Tanakhתנ״ך

The Scouts' Sin: Slander or Loss of Faith

Medieval and classical Jewish commentators analyze the scouts' report about Eretz Yisrael, debating whether their fundamental transgression was defaming the land's qualities or rejecting God's promise to bring Israel into it. The sources explore how the scouts' evaluation itself—regardless of factual content—constituted a breach of trust in divine assistance.

לא את הארץ מאסו כי אם אלוה ממעל

23 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The Akeidat Yitzchak establishes the through-line most directly: citing the midrashic parable of the prince who demanded to inspect his father's chosen bride, it states explicitly that the scouts and those who followed them 'did not despise the land of Israel, but rather rejected God from above' — making the abandonment of faith in God, not any libel against the land's qualities, the essential crime. (Akeidat Yitzchak)

God's own words at the moment of crisis confirm this diagnosis: He frames the people's offense not as slander of the land but as a failure of faith in Him personally — 'How long will they have no faith in Me despite all the signs that I have performed in their midst?' — and the Sforno sharpens this by asking how many further miracles God would have to perform before Israel would 'rely on My word.' (Bamidbar – God's Reaction: Rejection of Faith) (Sforno on Numbers)

The Ramban locates the scouts' wickedness precisely in the word 'ephes' — a term denoting absolute impossibility — by which they implied that conquest was utterly beyond any power, an implicit denial that God could deliver on His pledge; while the Gemara in Sotah pushes this even further, reading 'they are stronger than us' as 'stronger than Him,' a near-explicit heresy asserting that God Himself could not remove the Canaanites. (Ramban on Numbers – The Scouts' Sin) (Talmud Sotah – The Sin of the Spies)

The Midrash Tanchuma corroborates that harsh decrees followed precisely because the scouts 'compared them to the Above,' underscoring that the governing transgression was the theological one of measuring the enemy against God and finding God wanting. (Midrash Tanchuma)

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers

Numbers 14

In Chapter 14 of Numbers, the Torah describes how the scouts spread a bad report about the land of Israel, which led to the people's despair and rebellion against God's plan to bring them to the land. This passage highlights the scouts' role in discouraging the Israelites and undermining their faith in God’s promise.

אִם־חָפֵ֥ץ בָּ֙נוּ֙ יְהֹוָ֔ה וְהֵבִ֤יא אֹתָ֙נוּ֙ אֶל־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֔את וּנְתָנָ֖הּ לָ֑נוּ אֶ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־הִ֛וא זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ׃ אַ֣ךְ בַּיהֹוָה֮ אַל־תִּמְרֹ֒דוּ֒ וְאַתֶּ֗ם אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ אֶת־עַ֣ם הָאָ֔רֶץ כִּ֥י לַחְמֵ֖נוּ הֵ֑ם סָ֣ר צִלָּ֧ם מֵעֲלֵיהֶ֛ם וַֽיהֹוָ֥ה אִתָּ֖נוּ אַל־תִּירָאֻֽם׃ וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה עַד־אָ֥נָה יְנַאֲצֻ֖נִי הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֑ה וְעַד־אָ֙נָה֙ לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ בִ֔י בְּכֹל֙ הָֽאֹת֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֖יתִי בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃

only you must not rebel against GOD. Have no fear then of the people of the country, for they are our prey: their protection has departed from them, but GOD is with us. Have no fear of them!” As the whole community threatened to pelt them with stones, the Presence of GOD appeared in the Tent of Meeting to all the Israelites. And GOD said to Moses, “How long will this people spurn Me, and how long will they have no faith in Me despite all the signs that I have performed in their midst?

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Bamidbar – God's Reaction: Rejection of Faith

Numbers 14:11

God's own articulation of the sin is striking: 'How long will this people despise Me, and how long will they not believe in Me, despite all the signs I have performed among them?' This frames the scouts' sin not as misreading the land but as a fundamental rejection of trust in God.

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה עַד־אָ֥נָה יְנַאֲצֻ֖נִי הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֑ה וְעַד־אָ֙נָה֙ לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ בִ֔י בְּכֹל֙ הָֽאֹת֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֖יתִי בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃

And GOD said to Moses, “How long will this people spurn Me, and how long will they have no faith in Me despite all the signs that I have performed in their midst?

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Bamidbar – The Scouts' Report

Numbers 13:27-33:5

The spies begin with a positive report but pivot to a discouraging one — the land devours its inhabitants, its people are giants, and 'we were like grasshoppers in our eyes.' The text itself frames their sin as a distortion of what they saw, culminating in the famous 'dibbat ha-aretz' — slander of the land.

