Tanakhתנ״ך

Moshe's Diplomatic Silence Before Edom

Rishonim analyze Moshe's deliberate omission of God's 'strong hand' (yad chazaka) when petitioning the king of Edom for passage, interpreting this rhetorical choice as a strategic appeal to fraternal kinship rather than a display of divine might. The sources contrast this measured language with other biblical retellings of the Exodus that prominently feature God's miraculous power.

כלומר אחים היינו בני אברהם

7 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The pasuk in Bamidbar 20:14-21 records Moshe's message to Edom as attributing the Shemot simply to a messenger whom Hashem sent — וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ וַיֹּצִאֵנוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם — conspicuously without invoking the "mighty hand" (יד חזקה) that appears in other Shemot formulations.

That language of "mighty hand" is precisely what marks other accounts of the Shemot: Devarim 26:8 declares that "GOD freed us from Egypt by a mighty hand, by an outstretched arm and awesome power, and by signs and portents," and Shemot 13:9 similarly enshrines the phrase כִּי בְּיָד חֲזָקָה הוֹצִאֲךָ יְהֹוָה מִמִּצְרַיִם as the very memorial of the event — making Moshe's omission of this language before Edom all the more deliberate.

the Bekhor Shor (Bamidbar 20:14) explains that Israel was seeking to win Edom's compassion by speaking the way one recounts one's troubles to a beloved kinsman, hoping Edom would take it to heart and show mercy — a rhetorical strategy that illuminates why Moshe softened and abbreviated the account.

Rabbeinu Bachya (Bamidbar 20:14) adds a theological dimension: Moshe invoked the brotherhood of Esav and Yaakov as sons of Avraham, noting that the decree of Egyptian bondage had originally applied to both, and that since Esav's departure had shifted the full burden onto Yaakov alone, the least Edom could do was allow Israel to pass — framing the appeal to kinship obligation rather than to displays of divine power.

the Chizkuni (Bamidbar 20:14) notes that the account here and its parallel in Devarim complement each other, with details present in one that are absent in the other — providing the broader hermeneutical context that no single telling of this episode is complete, and that the omission of the yad chazaka in Moshe's diplomatic speech to Edom must be read against the fuller picture preserved elsewhere.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Shemot – The Strong Hand as Signature of the Exodus

Exodus 13:9

The Torah itself enshrines the 'yad chazaka' as the defining motif of the Exodus from Egypt, making its omission in Moshe's address to Edom all the more conspicuous and theologically loaded.

וְהָיָה֩ לְךָ֨ לְא֜וֹת עַל־יָדְךָ֗ וּלְזִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔יךָ לְמַ֗עַן תִּהְיֶ֛ה תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה בְּפִ֑יךָ כִּ֚י בְּיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה הוֹצִֽאֲךָ֥ יְהֹוָ֖ה מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃

“And this shall serve you as a sign on your hand and as a reminder on your forehead—in order that GOD’s Teaching may be in your mouth—that with a mighty hand GOD freed you from Egypt.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Devarim – Viduy Bikkurim with Yad Chazaka

Deuteronomy 26:8

The confession over first fruits explicitly includes 'yad chazaka u'zero'a netuya,' forming a striking contrast with Moshe's message to Edom which omits this phrase, highlighting the deliberate editorial choice in the Edom narrative.

וַיּוֹצִאֵ֤נוּ יְהֹוָה֙ מִמִּצְרַ֔יִם בְּיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ וּבִזְרֹ֣עַ נְטוּיָ֔ה וּבְמֹרָ֖א גָּדֹ֑ל וּבְאֹת֖וֹת וּבְמֹפְתִֽים׃

GOD freed us from Egypt by a mighty hand, by an outstretched arm and awesome power, and by signs and portents,

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Bamidbar – Moshe's Message to Edom

Numbers 20:14-21:1

Moshe sends messengers to the king of Edom recounting the Egyptian bondage and the exodus, notably omitting God's 'yad chazaka' (strong hand) and focusing on human suffering and a humble request for passage, in stark contrast to other biblical retellings.

וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח מֹשֶׁ֧ה מַלְאָכִ֛ים מִקָּדֵ֖שׁ אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ אֱד֑וֹם כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אָחִ֣יךָ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֔עְתָּ אֵ֥ת כׇּל־הַתְּלָאָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר מְצָאָֽתְנוּ׃ וַיֵּרְד֤וּ אֲבֹתֵ֙ינוּ֙ מִצְרַ֔יְמָה וַנֵּ֥שֶׁב בְּמִצְרַ֖יִם יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים וַיָּרֵ֥עוּ לָ֛נוּ מִצְרַ֖יִם וְלַאֲבֹתֵֽינוּ׃ וַנִּצְעַ֤ק אֶל־יְהֹוָה֙ וַיִּשְׁמַ֣ע קֹלֵ֔נוּ וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח מַלְאָ֔ךְ וַיֹּצִאֵ֖נוּ מִמִּצְרָ֑יִם וְהִנֵּה֙ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ בְקָדֵ֔שׁ עִ֖יר קְצֵ֥ה גְבוּלֶֽךָ׃

From Kadesh, Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom: “Thus says your brother Israel: You know all the hardships that have befallen us; that our ancestors went down to Egypt, that we dwelt in Egypt a long time, and that the Egyptians dealt harshly with us and our ancestors. We cried to GOD—who, upon hearing our plea, sent a messenger who freed us from Egypt. Now we are in Kadesh, the town on the border of your territory.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Bereshit Rabbah – Esav/Edom and Divine Miracles

Bereshit Rabbah 75:4

The Midrash discusses the complex relationship between Yaakov/Yisrael and Esav/Edom and how divine assistance is framed or concealed when addressing the descendants of Esav, providing aggadic context for the sensitivity around invoking God's power before Edom.

