Mitzvotמצוות

Honoring Parents in Jewish Law

Sources from Torah, Talmud, and later Jewish legal writings explore the commandment to honor one's parents as one of the fundamental mitzvot. These texts examine both the biblical basis for this obligation and its practical application in daily life, emphasizing its spiritual significance and the reward of longevity promised to those who fulfill it.

כַּבֵּד אֶת־אָבִיךָ וְאֶת־אִמֶּךָ

19 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Torah itself establishes the commandment twice — Shemot 20:12 commands honor with the reward of long life, and Vayikra 19:3 commands fear, placing it alongside Shabbat observance — and the Gemara in Yevamot 5b draws precisely from this juxtaposition to teach that parental honor, powerful as it is, does not override Shabbat, since both parent and child are themselves obligated to God.

The defining weight of the commandment is the Torah's equation of parental honor with divine honor: the Mishneh Torah, Rebels 6:1–3 states explicitly that Scripture places the honor and fear of parents alongside the honor and fear of God — drawing parallel pesukim for each — and the Kitzur Shulchan Arukh 143:1 reinforces this by adding that God, father, and mother are three partners in a person's creation, so that honoring one's parents is, in a real sense, honoring the Creator.

the Sefer HaChinukh 33:1 grounds the commandment's rationale in the obligation of gratitude: since parents are the cause of a person's existence in the world, acknowledging their role is both morally fitting and the foundation for recognizing God, the ultimate source of all good.

The Mishnah in Mishnah Peah 1:1 places honoring one's father and mother among the rare mitzvot whose fruits are enjoyed in this world while the principal reward is preserved for the World to Come, and the Or HaChaim on Shemot 20:12 adds that the long life promised in the pasuk is itself an intrinsic spiritual property of this commandment, beyond its formal reward.

The Gemara in Kiddushin 31b illustrates the commandment's practical demands through the conduct of Avimi, who ran to open the door for his father despite being himself a ordained scholar with ordained sons, and who stood bent over his sleeping father until he awoke — making this passage the best place to begin for a concrete sense of what the sources expect in practice.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 5:16

Reiterates the commandment to honor one's parents, highlighting the promise of longevity and well-being in the land given by God.

כַּבֵּ֤ד אֶת־אָבִ֙יךָ֙ וְאֶת־אִמֶּ֔ךָ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּךָ֖ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ לְמַ֣עַן ׀ יַאֲרִיכֻ֣ן יָמֶ֗יךָ וּלְמַ֙עַן֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔ךְ עַ֚ל הָֽאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃ {ס}

Honor your father and your mother, as the ETERNAL your God has commanded you, that you may long endure, and that you may fare well, in the land that the ETERNAL your God is assigning to you.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus

Exodus 20:12

The Torah commands the honoring of one's parents as one of the Ten Commandments, promising long life as a reward for fulfilling this commandment.

כַּבֵּ֥ד אֶת־אָבִ֖יךָ וְאֶת־אִמֶּ֑ךָ לְמַ֙עַן֙ יַאֲרִכ֣וּן יָמֶ֔יךָ עַ֚ל הָאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃ {ס}

Honor your father and your mother, that you may long endure on the land that your ETERNAL God is assigning to you.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Reverence for Parents (Leviticus)

Leviticus 19:3

The Torah commands each person to revere (tira) their mother and father, juxtaposing this obligation directly with Shabbat observance — a pairing the rabbis use to show both share the highest level of sanctity.

אִ֣ישׁ אִמּ֤וֹ וְאָבִיו֙ תִּירָ֔אוּ וְאֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃

You shall each revere your mother and your father, and keep My sabbaths: I the ETERNAL am your God.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Kiddushin

Kiddushin 31b:2

The passage illustrates through multiple examples how one must honor one's parents, describing acts of reverence by Abimi, Rav Joseph, Rabbi Tarfon, and Rav Assi, while teaching that such honor is a serious religious obligation that takes precedence even over other commandments.

אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: כְּגוֹן אֲבִימִי בְּרִי קִיֵּים מִצְוַת כִּיבּוּד. חַמְשָׁה בְּנֵי סְמִיכִי הֲוָה לֵיהּ לַאֲבִימִי בְּחַיֵּי אָבִיו, וְכִי הֲוָה אֲתָא רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ, קָרֵי אַבָּבָא, רָהֵיט וְאָזֵיל וּפָתַח לֵיהּ וְאָמַר: אִין, אִין, עַד דְּמָטֵאי הָתָם. יוֹמָא חַד אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַשְׁקְיַין מַיָּא. אַדְּאַיְיתִי לֵיהּ נַמְנֵם. גָּחֵין קָאֵי עֲלֵיהּ עַד דְּאִיתְּעַר. אִיסְתַּיַּיעָא מִילְּתֵיהּ וּדְרַשׁ אֲבִימִי ״מִזְמוֹר לְאָסָף״. רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן הֲוָה לֵיהּ הָהִיא אִמָּא דְּכֹל אֵימַת דַּהֲוָת בָּעֲיָא לְמֵיסֵק לְפוּרְיָא גָּחִין וּסְלִיק לַהּ, וְכֹל אֵימַת דֵּהוָת נָחִית, נֶחְתַּת עֲלוּיָה. אֲתָא וְקָא מִשְׁתַּבַּח בֵּי מִדְרְשָׁא. אָמְרֵי לֵיהּ: עֲדָיִין לֹא הִגַּעְתָּ לַחֲצִי כִּיבּוּד. כְּלוּם זָרְקָה אַרְנָקִי בְּפָנֶיךָ לַיָּם וְלֹא הִכְלַמְתָּהּ? רַב יוֹסֵף כִּי הֲוָה שָׁמַע קָל כַּרְעָא דְאִמֵּיהּ, אָמַר: אֵיקוּם מִקַּמֵּי שְׁכִינָה דְּאָתְיָא. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁלֹּא חֲמָאָן. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כִּי עִבְּרַתּוּ אִמּוֹ – מֵת אָבִיו, יְלָדַתּוּ – מֵתָה אִמּוֹ. וְכֵן אַבָּיֵי. אִינִי? וְהָאָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אֲמַרָה לִי אֵם! הָהִיא מְרַבְּיָנְתֵּיהּ הֲוַאי.

Rabbi Abbahu said: One such as Avimi, my son, properly fulfilled the mitzva of honoring his parents. The Gemara relates: Avimi had five sons during his father’s lifetime who were ordained to issue halakhic rulings, and he too was ordained. And yet when Rabbi Abbahu, his father, came and called at the gate to enter, Avimi would himself run and go to open the door for him. And before he arrived there, he would already say: Yes, yes, so that his father would not think that he was being ignored. One day Rabbi Abbahu said to Avimi his son: Give me water to drink. Before he brought him the water, Rabbi Abbahu dozed off. Avimi bent over and stood over him until his father awoke. The performance of this mitzva aided him, i.e., as a reward God helped him in his studies, and Avimi succeeded in homiletically interpreting the psalm: “A song to Asaph” (Psalms 79). The Gemara relates: Rabbi Tarfon had a certain manner of treating his mother, that whenever she wished to ascend into her bed he would bend over and help her to ascend, and whenever she wished to descend from the bed, she would descend onto him. He came and praised himself in the study hall for performing the mitzva of honoring one’s father and mother so thoroughly. They said to him: You still have not reached even half of the honor due to her. Has it ever happened that she threw a purse into the sea in front of you, and you did not embarrass her? When Rav Yosef heard his mother’s footsteps, he would say: I will stand before the arriving Divine Presence. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Fortunate is one who never saw his father and mother, as it is so difficult to honor them appropriately. The Gemara relates that Rabbi Yoḥanan himself never saw his parents. When his mother was pregnant with him, his father died; and when she gave birth to him, his mother died. And the same is true of Abaye. The Gemara asks: Is that so, that Abaye never saw his mother? But didn’t Abaye say on many occasions: My mother told me? The Gemara answers: That mother was actually his foster mother, not his birth mother.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Sulam on Zohar, Kedoshim 34

Sulam on Zohar, Kedoshim 34

The passage states that honoring father and mother is weighed equally against honoring Shabbat, though one source gives precedence to honoring one's father, and cites a verse indicating that if God is a father, His honor should be recognized, and if He is a master, His fear should be recognized.

מצוות אלה שקולות זו כנגד זו, ששקול כבוד אב ואם לכבוד של שבת, באביו הקדים כבוד. וזהו שאמר הכתוב, ואם אב אני איה כבודי ואם אדונים אני איה מוראי.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Yevamot 5b

Yevamot 5b:12

The passage discusses whether the mitzva of honoring one's father and mother could override the prohibition of labor on Shabbat, and explains through a baraita that both parents and children are obligated in God's honor, such that honoring parents does not override the obligation to observe Shabbat even when a parent commands work forbidden on that day.