וְהָ֨אֲנָשִׁ֜ים אֲשֶׁר־עָל֤וּ עִמּוֹ֙ אָֽמְר֔וּ לֹ֥א נוּכַ֖ל לַעֲל֣וֹת אֶל־הָעָ֑ם כִּֽי־חָזָ֥ק ה֖וּא מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃ וַיֹּצִ֜יאוּ דִּבַּ֤ת הָאָ֙רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תָּר֣וּ אֹתָ֔הּ אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר הָאָ֡רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֩ עָבַ֨רְנוּ בָ֜הּ לָת֣וּר אֹתָ֗הּ אֶ֣רֶץ אֹכֶ֤לֶת יוֹשְׁבֶ֙יהָ֙ הִ֔וא וְכׇל־הָעָ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־רָאִ֥ינוּ בְתוֹכָ֖הּ אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִדּֽוֹת׃ וְשָׁ֣ם רָאִ֗ינוּ אֶת־הַנְּפִילִ֛ים בְּנֵ֥י עֲנָ֖ק מִן־הַנְּפִלִ֑ים וַנְּהִ֤י בְעֵינֵ֙ינוּ֙ כַּֽחֲגָבִ֔ים וְכֵ֥ן הָיִ֖ינוּ בְּעֵינֵיהֶֽם׃

But the other men who had gone up with him said, “We cannot attack that people, for it is stronger than we.” Thus they spread calumnies among the Israelites about the land they had scouted, saying, “The country that we traversed and scouted is one that devours its settlers. All the people that we saw in it are of astonishingly great size; we saw the Nephilim there—the Anakites are part of the Nephilim—and we looked like grasshoppers to ourselves, and so we must have looked to them.”

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Midrash Tanchuma

Midrash Tanchuma, Sh'lach 7

Midrash Tanchuma explains that the scouts not only doubted the land's quality but also doubted their own ability and God’s promise, viewing themselves as incapable of conquering the land with God's help.

לְקוֹל הֲמֻלָּה גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁאֲמַרְתֶּם, מַה גְּרַמְתֶּם לְעַצְמְכֶם, הִצִּית אֵשׁ עָלֶיהָ, יוֹם לְשָׁנָה יוֹם לְשָׁנָה תִּשְּׂאוּ אֶת עוֹנוֹתֵיכֶם. אָמְרוּ, וַנְּהִי בְעֵינֵינוּ כַּחֲגָבִים. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וִתַּרְתִּי עָלֶיהָ.

Immediately they went and said (in vs. 31), “for they are stronger than we (which can also be read as, than He).” Resh Laqish said, “They compared them to the Above. Because of this transgression harsh decrees were issued against them.” What does the Holy One, blessed be He, say to Jeremiah? “Go, say to them, ‘You do not know what you have brought out from your mouth, as stated (in Jer. 11:16), “with the sound of a great tumult you have lit fire to it

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Midrash Rabbah – The Spies' Slander of the Land

Bamidbar Rabbah 16:6

The Midrash develops the concept of 'dibbat ha-aretz' as an act of slander comparable to the sin of lashon hara, and draws a parallel with the serpent in Eden who also slandered God's world. This reading emphasizes that the land itself was defamed, though the underlying cause is rejection of God's word.

לֹא יָדְעוּ וְלֹא יָבִינוּ כִּי טַח מֵרְאוֹת עֵינֵיהֶם, מָה רָאָה לוֹמַר אַחַר מַעֲשֵׂה מִרְיָם שְׁלַח לְךָ אֲנָשִׁים, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה צָפוּי לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע עַל הָאָרֶץ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁלֹא יִהְיוּ אוֹמְרִים לֹא הָיִינוּ יוֹדְעִין עֹנֶשׁ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, לְפִיכָךְ סָמַךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הָעִנְיָן זֶה לָזֶה לְפִי שֶׁדִּבְּרָה מִרְיָם בְּאָחִיהָ וְלָקְתָה בְּצָרַעַת, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ הַכֹּל עָנְשׁוֹ שֶׁל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, שֶׁאִם בִּקְּשׁוּ לוֹמַר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע יִהְיוּ מִסְתַּכְּלִין מַה נַּעֲשָׂה לְמִרְיָם, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא רָצוּ לִלְמֹד, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר לֹא יָדְעוּ וְלֹא יָבִינוּ כִּי טַח מֵרְאוֹת עֵינֵיהֶם.

Nevertheless, they did not wish to learn. That is why it is stated: “They do not know and they do not understand, for their eyes are smeared and don’t see.”

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Sotah – The Sin of the Spies

Sotah 35a:7

The Gemara identifies the scouts' transgression as 'dibbah' (slander) and traces how each component of their report was a distortion. It also records that they wept that night (Tisha B'Av), establishing the cosmic weight of their failure of faith — weeping without cause leading to weeping with cause for all generations.

״וְהָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר עָלוּ עִמּוֹ אָמְרוּ לֹא נוּכַל וְגוֹ׳״. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא: דָּבָר גָּדוֹל דִּבְּרוּ מְרַגְּלִים בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה. ״כִּי חָזָק הוּא מִמֶּנּוּ״, אַל תִּקְרֵי ״מִמֶּנּוּ״, אֶלָּא ״מִמֵּנוֹ״ — כִּבְיָכוֹל אֲפִילּוּ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא כֵּלָיו מִשָּׁם. ״וַתִּשָּׂא כׇּל הָעֵדָה וַיִּתְּנוּ אֶת קוֹלָם וַיִּבְכּוּ״, אָמַר רַבָּה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם עֶרֶב תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: הֵן בָּכוּ בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל חִנָּם וַאֲנִי אֶקְבַּע לָהֶם בְּכִיָּה לְדוֹרוֹת.

The verses continue: “But the men that went up with him said: We are not able to go up against the people; as they are stronger than us” (Numbers 13:31). Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa says: The spies said a serious statement at that moment. When they said: “They are stronger,” do not read the phrase as: Stronger than us [mimmennu], but rather read it as: Stronger than Him [mimmennu], meaning that even the Homeowner, God, is unable to remove His belongings from there, as it were. The spies were speaking heresy and claiming that the Canaanites were stronger than God Himself. The verse states: “And all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried” (Numbers 14:1). Rabba says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: That day was the eve of the Ninth of Av, and the Holy One, Blessed be He, said: On that day they wept a gratuitous weeping, so I will establish that day for them as a day of weeping for the future generations.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Bamidbar Rabbah 16:8

Bamidbar Rabbah 16:8

כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ לְמשֶׁה נִשְׁלְחָה אֲנָשִׁים לְפָנֵינוּ, הִתְחִיל משֶׁה עוֹמֵד וְתוֹהֶא אָמַר אֶפְשָׁר לִי לַעֲשׂוֹת דָּבָר עַד שֶׁאֶמָּלֵךְ בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הָלַךְ וְנִמְלַךְ, אָמַר לוֹ כָּךְ וְכָךְ בָּנֶיךָ מְבַקְּשִׁים, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵין זֶה תְּחִלָּה לָהֶם, עַד שֶׁהֵם בְּמִצְרַיִם הִלְעִיגוּ לִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ז, טז): זוֹ לַעְגָּם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם, לְמוּדִים הֵם לְכָךְ, אֵינִי צָרִיךְ לְנַסּוֹתָם, שֶׁכָּתוּב (דניאל ב, כב): יָדַע מָה בַחֲשׁוֹכָא וּנְהוֹרָא עִמֵּהּ שְׁרֵא, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא משֶׁה יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי מָה הֵם, אֶלָּא אִם בִּקַּשְׁתָּ שְׁלַח לְךָ לְעַצְמְךָ, מִנַיִן, שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב (במדבר יג, טז):

He said to Him: ‘Your children are requesting such and such.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘This is not a first for them. While they were still in Egypt, they derided Me,’ as it is stated: “This was their derision in the land of Egypt” (Hosea 7:16). ‘They are accustomed to this. I need not test them,’ as it is written: “He knows what is in the darkness, and the light rests with Him” (Daniel 2:22). The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘I know what they are.

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Ta'anit – The Night of Weeping

Taanit 29a:5

The Gemara records that the night the people wept over the spies' report was the night of Tisha B'Av; God declared: 'You wept without cause — I will establish for you weeping for generations.' This frames the sin as a catastrophic, gratuitous failure of trust in God's promises.

וְתַנְיָא: בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְתִשְׁעָה בְּסִיוָן שָׁלַח מֹשֶׁה מְרַגְּלִים, וּכְתִיב: ״וַיָּשֻׁבוּ מִתּוּר הָאָרֶץ מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם״. הָנֵי אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם נְכֵי חַד הָווּ! אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: תַּמּוּז דְּהַהִיא שַׁתָּא מַלּוֹיֵי מַלְּיוּהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״קָרָא עָלַי מוֹעֵד לִשְׁבֹּר בַּחוּרָי״. וּכְתִיב: ״וַתִּשָּׂא כׇּל הָעֵדָה וַיִּתְּנוּ אֶת קוֹלָם וַיִּבְכּוּ הָעָם בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא״, אָמַר רַבָּה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ לַיְלָה לֵיל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: אַתֶּם בְּכִיתֶם בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל חִנָּם — וַאֲנִי קוֹבֵעַ לָכֶם בְּכִיָּה לְדוֹרוֹת.