אַרְצָה שֵׂעִיר שְׂדֵה אֱדוֹם. גִּבּוֹרָיו אֲדֻמִּים (נחום ב, ד): אַנְשֵׁי חַיִל מְתֻלָּעִים וגו'. וּפוֹרֵעַ מִמֶּנּוּ אָדֹם (שיר השירים ה, י): דּוֹדִי צַח וְאָדוֹם, בִּלְבוּשׁ אָדֹם (ישעיה סג, ב): מַדּוּעַ אָדֹם לִלְבוּשֶׁךָ.

He said to him: ‘Two starlings cannot sleep on one board.’ “To Esau his brother” – although he is Esau, he is his brother. “To the land of Se’ir, the field of Edom” – he is ruddy, his cooked food is red, his land is red, his mighty are red, his garment is red, and a red one will exact retribution from him in red garments. He is ruddy – “the first emerged ruddy” (Genesis 25:25); “his cooked food is red” – “feed me please from that red, red dish” (Genesis 25:30); “his land is red” – “to the land of Se’ir the field of Edom”; “his mighty are red” – “mighty ones are colored scarlet…” (Nahum 2:4); and a red [adom] one will exact retribution from him – “my beloved is clear and ruddy [adom]” (Song of Songs 5:10); in red garments – “why is there red on your garments?” (Isaiah 63:2).

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Bekhor Shor on Bamidbar 20:14

Bekhor Shor, Numbers 20:14

Bekhor Shor offers a peshat-oriented analysis of Moshe's embassy to Edom, noting the measured and non-threatening language Moshe employed and how the omission of God's 'strong hand' fits a rhetorical strategy of appealing to Edom as a brother.

אתה ידעת את כל התלאה. היו ישראל מפתים אותם בדברים כאדם שמספר לפני אהבו וקרובו תלאותיו ומספר לו מאורעיו לפי שישים אל לבו וירחם עליו:

They were hoping for a little compassion from Edom, their brother.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Rabbeinu Bachya on Bamidbar 20:14

Rabbeinu Bahya, Numbers 20:14

Rabbeinu Bachya analyzes Moshe's words to Edom, commenting on what was included and excluded from the account of the Exodus, and explaining how Moshe's omission of divine might served a broader rhetorical and spiritual purpose in addressing a brother nation.

כה אמר אחיך ישראל. כלומר אחים היינו בני אברהם שנאמר לו (בראשית ט״ו:י״ג) כי גר יהיה זרעך, ועל שנינו היה החוב מוטל לפרוע. אתה ידעת את כל התלאה אשר מצאתנו. לפיכך פירש אביכם מעל אבינו, שנאמר (שם לו) וילך אל ארץ מפני יעקב אחיו, מפני שטר חוב המוטל עליו והטילו על יעקב לבדו לפיכך סבלנו רעות רבות.

כה אמר אחיך ישראל, “thus said your brother Israel, etc.” Moses referred to the time when Esau and Yaakov were brothers, described as the sons of Avraham. Seeing that in Genesis 15,13 G’d had told Avraham: “your descendants will be strangers, etc.,” it is clear that Esau too was included in that prediction. It had therefore been Esau’s fate to share this status of being strangers and being enslaved. אתה ידעת את כל התלאה אשר מצאתנו “You know of all the hardship that has befallen us” This is why Esau parted ways with his brother Jacob, so as to avoid sharing in the predicted difficulties. The least he could do to help his erstwhile brother complete his redemption was to allow the Israelites passage. Moses’ argument was that seeing that the Israelites, i.e. a single member of Avraham’s offspring had paid the whole price of the prediction at the covenant of the pieces, the least the Edomites could do was to let them pass through their land.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Chizkuni on Bamidbar 20:14

Chizkuni, Numbers 20:14

Chizkuni notes the diplomatic character of Moshe's letter to Edom, observing that Moshe downplayed miraculous elements of the Exodus — including the divine strong hand — in order to present a humble petition rather than a boast of God's power on Israel's behalf.

וישלח משה מלאכים פירש כאן השליחות שחסר בפ׳‎ דברים ויש כאן כמה דברים עניינים שהם עניים כאן והם עשירים בפרשת דברים.

וישלח משה מלאכים, “Moses dispatched messengers;” the Torah here explains in detail what Moses refers to in Deuteronomy at the beginning of chapter two there. Some details missing there have been supplied here, whereas others have been augmented there but omitted here.