אֶלָּא, אִיצְטְרִיךְ. סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ אָמֵינָא תֵּיתֵי מִכִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם. דְּתַנְיָא: יָכוֹל יְהֵא כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם דּוֹחֶה שַׁבָּת — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״אִישׁ אִמּוֹ וְאָבִיו תִּירָאוּ וְאֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ״, כּוּלְּכֶם חַיָּיבִין בִּכְבוֹדִי. מַאי לָאו דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ: שְׁחוֹט לִי, בַּשֵּׁל לִי, וְטַעְמָא דִּכְתַב רַחֲמָנָא ״אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ״, הָא לָאו הָכִי — דָּחֵי? לָא —

§ Rather, the Gemara suggests an alternative explanation: The inference from “with her” is necessary, as were it not for this inference it might be assumed that the mitzva of levirate marriage overrides the prohibition against marrying one’s wife’s sister despite the fact that this prohibition incurs karet, since it could enter your mind to say that this halakha is derived from the mitzva of honoring one’s father and mother. As it is taught in a baraita: One might have thought that honoring one’s father and mother overrides Shabbat; therefore, the verse states: “You shall fear every man his mother and his father and you shall keep My Shabbatot, I am the Lord your God” (Leviticus 19:3). The baraita explains the derivation from the verse: All of you, both parent and child, are obligated in My honor, and therefore honoring one’s parents does not override the honor of God, Who commanded the Jewish people to observe Shabbat. The Gemara analyzes this baraita: What, is it not referring to a situation where his father said to him: Slaughter for me, cook for me, or any other labor prohibited on Shabbat on pain of karet? And the reason that the Merciful One specifically writes: “Keep My Shabbatot,” is to warn against violating the prohibition against performing labor on Shabbat, a transgression which incurs karet, for the purpose of honoring one’s parents. It may therefore be inferred that if that was not so, the positive mitzva would override Shabbat. It is therefore possible to deduce from here that in general, positive mitzvot override even prohibitions that entail karet. The Gemara rejects this proof: No,

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Peah — Mitzvot Without Limit

Mishnah Peah 1:1

The Mishnah lists kibbud av va'em among the mitzvot whose 'fruits' one enjoys in this world while the principal reward is reserved for the World to Come, placing it alongside Torah study, acts of kindness, and making peace — signaling its immeasurable worth.

אֵלּוּ דְבָרִים שֶׁאָדָם אוֹכֵל פֵּרוֹתֵיהֶן בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וְהַקֶּרֶן קַיֶּמֶת לוֹ לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם, וּגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים, וַהֲבָאַת שָׁלוֹם בֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וְתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה כְּנֶגֶד כֻּלָּם:

The performance of righteous deeds; And the study of the torah. The following are the things for which a man enjoys the fruits in this world while the principal remains for him in the world to come: Honoring one’s father and mother; The performance of righteous deeds; And the making of peace between a person and his friend; And the study of the torah is equal to them all.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 20:12

The passage explains that the commandment to honor parents has the special quality of bringing long life as its inherent reward, separate from any other reward that God has established for it, and that God has revealed this particular quality for this commandment.

אָמַר יַאֲרִיכוּן שֶׁמַּשְׁמָע מֵעַצְמָם, וְלֹא אָמַר ״אַאֲרִיךְ יָמֶיךָ״. אוּלַי שֶׁיִּרְצֶה לוֹמַר כִּי מִצְוָה זוֹ סְגֻלָּתָהּ הִיא אֲרִיכוּת יָמִים מִלְּבַד שְׂכָרָהּ מֵה׳, כִּי יֵשׁ מִצְווֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם סְגֻלּוֹת נִפְלָאוֹת מִלְּבַד שָׂכָר אֲשֶׁר קָבַע לָהֶם ה׳, וְזוֹ גִּלָּה אוֹתָהּ ה׳.

Had it been intended as a reward, The Torah would have had to write something like: "I will lengthen your life, etc." The Torah may have taught us that the miraculous feature which attends performance of honouring father and mother is that persons doing so will enjoy long life. There are several commandments which are associated with miraculous phenomena; in all such cases this is not part of the reward for performing them.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 33:1

Discusses the commandment of honoring one's parents, detailing its reasoning and moral implications for personal development.