And this calculation is taught in a baraita: On the twenty-ninth of Sivan, Moses sent the spies. And it is written: “And they returned from spying out the land at the end of forty days” (Numbers 13:25), which means that they came back on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: These are forty days minus one. The remaining days of the days of Sivan, the entire month of Tammuz, and eight days of Av add up to a total of thirty-nine days, not forty. Abaye said: The month of Tammuz of that year was a full month of thirty days. Accordingly, there are exactly forty days until the Ninth of Av. And this is alluded to in the following verse, as it is written: “He has called an appointed time against me to crush my young men” (Lamentations 1:15). This indicates that an additional appointed day, i.e., a New Moon, was added so that this calamity would fall specifically on the Ninth of Av. And it is further written: “And all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried and the people wept that night” (Numbers 14:1). Rabba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That night was the night of the Ninth of Av. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: You wept needlessly that night, and I will therefore establish for you a true tragedy over which there will be weeping in future generations.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Numbers

Rashi on Numbers 13:32

Rashi comments that the scouts spread a negative report not only about the land but also sowed distrust in God's ability to bring them victory, amplifying the people's fears and doubts about entering the land.

אכלת יושביה. בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁעָבַרְנוּ מְצָאנוּם קוֹבְרֵי מֵתִים, וְהַקָּבָּ"ה עָשָׂה לְטוֹבָה, כְּדֵי לְטָרְדָם בְּאֶבְלָם וְלֹא יִתְּנוּ לֵב לָאֵלּוּ:

אכלת יושביה [A LAND] THAT EATETH UP THE INHABITANTS THEREOF — “In every place which we passed we found them (the inhabitants) burying their dead". — But, as a matter of fact, the Holy One, blessed be He, did this (caused many deaths amongst them at that time, and so the Canaanites were engaged in burying their dead) for the best, in order to occupy them busily with their mourning so that they should pay no attention to these (the spies) (Sotah 35a).

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Sforno on Numbers

Sforno on Numbers 14:11

Sforno emphasizes that the scouts' sin was primarily their failure to trust in God's promise. They judged based on their limited human perspective, rather than faith in God's power.

וְעַד אָנָה לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ בִי. עַד אֵיזֶה גְבוּל מֵהַפְּלָאוֹת אֶעֱשֶׂה קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּבְטְחוּ בִי וְיִשָּׁעֲנוּ עַל דְּבָרִי.

?ועד אנה לא יאמינו לי, How many more miracles must I perform for them until they will rely on My word?

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Akeidat Yitzchak

Akeidat Yitzchak 77

Akeidat Yitzchak interprets the scouts' sin as a lack of faith in God. They saw the challenges in the land as insurmountable despite God's promises, highlighting an abandonment of trust in divine assistance.

יבאר כי המרגלים והנמשכים אחריהם לא את הארץ מאסו כי אם אלוה ממעל. במדרש (במדבר רבה פ' ט"ז) אריב"ל למה ישראל דומין כשאמרו נשלחה אנשים לפנינו (דברים א׳:כ״ב) למלך שזימן לבנו אשה נאה עשירה ובת טובים אמר לו הבן אלך ואראה אותה שלא היה מאמין לאביו מיד הוקשה הדבר בעיני אביו אמר מה אעשה אם אומר לו איני מראה אותה לך עכשיו יאמד כעורה היא ולפיכך אינו רוצה להראותה לו לסוף אמר לו לך וראה אותה ותדע אם כזבתי לך ובשביל שלא האמנת בי קונם שאין אתה רואה אותה בביתך אבל לבנך אני נותנה. וכך אמר הקדוש בדוך הוא לישראל טובה הארץ ולא האמינו אלא אמרו נשלחה אנשים ונו'. אמר הקב"ה אין אני מעכב על ידם אלא יראו אותה ובשבועה שאין אחד מהם נכנס בתוכה שנאמר אם יראו את הארץ כו' (במדבד י"ד).

Did the spies despise the land of Israel, or did they merely reject G'ds leadership? Bamidbar Rabbah 16, describes the sending of the spies by a parable. Rabbi Yoshua ben Levi, compared Israel to a prince whose father had selected a beautiful wealthy bride from a first class family for him to marry. The prince said to the father "let me have a look at her first." This placed the father in an embarrassing position. If he refused the request, his son might think that the bride was really ugly, and this was why his father did not want him to examine her before the wedding. Therefore, the father reluctantly agreed to the son's request, saying "have a look if I really have deceived you." However, because you have displayed a lack of faith in me, I swear that you will not lead her under the wedding canopy, but I will give her to your son." So also in the case of the spies.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Ramban on Numbers – The Scouts' Sin

Ramban on Numbers 13:27

Ramban analyzes the structure of the spies' report and notes that they began with truth but then appended falsehood and discouragement. He emphasizes that their fundamental error was in drawing conclusions — they should not have offered any strategic opinion at all, since God had already promised the land. The evaluation itself constituted faithlessness.

