease” (Ecclesiastes 6:2). “A man to whom God gives” – Rabbi Abba bar Kahana entered a synagogue and he heard the voice of Rabbi Levi sitting and expounding this verse: “A man to whom God gives wealth” – this is one well-versed in Bible; “assets” – this is one well-versed in Mishna; “and honor” – this is one well-versed in Tosefta; “and he lacks nothing for his soul of everything that he desires” – like the mishna of Rabbi Akiva

Source 11 · Acharonim
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חכמי בבל, תלמוד בבלי

Horayot 9a

דכתיב והכהן הגדול מאחיו, שהוא גדול מאחיו בנוי בכח בחכמה ובעושר.

נָשִׂיא – דִּכְתִיב: ״וְעָשָׂה אַחַת מִכׇּל מִצְוֹת ה׳ אֱלֹהָיו״. מִי שֶׁאֵין עַל גַּבָּיו אֶלָּא ה׳ אֱלֹהָיו. מָשִׁיחַ – דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל מֵאֶחָיו״, שֶׁהוּא גָּדוֹל מֵאֶחָיו בְּנוֹי, בְּכֹחַ, בְּחָכְמָה וּבְעוֹשֶׁר. אֲחֵרִים אוֹמְרִים: מִנַּיִן שֶׁאִם אֵין לוֹ גַּדְּלֵהוּ מִשֶּׁל אֶחָיו? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְהַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל מֵאֶחָיו אֲשֶׁר יוּצַק עַל רֹאשׁוֹ״ – גַּדְּלֵהוּ מֵאֶחָיו.

The king cannot become poor, as it is written concerning him: “And he performed one of all the mitzvot of the Lord his God” (Leviticus 4:22), referring to the king as one who has only the Lord his God upon him. He is greater than the entire nation and is not a poor person dependent on others. An anointed priest cannot become poor, as it is written: “And the priest that is greatest among his brethren” (Leviticus 21:10), meaning that he is greater than his brethren in beauty, in power, in wisdom, and in wealth, not a poor person. Others say: From where is it derived that if the High Priest does not have personal wealth, one should make him great from the property of his brethren? The verse states: “And the priest that is greatest among his brethren upon whose head the anointing oil is poured” (Leviticus 21:10), from which it is derived: Make him great from the property of his brethren, who will provide him with enough property to render him wealthy.

Source 12 · Acharonim
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חכמי המדרש, מדרש רבה

Vayikra Rabbah 34:8

והכהן הגדול מאחיו, למה נקרא שמו כהן גדול, שהוא גדול בה' דברים, בחכמה, בכח, בנוי, בעושר ובשנים...

וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל אֶל הַקֵּינִי לְכוּ סוּרוּ רְדוּ וגו', וְכִי עִם כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עָשָׂה חֶסֶד וַהֲלוֹא לֹא עָשָׂה אֶלָּא עִם משֶׁה לְבַדּוֹ, אֶלָּא לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד עִם אֶחָד מִגְּדוֹלֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מַעֲלִין עָלָיו כְּאִלּוּ עוֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד עִם כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל

Rabbi Simon said: He fed him for his wages, as it is written: “He drew water for us” (Exodus 2:19).

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Netivot Olam – Netiv HaTorah

Netivot Olam, Netiv Hatorah 1:1

The Maharal teaches that true Torah greatness (gadlut) is not mere erudition but a transformation of the person's essential being — Torah study reshapes the scholar's very nature so that he becomes a vehicle for divine wisdom. A gadol is one whose self is nullified before Torah.

כי דברי תורה תומכים ומאשרים כל העולם כולו, ואיך לא יהיו מאשרים ותומכים את האדם עצמו, שהוא עוסק בתורה, והיא עם האדם.

Source 14 · Acharonim
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חכמי בבל, תלמוד בבלי

Shabbat 63a

אמר רבי אבא אמר רבי שמעון בן לקיש, גדול המלוה יותר מן העושה צדקה, ומטיל בכיס יותר מכולן...

אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: גָּדוֹל הַמַּלְוֶה יוֹתֵר מִן הָעוֹשֶׂה צְדָקָה. וּמֵטִיל בַּכִּיס, יוֹתֵר מִכּוּלָּן.

Rabbi Abba said that Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: One who loans another money is greater than one who gives him charity. And the one who places money into a common purse, i.e., one who enters into a partnership with a needy person, is the greatest of them all, since in that case the needy person is not embarrassed when receiving the assistance.

Source 15 · Hasidic
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Toldot Yaakov Yosef – Vayera

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Vayera

The Toldot (R. Yaakov Yosef of Polonne) teaches in the name of the Baal Shem Tov that a true gadol is one who descends (yoreid) to the level of others in order to elevate them — spiritual greatness is measured by the ability to be a conduit of divine light to all people, not by withdrawal into solitary achievement.

והנה יש בחי' שאחר עלותו למעלה חוזר ויורד כדי להעלות המדריגות התחתונים, בסוד רחצתי את רגלי איככה אטנפם (שה"ש ה, ג), וכאשר כתבתי מזה במקום אחר, וזה סוד רצוא ושוב (יחזקאל א, יד), ונקרא קטנות וגדלות וקטנות שני, ובכל ירידה צריך אזהרה איך לחזור ולעלות שלא ישאר ח"ו, וכמו ששמעתי ממורי שיש כמה שנשארו וכו'.

Source 16 · Hasidic
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Tzava'at HaRivash (Testament of the Baal Shem Tov)

Tzava'at HaRivash 1:1

The Baal Shem Tov's teachings emphasize that gadlut (greatness) and katnut (smallness) are inner spiritual states of consciousness, not social rankings. The truly great person is one who maintains constant devekut (cleaving to God), and recognizes that even moments of spiritual 'smallness' are opportunities for ascent.

להיות תמים בעבודתו יתברך עבודה תמה ועיקר שלא לשכוח הדברים. ועיקר ללמוד בכל יום שיעור מוסר הן רב הן מעט.

Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem, peace be upon him, taught us to be wholehearted in our service of HaShem, blessed is He and to serve Him with simplicity. Of primary importance is not to forget the Commandments we received directly from HaShem at Chorev (Aseret HaDvarim-עשרת הדברים), and to study teachings of Mussar, that deal with developing good character traits and right conduct, on a daily basis, whether one studies a little or a lot.

Source 17 · Modern
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Nefesh HaChayyim – Gate I

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 4

Rav Chaim Volozhin explains that the greatness of a human being lies in the fact that man was created b'tzelem Elohim — in the image of God — and thus has the power to influence and sustain spiritual worlds through his actions. A gadol is one who fully realizes this cosmic responsibility.

וזה שארז״ל (כתובות ה' ע״א) גדולים מעשי צדיקים יותר ממעשה שמים וארץ דאלו במעשה שמים וארץ כתיב אף ידי יסדה ארץ וימיני טפחה שמים. ואלו במעשה צדיקים כתיב מקדש אדני כוננו ידיך. פתחו במעשי צדיקים וסיימו ראייתם ממקדש. כי כן באמת שהצדיקים ע״י מעשיהם הרצויים לפניו יתברך. הן הם מקדש ה' ממש.

And this is what they (OBM) stated (K’toobote 5a): “The handiwork of the righteous is greater than the creation of the heaven and the earth. For about the handiwork of the heaven and the earth it is written (Yeshayahu 48:13) ‘Also, My hand has laid the foundation of the earth, and My right hand has measured out the heavens’, while regarding the righteous is written (Sh’mote 15:17): ‘With your hands You set up God’s-ADN”Y Holy Temple’.” They began with the actions of the righteous and concluded their proof with the Holy Temple, for in truth it is the righteous, as a result of their desirable actions before Him (blessed be He), that they [emphatic] are, in actuality, God’s Holy Temple.