מִצְוַת כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם – לְכַבֵּד הָאָב וְהָאֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ יב) כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ וְגוֹ'. וּבָא הַפֵּרוּשׁ (קדושין לא, ב) אֵי זֶהוּ כִּבּוּד, מַאֲכִיל וּמַשְׁקֶה מַלְבִּישׁ וּמְכַסֶּה מַכְנִיס וּמוֹצִיא. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי מִצְוָה זוֹ, שֶׁרָאוּי לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיַּכִּיר וְיִגְמֹל חֶסֶד לְמִי שֶׁעָשָׂה עִמּוֹ טוֹבָה, וְלֹא יִהְיֶה נָבָל וּמִתְנַכֵּר וּכְפוּי טוֹבָה שֶׁזּוֹ מִדָּה רָעָה וּמְאוּסָה בְּתַכְלִית לִפְנֵי אֱלֹהִים וַאֲנָשִׁים. וְשֶׁיִּתֵּן אֶל לִבּוֹ כִּי הָאָב וְהָאֵם הֵם סִבַּת הֱיוֹתוֹ בָּעוֹלָם, וְעַל כֵּן בֶּאֱמֶת רָאוּי לוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם כָּל כָּבוֹד וְכָל תּוֹעֶלֶת שֶׁיּוּכַל, כִּי הֵם הֱבִיאוּהוּ לָעוֹלָם, גַּם יָגְעוּ בּוֹ כַּמָּה יְגִיעוֹת בְּקַטְנוּתוֹ, וּכְשֶׁיִּקְבַּע זֹאת הַמִּדָּה בְּנַפְשׁוֹ יַעֲלֶה מִמֶּנָּה לְהַכִּיר טוֹבַת הָאֵל בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהוּא סִבָּתוֹ וְסִבַּת כָּל אֲבוֹתָיו עַד אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, וְשֶׁהוֹצִיאוֹ לַאֲוִיר הָעוֹלָם וְסִפֵּק צָרְכּוֹ כָּל יָמָיו וְהֶעֱמִידוֹ עַל מַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ וּשְׁלֵמוּת אֵבָרָיו, וְנָתַן בּוֹ נֶפֶשׁ יוֹדַעַת וּמַשְׂכֶּלֶת, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי הַנֶּפֶשׁ שֶׁחֲנָנוֹ הָאֵל, יִהְיֶה כְּסוּס כְּפֶרֶד אֵין הָבִין, וְיַעֲרִיךְ בְּמַחְשַׁבְתּוֹ כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה רָאוּי לְהִזָּהֵר בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ בָּרוּךְ הוּא.

The commandment to honor father and mother: To honor father and mother, as it is stated (Exodus 20:12), “You shall honor your father and your mother.” And the explanation (Kiddushin 31b) comes to [define it], “What does it mean to ‘honor’? To feed, give drink, dress, bring in, and take out.” From the roots of this commandment is that it is fitting for a person to acknowledge and return kindness to people who were good to him, and not to be an ungrateful scoundrel, because that is a bad and repulsive attribute before God and people. And he should take to heart that the father and the mother are the cause of his being in the world; and hence it is truly fitting to honor them in every way and give every benefit he can to them, because they brought him to the world, and worked hard for him when he was little. And once he fixes this idea in his soul, he will move up from it to recognize the good of God, blessed be He, Who is his cause and the cause of all his ancestors until the first man (Adam), and that He took him out into the world’s air, and fulfilled his needs every day, and made his body strong and able to stand, and gave him a mind that knows and learns — for without the mind that God granted him, he would be “like a horse or a mule who does not understand.” And he should think at length about how very fitting it is to be careful in his worship of the Blessed be He.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 6:13

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 6:13

When a father asks his son for water and the son has the ability to perform a mitzvah, if possible the mitzvah should be done by others so the son can attend to honoring his father, since one does not set aside one mitzvah because of another; but if no others are available, the son performs the mitzvah and forgoes honoring his father, as both are obligated in the mitzvah—except that Torah study is greater than honoring father and mother.

אָמַר לוֹ אָבִיו הַשְׁקֵנִי מַיִם וְיֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת מִצְוָה אִם אֶפְשָׁר לַמִּצְוָה שֶׁתֵּעָשֶׂה עַל יְדֵי אֲחֵרִים תֵּעָשֶׂה וְיִתְעַסֵּק בִּכְבוֹד אָבִיו שֶׁאֵין מְבַטְּלִין מִצְוָה מִפְּנֵי מִצְוָה. וְאִם אֵין שָׁם אֲחֵרִים לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ יִתְעַסֵּק בַּמִּצְוָה וְיָנִיחַ כָּבוֹד אָבִיו שֶׁהוּא וְאָבִיו חַיָּבִים בִּדְבַר מִצְוָה. וְתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה גָּדוֹל מִכְּבוֹד אָב וָאֵם:

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Rashi on Leviticus 19:3

Rashi on Leviticus 19:3

The mitzvah of fearing one's parents applies to both men and women, though Scripture mentions the mother first in the context of fear because children naturally fear their father more; in the context of honor, Scripture mentions the father first because children naturally honor their mother more due to her use of kind words, and this duty to honor parents is binding equally on both parent and child, though one must not obey a parent's command if it violates God's words.