אֲבָל רִשְׁעָם בְּמִלַּת אֶפֶס, שֶׁהִיא מוֹרָה עַל דָּבָר אָפֵס וְנִמְנָע מִן הָאָדָם שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר בְּשׁוּם עִנְיָן, כִּלְשׁוֹן "הֶאָפֵס לָנֶצַח חַסְדּוֹ" (תהלים עז ט), "וְאֵין עוֹד אֶפֶס אֱלֹהִים" (ישעיהו מה יד). וְהִנֵּה אָמְרוּ לוֹ הָאָרֶץ שְׁמֵנָה וְגַם זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבַשׁ וְהַפְּרִי טוֹב, אֲבָל אִי אֶפְשָׁר לָבֹא אֲלֵיהֶם כִּי עַז הָעָם וְהֶעָרִים בְּצוּרוֹת גְּדֹלוֹת מְאֹד, וְגַם יְלִידֵי הָעֲנָק רָאִינוּ שָׁם:

But the wickedness of the spies consisted in saying the word ephes [“nevertheless” — ‘Nevertheless’ the people that dwell in the Land are fierce], which signifies something negative and beyond human capability, something impossible of achievement, under any circumstances similar to the expressions: ‘Ha’aphes’ lanetzach chasdo (Is His mercy ‘clean gone’ for ever?); and there is none else; ‘ephes’ (there is no other) G-d. Thus the spies told Moses that the Land is fertile and surely it floweth with milk and honey and the fruits are good, but it is impossible to fight against the people because they are fierce, and the cities are fortified, and very great; and moreover we saw the children of Anak there.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Ibn Ezra on Numbers

Ibn Ezra on Numbers 13:32

Ibn Ezra suggests that the scouts failed by ignoring God's past miracles and focusing solely on the physical challenges before them, reflecting a lack of faith in God's continued support.

ויוציאו דבת הארץ. דבר שלא היה ואין כן ויבא יוסף כי ויבא הפך ויוציאו: אכלת יושביה. שהאויר שלה רע:

AND THEY SPREAD AN EVIL REPORT OF THE LAND. Va-yotzi’u dibbat ha-aretz (and they spread an evil report) means: and they spread a lie. This is not the meaning of va-yave yosef et dibbatam ra (and Joseph brought evil report of them) (Gen. 37:2), for va-yave (brought) is the reverse of va-yotzi (and they spread). EATETH UP THE INHABITANTS THEREOF. For its air is bad.

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Those Who Have No Share in the World to Come

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:6

Rambam lists among those who lose their share in the World to Come those who deny God's providence over Israel. While not citing the spies directly here, his framework clarifies why the Sages viewed the scouts' sin as so severe — denial of divine providence in the land is a foundational betrayal.

וְהָעוֹשֶׂה עֲבֵרוֹת בְּיָד רָמָה בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא כִּיהוֹיָקִים. וְהַמּוֹשֵׁךְ עָרְלָתוֹ:

Rather, their [souls] are cut off and they are judged for their great wickedness and sins, forever: the Minim, the Epicursim, those who deny the Torah, those who deny the resurrection of the dead and the coming of the [Messianic] redeemer, those who rebel [against God], those who cause the many to sin, those who separate themselves from the community those who proudly commit sins in public as Jehoyakim did, those who betray Jews to gentile authorities, those who cast fear upon the people for reasons other than the service of God, murderers, slanderers, one who extends his foreskin [so as not to appear circumcised].

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Sforno on Numbers

Sforno on Numbers 13:31

The scouts claimed they could not ascend because the inhabitants would rise against them and prevent their entry, just as occurred after the sin when the Amalekites and Canaanites came down to fight them.

לֹא נוּכַל לַעֲלוֹת. שֶׁיִּתְקוֹמְמוּ נֶגְדֵּנוּ וְלֹא יַנִּיחוּנוּ לַעֲלוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁקָּרָה אַחַר הַחֵטְא כְּאָמְרוֹ ״וַיֵּרֶד הָעֲמָלֵקִי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי״ (במדבר יד:מה).

לא נוכל לעלות, for they will stand up against us and will prevent us from making progress just as happened after the sin when the Torah describes the Amalekites (described as Canaanites) descending and inflicting casualties in 14,45.

Source 16 · Rishonim
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Moreh Nevuchim – On Trials and Providence

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 3:24

Rambam discusses the episode of the spies in the context of divine trials and the difficulty of maintaining faith in unseen future events. He notes that the generation's failure was rooted in an inability to internalize the lessons of the Exodus — their trust in God's promises had not been sufficiently formed.

