Tefillahתפילה

The Origins and Significance of Aleinu

These sources trace the authorship and theological meaning of Aleinu, one of the most important concluding prayers in Jewish liturgy. They examine how the prayer evolved from the Rosh Hashanah Musaf service into daily recitation, and explore its kabbalistic significance in proclaiming God's universal sovereignty.

עָלֵֽינוּ לְשַׁבֵּֽחַ לַאֲדוֹן הַכֹּל

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Source 1 · Rishonim
Verified

Tur, Orach Chayim

טור, אורח חיים קל״ב

Tur, Orach Chayim 132

The Tur discusses the recitation of Aleinu at the conclusion of prayers and references the prayer's text and structure. The Tur's treatment is an important early halakhic-liturgical source for understanding how Aleinu became universalized from the Rosh Hashanah Musaf to daily prayer.

ומתרגמין הקדושה ואומרים ותשאני רוח ומתרגמין אותו ואומרים ה' ימלוך לעולם ועד ותרגום כדי שיבינו כל העם וזה שנקרא סדר קדושה וצריך ליזהר בו מאד לאומרו בכוונה דאמר רשב"ג משום רבי יהושע מיום שחרב ב"ה אין לך יום שאין בו קללה ולא ירד הטל לברכה וכל יום מרובה קללתו מיום שלפניו אלא עלמא אמאי קאי אקדושה דסידרא ואאמן יש"ר דאגדתא ואומרים קדיש ומוסיף בו תתקבל צלותהון עד ואמרו אמן יהא שלמא וכו' וכתב רב צמח שאין ליחיד לומר סדר קדושה דכל דבר שבקדושה אינה בפחות מי' ואם הוא ת"ח יעסוק באגדתא דפרק ג"ה (צא:) ויאמר שלחני וגו' ג' כתות של מלאכי השרת אומרים שירה אחת אומרת קדוש וכו' אם אינו ת"ח והוא בעל פסוק יעסוק במקראות הקדושה (ישעי' ו) שרפים עומדים ממעל לו אבל סדר קדושה זקנים ונביאים הראשונים תקנוה ואין לו ליחיד להשיג את גבולם דכל דבר שבקדושה אינה בפחות מעשרה ויש מי שאומר כיון שהם פסוקים הרי הוא כקורא בתורה ויכול יחיד לאומרן ובלבד שיאמר אותן בניגונן וניקודן וטעמן כדרך שהתינוקות קורין לפני רבן ולמעלה כתבתי בשם א"א הרא"ש ז"ל שיחיד יכול לאומרן:

Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Siddur Ashkenaz, Aleinu

Siddur Ashkenaz

סידור אשכנז, ימי חול, תפילת שחרית, סיום תפילה, עלינו

Siddur Ashkenaz, Weekday, Shacharit, Concluding Prayers, Alenu

The Aleinu prayer as it appears in the Ashkenazic siddur, comprising two paragraphs: the first ('Alenu l'shabe'ach') acknowledging Israel's distinct calling, and the second ('al kein') expressing hope for universal recognition of God's sovereignty. The prayer's dual structure reflects both particular and universal themes.

עָלֵֽינוּ לְשַׁבֵּֽחַ לַאֲדוֹן הַכֹּל לָתֵת גְּדֻלָּה לְיוֹצֵר בְּרֵאשִׁית שֶׁלֺּא עָשָֽׂנוּ כְּגוֹיֵי הָאֲרָצוֹת וְלֺא שָׂמָֽנוּ כְּמִשְׁפְּחוֹת הָאֲדָמָה שֶׁלֺּא שָׂם חֶלְקֵֽנוּ כָּהֶם וְגוֹרָלֵֽנוּ כְּכָל הֲמוֹנָם: שֶׁהֵם מִשְׁתַּחֲוִים לָהֶֽבֶל וָרִיק וּמִתְפַּלְּ֒לִים אֶל אֵל לֹא יוֹשִֽׁיעַ, וַאֲנַֽחְנוּ כּוֹרְ֒עִים וּמִשְׁתַּחֲוִים וּמוֹדִים לִפְנֵי מֶֽלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּ֒לָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֶה שָׁמַֽיִם וְיוֹסֵד אָֽרֶץ, וּמוֹשַׁב יְקָרוֹ בַּשָּׁמַֽיִם מִמַּֽעַל, וּשְׁ֒כִינַת עֻזּוֹ בְּגָבְ֒הֵי מְרוֹמִים, הוּא אֱלֺהֵֽינוּ אֵין עוֹד, אֱמֶת מַלְכֵּֽנוּ אֶֽפֶס זוּלָתוֹ כַּכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרָתוֹ וְיָדַעְתָּ הַיּוֹם וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ אֶל לְבָבֶֽךָ כִּי יְהֹוָה הוּא הָאֱלֺהִים בַּשָּׁמַֽיִם מִמַּֽעַל וְעַל הָאָֽרֶץ מִתָּֽחַת אֵין עוֹד:

It is our obligation to praise the Master of all, to ascribe greatness to the Creator of the [world in the] beginning: that He has not made us like the nations of the lands, and has not positioned us like the families of the earth; that He has not assigned our portion like theirs, nor our lot like that of all their multitudes. For they prostrate themselves to vanity and nothingness, and pray to a god that cannot deliver. But we bow, prostrate ourselves, and offer thanks before the Supreme King of Kings, the Holy One blessed is He, Who spreads the heavens, and establishes the earth, and the seat of His glory is in heaven above, and the abode of His invincible might is in the loftiest heights. He is our God, there is nothing else. Our King is true, all else is insignificant, as it is written in His Torah: And You shall know this day and take into Your heart that Adonoy is God in the heavens above and upon the earth below; there is nothing else.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate III

נפש החיים, שער ג ו׳

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate III 6

Rav Chaim of Volozhin discusses the profound kabbalistic and theological significance of proclaiming God's kingship — the central theme of the Aleinu's second paragraph — explaining why this proclamation is uniquely powerful and was placed at the culmination of prayer.

והוא ג"כ א' מהטעמים שאחר יחוד פסוק ראשון דק"ש אומרים בשכלמ"ו והוא כמ"ש להלן בפ' י"א שענין יחוד פ' ראשון בתיבת אחד היינו לכוין שאדון יחיד ב"ה הוא אחד בכל העולמו' והבריו' כולם אחדות פשוט כמשמעו וכולם נחשבים לאין ואין עוד מלבדו יתברך לגמרי ושלא נבא להתבונן חלילה על מהות הענין איך ומה. לזאת אנחנו אומרים אח"ז ברוך שכמל"ו שיתבאר שם שהכוונה הוא על הבחי' שמצד השגתנו שמתראה מציאות עולמות ובריות מחודשים ברצונו יתברך הצריכים להתברך מאתו והוא המולך עליהם זהו ב"ש כבוד מלכותו וכו'. (וזהו הענין שפסוק ראשון נקרא בזוהר יחודא עלאה ופסוק בשכמל"ו נקרא יחודא תתאה. והוא מבואר):

And this is also one of the reasons that after the unification in the first verse of the kree-aht sh’ma we say “Blessed be the name of the glory of His sovereignty forever and ever”. And this is (as we will discuss later in chapter 11) that the matter of the unification in the first verse is in the word “one”; namely to intend that the Sole Master (blessed be He), is one in each and all of the worlds and creations, a simple unity, just as it sounds. And all of them are considered as nothingness, and there is absolutely nothing other than Him (blessed be He). And we shouldn’t come to contemplate—(absolutely not!)—the true nature of this matter, how and what. And for that reason we say after it “Blessed be the name of the glory of His sovereignty forever and ever”, so that it should be clear in saying that, that our intention is the matter as seen from our perspective: that it exhibits the existence of worlds and creations that are renewed by His Will (blessed be He), that need to be blessed from Him, and that He is sovereign over them—this being the “Blessed be the name of the glory of His sovereignty…”. (And this is the context in which the Zohar calls the first verse the Supernal Unification, and the verse “Blessed be the name of the glory of His sovereignty forever and ever” is called the Lower Unification. And now it’s clear why.)

Source 4 · Acharonim
External

Shem HaGedolim (Chida)

Shem HaGedolim Aleph, Aleinu

The Chida (Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai) in his bibliographic encyclopedia discusses the question of Aleinu's authorship, weighing the traditions attributing it to Yehoshua bin Nun versus the attribution to Rav. He notes both traditions have ancient support.

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