איש אמו ואביו תיראו. כָּל אֶחָד מִכֶּם תִּירְאוּ אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ, זֶהוּ פְשׁוּטוֹ; וּמִדְרָשׁוֹ: אֵין לִי אֶלָּא אִישׁ, אִשָּׁה מִנַּיִן? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר תִּירָאוּ הֲרֵי כָאן שְׁנַיִם, אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר אִישׁ? שֶׁהָאִישׁ סֵפֶק בְּיָדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת אֲבָל אִשָּׁה רְשׁוּת אֲחֵרִים עָלֶיהָ (ספרא; קידושין ל'): אמו ואביו תיראו. כָּאן הִקְדִּים אֵם לָאָב, לְפִי שֶׁגָּלוּי לְפָנָיו שֶׁהַבֵּן יָרֵא אֶת אָבִיו יוֹתֵר מֵאִמּוֹ, וּבַכָּבוֹד הִקְדִּים אָב לָאֵם, לְפִי שֶׁגָּלוּי לְפָנָיו שֶׁהַבֵּן מְכַבֵּד אֶת אִמּוֹ יוֹתֵר מֵאָבִיו, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּשַׁדַּלְתּוֹ בִדְבָרִים (שם): אני ה' אלהיכם. אַתָּה וְאָבִיךָ חַיָּבִים בִּכְבוֹדִי, לְפִיכָךְ לֹא תִשְׁמַע לוֹ לְבַטֵּל אֶת דְּבָרַי. אֵיזֶהוּ מוֹרָא? לֹא יֵשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְלֹא יְדַבֵּר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְלֹא יִסְתֹּר אֶת דְּבָרָיו, וְאֵיזֶהוּ כָבוֹד? מַאֲכִיל וּמַשְׁקֶה, מַלְבִּישׁ וּמַנְעִיל, מַכְנִיס וּמוֹצִיא (קידושין ל"א):

איש אמו ואביו תראו means, EVERYONE OF YOU SHALL FEAR HIS MOTHER AND HIS FATHER; this is the literal sense. The Halachic explanation of the verse, however, is as follows: Since Scripture says איש I have here only the law that a man must fear his father and his mother, whence do I know that this applies also to a woman? Because Scripture states תיראו (in the plural), it is evident therefore that it speaks here of two (man and woman). But if this be so (that Scripture means to include a woman also) why does it use the term איש, a man? Because it is the man who has the means to do it, whilst the woman is under the control of others (what she does is dependent upon her husband’s consent)(Sifra, Kedoshim, Section 1 3; Kiddushin 30b). אמו ואביו תיראו EVERYBODY OF YOU SHALL FEAR HIS MOTHER AND HIS FATHER — Here Scripture mentions the mother before the father because it is manifest to Him that the child fears the father more than the mother and therefore by mentioning the mother first Scripture stresses the duty of fearing her. In the case of honoring one's parents, however, Scripture mentions the father before the mother because it is manifest to Him that the child honors the mother more than the father because she endeavors to win him over by kindly words. Therefore by mentioning the father first Scripture emphasizes the duty of honoring him (Kiddushin 30b - Kiddushin 31a). אני ה' אלהיכם “I am the Lord your God" (the plural) — both you and your father are equally bound to honour Me! Do not therefore obey him if it results in making My words of no effect (Sifra, Kedoshim, Section 1 10; Bava Metzia 32a). — What is implied in the term מורא? That one should not sit in his (the father's) seat, nor speak in his stead (i. e. when he is expected to speak), nor contradict his words. And what is implied in the term כבוד? That the child gives the parents to eat and to drink, provides them with clothes and shoes, leads them into the room and out if they are infirm (Kiddushin 31b).

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Rebels

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 6:1-3:1

Honoring and revering parents are major commandments that Scripture equates with honoring and fearing God, with specific laws defining reverence as not standing in their place or contradicting them, and honor as providing for their physical needs and serving them with deference.

כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה גְּדוֹלָה וְכֵן מוֹרָא אָב וָאֵם. שָׁקַל אוֹתָן הַכָּתוּב בִּכְבוֹדוֹ וּבְמוֹרָאוֹ. כָּתוּב (שמות כ יב) "כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ" וְכָתוּב (משלי ג ט) "כַּבֵּד אֶת ה' מֵהוֹנֶךָ". וּבְאָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ כָּתוּב (ויקרא יט ג) "אִישׁ אִמּוֹ וְאָבִיו תִּירָאוּ" וְכָתוּב (דברים ו יג) "אֶת ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא". כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁצִּוָּה עַל כְּבוֹד שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל וּמוֹרָאוֹ כָּךְ צִוָּה עַל כְּבוֹדָם וּמוֹרָאָם: הַמְקַלֵּל אָבִיו אוֹ אִמּוֹ בִּסְקִילָה וְהַמְגַדֵּף בִּסְקִילָה. הִנֵּה הִשְׁוָה אוֹתָן בָּעֹנֶשׁ. הִקְדִּים אָב לְאֵם לְכָבוֹד וְהִקְדִּים אֵם לְאָב לְמוֹרָא לְלַמֵּד שֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם שָׁוִים בֵּין לַמּוֹרָא בֵּין לְכָבוֹד:

Honoring one's father and mother is a positive commandment of great importance, as is fearing one's father and mother. The Torah equates the honor and fear of one's parents with the honor and fear of God Himself. Exodus 20:12 states: "Honor your father and your mother," and Proverbs 3:9 states: "Honor God from your wealth." Similarly, with regard to one's father and mother, Leviticus 19:3 states: "A person must fear his mother and father," and Deuteronomy 6:13 states: "And you shall fear God, your Lord." Just as He commands us to honor and fear His great name; so, too, He commands us to honor and fear our parents." A person who curses his father or mother is executed by stoning and a person who blasphemes God is executed by stoning. Thus the punishment for the two is equated. A father is mentioned before a mother with regard to honor and a mother is mentioned before a father with regard to fear to teach that they are both equal with regard to fear and honor.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Rambam — Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandment 211: Fearing Parents

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 211

Rambam lists fearing (mora) one's parents as a separate positive commandment (211), derived from Leviticus 19:3, and distinguishes this internal attitude of reverence from the external acts of honor.

היא שצונו לירא מאב ואם, והוא שיתנהג עמהם כמנהג מי שהוא ירא ממנו שיענישהו כמו המלך, וילך עמהם כדרך שילך עם מי שמפחד ממנו וירא מהגיע לו ממנו מה שימאס. והוא אמרו יתעלה איש אמו ואביו תיראו. ולשון סיפרא איזהו מורא לא יושב במקומו ולא מדבר בפניו ולא סותר את דבריו. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו במסכת קדושין. (קדושים תהיו, הלכות ממרים פרק ו'):

That is that He commanded us to fear [our] father and mother - and that is that one behave with them according to what is customary towards one whom he fears, such as a king. And he should be with them like one who is afraid of them and beware of something coming from himself that will be untoward. And that is His, may He be exalted, saying, "A man shall fear his mother and father" (Leviticus 19:3). And the language of the Sifra (Sifra, Kedoshim, Section 1:10) is, "Which is fear? He shall not sit in his place, and he shall not speak in front of him, and he shall not contradict his words." And the regulations of this commandment have already been explained in Tractate Kiddushin. (See Parashat Kedoshim; Mishneh Torah, Rebels 6.)

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Kad HaKemach — Honoring Parents

Kad HaKemach, Honoring Parents

Rabbeinu Bachya ben Asher dedicates a section of Kad HaKemach to kibbud av va'em, exploring how honoring parents is rooted in gratitude and parallels the honor owed to God, with moral and practical guidance for fulfilling this obligation.

כבד את אביך ואת אמך למען יאריכון ימיך וגו'. (שמות כ׳:י״ב) המצוה הזאת מן המצות המושכלות ולא פי' הכתוב בכאן הכבוד הזה מהו, ויש לנו ללמוד אותו מכבוד האב הראשון העליון ית' שהתחיל בו אנכי ה' אלהיך, ויאמר הכתוב כשם שצויתיך בכבודי תחלה כן אנכי מצוך בכבוד אביך ואמך שהן שותפים עמי ביצירתך, ובא לומר כי כשם שנצטוה באב הראשון יתברך שיודה בו ובמציאותו שהוא אלהיו כן יתחייב שיודה במולידיו שהם אביו ואמו וכשם שהזכיר לא יהיה לך שלא יכפור בו כן יתחייב שלא יכפור באביו ואמו לומר על אדם אחר שהוא אביו, וכשם שהזכיר לא תשא שלא ישבע בשם אלהיו לשקר ולשוא כן יתחייב שלא ישבע בחיי אביו ולא בשם אביו לשקר ולשוא ושלא יעבוד אותו מפני ירושת ממון או ירושת כבוד או מעלה אחרת. ובכלל הכבוד הזה דברים רבים כבר ביארו אותו רז"ל הוא שאמרו (קידושין פ"ק דף לא) מאכיל ומשקה מלביש ומכסה מכניס ומוציא.