Source 17 · Acharonim
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Kli Yakar on Numbers

Kli Yakar on Numbers 13:32

Kli Yakar discusses how the scouts underestimated the potential miracles God could perform for them. By emphasizing the obstacles over the possibilities of divine intervention, they demonstrated a lack of faith.

וְאָמְרוּ לָהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָלֵב הָאָרֶץ טוֹבָה מְאֹד מְאֹד, הֵן מִצַּד פִּרְיָהּ, הֵן מִצַּד מֶזֶג הָאֲוִיר, וְאֵין טוֹבַת הַפֵּרוֹת תָּלוּי בְּחוֹם הָאֲוִיר כִּי אִם בְּשַׁמְנוּנִית הָאָרֶץ הַנּוֹתֵן מְתִיקוּת לַפֵּרוֹת. וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ ״אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר הִיא זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָשׁ״, כִּי הַבְּהֵמָה גִּדּוּלֵי קַרְקַע מִקְּרֵי, וְהַדְּבַשׁ כִּנּוּי אֶל הַמְּתִיקוּת הַבָּא מִשְּׁמַנֵּי הָאָרֶץ, וְהָאֲוִיר אֵינוֹ מַזִּיק כִּי אִם לַחוֹטְאִים. ״אַךְ בַּה׳ אַל תִּמְרֹדוּ״, וְאָז לֹא יַזִּיק לָכֶם אֲוִיר הָאָרֶץ. ״וְאַתֶּם אַל תִּירְאוּ אֶת עַם הָאָרֶץ״, שֶׁהָיוּ קוֹבְרֵי מֵתִים. ״כִּי לַחְמֵנוּ הֵם״, וַדַּאי בְּחֶטְאָם מֵתוּ, שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר (דברים ז טז): ״וְאָכַלְתָּ אֶת כָּל הָעַמִּים״, וְאָמְרוּ רז״ל (ב״ק לח.): מַאי דִּכְתִיב (חבקוק ג ו) ״רָאָה וַיַּתֵּר גּוֹיִם״, רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת שֶׁל בְּנֵי נֹחַ לֹא קִיְּמוּ וְעָמַד וְהִתִּיר מָמוֹנָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. וְאִם מָמוֹנָם הִתִּיר עַל שֶׁלֹּא קִיְּמוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת אִם כֵּן גַּם גּוּפָם הִתִּיר עַל כָּל הַתּוֹעֵבוֹת הַגְּדוֹלִים שֶׁבָּהֶם, וְאִם כֵּן וַדַּאי בְּחֶטְאָם מֵתוּ, דְּאִם לֹא כֵן לָמָּה הִתִּיר לָנוּ לְאׇכְלָם כַּלֶּחֶם. וּרְאָיָה עַל חֶטְאָם שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ צַדִּיק אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶם מֵת בְּחֶטְאָם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יָגֵן עֲלֵיהֶם כְּצֵל. זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ ״סָר צִלָּם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם״, אֲבָל צֵל שֶׁלָּנוּ קַיָּם, וְהוּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכא ה): ״ה׳ שֹׁמְרֶךָ ה׳ צִלְּךָ״. וְקָרוֹב לִשְׁמֹעַ כִּי ״לַחְמֵנוּ״ הַלָּמֶ״ד בְּחוֹלָם, כְּמוֹ לוֹחֲמֵינוּ, כִּי הֵם בַּעֲלֵי מִלְחַמְתֵּנוּ, וְאוּלַי הָיוּ מַרְגִּישִׁין בָּכֶם וְעוֹשִׂין עִמָּכֶם מִלְחָמָה. עַל כֵּן עָשָׂה הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ שֶׁהָיוּ קוֹבְרִים מֵתִים כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְּנוּ לִבָּם אֲלֵיכֶם. וּבְתוֹלְדוֹת יִצְחָק כָּתַב ״כִּי לַחְמֵנוּ״ כְּמוֹ הַמָּן הַזֶּה שֶׁאִם יָסוּר הַצֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ וְזָרְחָה עָלָיו הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְנָמָס, כָּךְ סָר מֵעֲלֵיהֶם צִלּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָז יִמַּסּוּ כַּדּוֹנַג מִפְּנֵי הָאֵשׁ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (שמות טו טו): ״נָמֹגוּ כֹּל יֹשְׁבֵי כְנָעַן״. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ הָרֶמֶז אָמַר ״סָר צִלָּם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם״, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמְרוּ אִם מִדֶּרֶךְ הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא שֶׁתָּקִיא אֶת יוֹשְׁבֶיהָ הַחוֹטְאִים הַיּוֹם אוֹ מָחָר גַּם אֲנַחְנוּ נֶחֱטָא, כִּי אָדָם אֵין צַדִּיק בָּאָרֶץ וְגוֹ׳, וְתָקִיא גַּם אוֹתָנוּ. עַל זֶה אָמַר ״וַה׳ אִתָּנוּ״ – בַּגָּלוּת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (תהלים צא טו): ״עִמּוֹ אָנֹכִי בְצָרָה״, וְאַגַּבֵּהּ גַּם אֲנַחְנוּ בְּטוּחִים לָשׁוּב שָׁמָּה, וְיַעֲשֶׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמַעַן שְׁמוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ אֲשֶׁר עִמָּנוּ וְיַחֲזוֹר וְיִגְאָלֵנוּ.