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Rambam — Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandment 210: Honoring Parents

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 210

Rambam enumerates honoring one's father and mother as Positive Commandment 210, citing Exodus 20:12 and grounding it in the Talmudic definition of honor as material and practical care for parents.

היא שצונו לכבד אב ואם. והוא אמרו יתעלה כבד את אביך ואת אמך. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו בתלמוד ועיקרו בקדושין. ולשון ספרא איזהו כבוד מאכיל ומשקה מכניס ומוציא. (וישמע יתרו, הלכות ממרים פ"ו):

That is that He commanded us to honor [our] father and mother. And that is His, may He be exalted, saying, "You shall honor your father and mother" (Exodus 20:12). And the regulations of this commandment have already been explained in the Talmud, primarily in Kiddushin. And the language of the Sifra (Sifra, Kedoshim, Section 1:10) is, "Which is honor? Giving to eat, giving to drink [...], bringing in and taking out." (See Parashat Yitro; Mishneh Torah, Rebels 6.)

Source 16 · Acharonim
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Kitzur Shulchan Aruch

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh 143:1

Summarizes the essential laws about honoring one's parents, reflecting practical daily observance of this commandment.

צָרִיךְ לִזָּהֵר מְאֹד בִּכְבוֹד אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ וּבְמוֹרָאָם, שֶהִשְׁוָה אוֹתָן הַכָּתוּב לִכְבוֹדוֹ וּלְמוֹרָאוֹ, יִתְבָּרַךְ שְׁמוֹ. כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁצִוָּה עַל כִּבּוּד שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל וּמוֹרָאוֹ, כֵּן צִוָּה עַל כִּבּוּדָם וּמוֹרָאָם. שְׁלשָׁה שֻׁתָּפִין הֵם בָּאָדָם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ. (אִישׁ מַזְרִיעַ לֹבֶן שֶׁבּוֹ, אִשָּׁה מַזְרַעַת אֹדֶם שֶׁבּוֹ, וְהַקָּדושׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹפֵחַ בּוֹ נְשָׁמָה, מַרְאֵה עַיִן, וּשְׁמִיעַת אֹזֶן, וְדִבּוּר) בִּזְמַן שֶׁאָדָם מְכַבֵּד אֶת אָבִיו וְאֶת אִמּוֹ, אוֹמֵר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מַעֲלֶה אֲנִי עֲלֵיכֶם, כְאִלּוּ דַרְתִּי בֵּינֵיהֶם וְכִבְּדוּנִי.

Source 17 · Acharonim
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Aruch HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 240

Details the practical laws and expectations around the mitzvah of honoring parents as elaborated in later Jewish legal writings.

הלכות כיבוד אב ואם • ובו מ"ה סעיפים כיבוד אב ואם ומוראם המה מצות עשה, שנאמר: "כבד את אביך ואת אמך", ונאמר: "איש אמו ואביו תיראו". והמה מהמצות הגדולות, וחמורה שבחמורות. וכמה גדול כח מצוה זו, שהשוה הכתוב כבודו ומוראו יתברך לכבודם ומוראם, דגם בו יתברך כתיב "כבד את ה' מהונך", וכתיב "את ה' אלקיך תירא": כדרך שצוה על כבוד ויראת שמו הגדול והקדוש – כך צוה על כבודם ומוראם.

Source 18 · Acharonim
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Kli Yakar on Deuteronomy 22:7

Kli Yakar on Deuteronomy 22:7

Honoring parents is rewarded with long life because this mitzvah, like the mitzvah of sending away the mother bird, reinforces belief in the world's continuous creation—recognizing that just as every cause traces back to the First Cause, every person traces back to the First Creator, and thus honor is due to one's parents as links in this chain.

לָשׁוֹן זֶה נֶאֱמַר גַּם אֵצֶל כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם בְּדִבְּרוֹת שְׁנִיּוֹת, וּלְשׁוֹן ״לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ״ מַשְׁמַע שֶׁמִּמֵּילָא נִמְשָׁךְ לְךָ טוֹבָה מִזֶּה. וְהִנֵּה בְּכִבּוּד אָב וָאֵם הַדָּבָר פָּשׁוּט שֶׁאִם תְּכַבֵּד אָבִיךָ וְאִמֶּךָ אֲזַי מִמְּךָ יִרְאוּ בָּנֶיךָ וְכֵן יַעֲשׂוּ גַּם לְךָ כְּשֶׁיִּגְדְּלוּ, וְכֵן כְּשֶׁיִּרְאוּ בָּנֶיךָ שִׁלּוּחַ הָאֵם בָּעוֹפוֹת יִלְמְדוּ קַל וָחוֹמֶר, שֶׁאִם אַתָּה נוֹהֵג כָּבוֹד בַּמּוֹלִידִין אֲפִלּוּ בְּבַעֲלֵי חַיִּים קַל וָחוֹמֶר שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ כָּבוֹד בְּמוֹלִידֵיהֶן. וּשְׂכַר שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲרִיכוּת יָמִים לְפִי שֶׁשְּׁנֵי מִצְווֹת אֵלּוּ מַחֲזִיקִים הָאֱמוּנָה בְּחִדּוּשׁ הָעוֹלָם, כִּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁיֵּשׁ סִבָּה לְכָל סִבָּה וּמִשְׁתַּלְשֵׁל הַדָּבָר עַד הַסִּבָּה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה יִתְבָּרַךְ, כָּךְ כָּל נוֹלָד יֵשׁ לוֹ מוֹלִיד עַד הַמּוֹלִיד הָרִאשׁוֹן יִתְבָּרַךְ, וְאֵלָיו רָאוּי לַחֲלֹק כָּבוֹד

Source 19 · Hasidic
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Tanya

Tanya, Part IV; Iggeret HaKodesh 22:6

Explores the esoteric aspects of respecting one's parents and its impact on the spiritual world according to Chabad Chassidut.

וּכְמוֹ אָב רַחֲמָן חָכָם וְצַדִּיק הַמַּכֶּה בְּנוֹ, שֶׁאֵין לְבֵן חָכָם לַהֲפוֹךְ עוֹרֶף לָנוּס, לִמְצוֹא לוֹ עֶזְרָה, אוֹ אֲפִילוּ מֵלִיץ יוֹשֶׁר, לִפְנֵי אָבִיו הָרַחֲמָן וְהַצַּדִּיק וְחָסִיד, רַק לִהְיוֹת ״יָשָׁר יֶחֱזוּ פָנֵימוֹ״ עִם אָבִיו פָּנִים בְּפָנִים, לִסְבּוֹל הַכָּאוֹתָיו בְּאַהֲבָה, לְטוֹב לוֹ כָּל הַיָּמִים. וְהִנֵּה, לְמַעְלָה, בְּחִינַת ״פָּנִים״ הוּא הָרָצוֹן וְהַחֵשֶׁק, אֲשֶׁר אָבִינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם מַשְׁפִּיעַ לְבָנָיו כָּל טוּב עוֹלָמִים וְחַיֵּי נֶפֶשׁ וְגוּף, בְּאַהֲבָה וְרָצוֹן, חֲשִׁיקָה וַחֲפִיצָה, עַל־יְדֵי תּוֹרַת חַיִּים שֶׁהִיא רְצוֹנוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָנוּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאוֹמְרִים: ״כִּי בְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ נָתַתָּ לָּנוּ תּוֹרַת חַיִּים כוּ׳״ לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהּ רְצוֹנוֹ, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר: ״בְּאוֹר פְּנֵי מֶלֶךְ חַיִּים, וּרְצוֹנוֹ כוּ׳״.

It is analogous to a compassionate, wise, and righteous father who punishes his son. Surely the wise son should not “turn his back” to escape and find himself help, or even an intercessor before his father, who is compassionate, righteous, and merciful. Rather, he should have his face looking straight at his father, face to face, to endure his strikes with love, “For his lifelong benefit.” Now, above, the aspect of panim (face) is that of willingness and pleasure. That is, our Father in Heaven effuses to His children all the good of the worlds, and life for the soul and body, out of love and willingness, pleasure and delight, through the Torah of Life, His Will, blessed be He, which He gave to us, as it is written: “For in the light of panecha (Your Face), You gave us the Torah of Life…” to carry out His will with it. And of this it was said: “For in the light of the King’s Face there is life, and His will….”