And Joshua and Caleb said to them, “The land is very, very good.” Both in terms of its fruit and in terms of the climate. The quality of the fruits does not depend on the heat of the air but on the richness of the land that gives sweetness to the fruits. And this is what is meant by a land flowing with milk and honey — for livestock are considered products of the land, and honey is a reference to the sweetness that comes from the land’s richness. And the air is only harmful to sinners, but do not rebel against the Lord. And then the air of the land will not harm you, and you should not fear the people of the land. For they were burying their dead, because they are our bread. They certainly died because of their sins, as it is said, And you shall consume all the peoples (Deuteronomy 7:16). And our Sages said (Bava Kamma 38a): What is meant by the verse He looked and released the nations (Habakkuk 3:6)? The Holy One, blessed be He, saw that they did not even fulfill the seven Noahide laws, so He stood and permitted their property to Israel. And if He permitted their property because they did not fulfill the seven commandments, then He also permitted [taking] their bodies for all the great abominations they committed. So certainly they died because of their sin, for otherwise, why would He permit us to consume them like bread? And the proof of their sin is that even a single righteous person who was among them died because of their sin, so that he would not protect them like shade. This is what is meant by their shade has departed from them. But our shade remains, and that is the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is said, The Lord is your guardian; the Lord is your shade (Psalms 121:5). And it is reasonable to interpret, that lachmeinu [our bread] with the lamed vowelized with a cholam is like lochameinu [our warriors] because they are our warriors/combatants. And perhaps they were aware of you and would wage war with you. Therefore, the Holy One, Blessed be He made it so they were burying their dead so they would not pay attention to you. And Toldot Yitzchak wrote that lachmeinu is like the manna, for if its shade is removed from it and the sun shines upon it, it melts. So too, the shade of the Holy One, Blessed be He has departed from them, and they will melt like wax before fire, as it is written All the inhabitants of Canaan melted away (Exodus 15:15). And by way of allusion, it said Their protection has departed from them, so that they should not say, “If it is the way of that land to vomit out its sinning inhabitants today or tomorrow, we too will sin, for there is no righteous person on earth, etc.” and it will vomit us out as well. Regarding this he said, “And the Lord is with us” in exile, as it is written I am with him in distress (Psalms 91:15). And because of this, we too are confident to return there, and the Holy One, Blessed be He will act for the sake of His blessed name which is with us, and He will return and redeem us.

Source 18 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers

Or HaChaim on Numbers 13:27

Or HaChaim sees the scouts' sin as both a slander against the land and a deeper lack of trust in God. Their report disregarded God's promises, projecting fear over faith.

בָּאנוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁהִגַּעְנוּ שָׁמָּה לְשָׁלוֹם וְלֹא אֵרַע לָהֶם תַּקָּלָה, וְגָמְרוּ אוֹמֶר הַטַּעַם אֲשֶׁר שְׁלַחְתָּנוּ, פֵּרוּשׁ, לְצַד שֶׁעָשִׂינוּ מִצְוַת שְׁלִיחוּתְךָ נִשְׁמַרְנוּ. אוֹ יִרְצוּ לוֹמַר לְצַד שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם לְוָיָה שֶׁשְּׁלָחָם הִיא שֶׁעָמְדָה לָהֶם לָבוֹא אֶל הָאָרֶץ בְּשָׁלוֹם. וְאוּלַי כִּי לָזֶה דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר וַיְסַפְּרוּ לוֹ, לוֹמַר שֶׁסִּפְּרוּ דָּבָר הַנּוֹגֵעַ לְמַעֲלַת מֹשֶׁה כִּי זְכוּתוֹ עָמְדָה לָהֶם. וְאָמְרוֹ וַיֹּאמְרוּ הוּא תְּשׁוּבַת הָאָרֶץ מַה שֶׁנּוֹגֵעַ לִכְלָלוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָזֶה לֹא אָמַר לוֹ. וְגַם זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבַשׁ וְגוֹ׳. אָמְרוֹ ״וְגַם״ – לְצַד שֶׁקָּדְמָה הוֹדָעָה בְּמִדָּה טוֹבָה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לָהֶם נֵס בַּהֲלִיכָה, מוֹסִיפִין לְהוֹדוֹת גַּם בְּטוֹבַת הָאָרֶץ כִּי זָבַת חָלָב וְגוֹ׳:

באנו אל הארץ, "we have come to the land, etc." They meant that they arrived there without mishap. They added the words: "to which you have sent us," to make dear that they attributed their safe return from the land of Canaan to the fact that they had carried out Moses' commandment faithfully. Alternatively, they may have referred to the fact that 40 days earlier Moses had accompanied them on the commencement of their mission. They now acknowledged that Moses' merit then had assisted them in traversing the land and returning safely. Perhaps the words ויספרו לו were a reference by the Torah to the spies acknowledging that Moses' merit had assisted them. When the Torah failed to use the word לו after ויאמרו, the reason is that what followed applied to the Israelites as a whole and not to Moses in particular. וגם זבת חלב ודבש, "and it does indeed flow with milk and honey." The word וגם, "and also," is justified as it is a continuation of a previous comment the spies made, namely that they experienced G'd's protective hand while traversing the land. The goodness of the land was an additional positive element they were able to comment upon.

Source 19 · Acharonim
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Shemirat HaLashon, Book II,

Shemirat HaLashon, Book II, 9:3

This passage teaches that speaking lashon hara (evil speech) about another person is equivalent to denying God's existence because one acts as if God's commandments are meaningless and shows no fear of the Creator's authority.

גָּרְסִינַן בַּעֲרָכִין (דף ט"ו:): אָמַר ר' יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹסִי בֶּן זִמְרָא: כָּל הַמְסַפֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע כְּאִלּוּ כָּפַר בָּעִקָּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים י"ב ה'): "אֲשֶׁר אָמְרוּ לִלְשֹׁנֵנוּ נַגְבִּיר שְׂפָתֵינוּ אִתָּנוּ, מִי אָדוֹן לָנוּ". וְהַכַּוָּנָה, דְּדֶרֶךְ מִי שֶׁהוּא חֵץ שָׁחוּט לְשׁוֹנוֹ, לְהִשְׁתַּבֵּחַ לִפְנֵי אֲנָשִׁים תָּמִיד וְלוֹמַר: כַּאֲשֶׁר אֲנִי אֶפְתַּח רַק אֶת שְׂפָתַי עָלָיו, אֲכַלֶּנּוּ בִּלְשׁוֹנִי, וְיִהְיֶה לְמִרְמָס לִפְנֵי הַכֹּל, וּמִי יוּכַל לְהִתְגַבֵּר נֶגֶד לְשׁוֹנִי, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם בַּפַּעַם הַזּוֹ לֹא אֲכַלֶּנּוּ בְּשְׁלֵמוּת, הֲלֹא שְׂפָתֵינוּ אִתָּנוּ, וְאוּכַל לְהַבְאִישׁ אֶת רֵיחוֹ בְּעֵינֵי הַבְּרִיוֹת, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לְבוּז בְּעֵינֵי הַכֹּל, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁב כְּלָל שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֶלְיוֹן עַל כֹּל, שֶׁעֵינָיו מְשׁוֹטְטוֹת בְּכָל הָאָרֶץ. וּבֶאֱמֶת בְּכָל הָעֲבֵרוֹת יֵשׁ שֶׁבָּאוֹת מֵחֲמַת תַּאֲווֹת, וְיֵשׁ שֶׁבָּאוֹת מֵחֲמַת חֶמְדַּת הַמָּמוֹן, שֶׁהֵן הִתְגַּבְּרוּ עָלָיו, וְעַל יְדֵי זֶה נִכְשַׁל וְעָבַר, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּסִפּוּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, שֶׁאֵין לוֹ שׁוּם הֲנָאָה מִזֶּה, כְּמוֹ דִּכְתִיב (קהלת י' י"א): "וְאֵין יִתְרוֹן לְבַעַל הַלָּשׁוֹן". אֵין זֶה, כִּי אִם שֶׁדְבַר ה' בְּעֵינָיו כְּהֶפְקַר, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ לַצִּוּוּי שֶׁל יוֹצֵר הַכֹּל, וְעַל כֵּן חֲשָׁבוּהוּ כְּאִלּוּ כּוֹפֵר בָּעִקָּר.

We learned (Arachin 15b): "R. Yochanan said in the name of R. Yossi b. Zimra: 'If one speaks lashon hara, it is as if he would deny the Deity, viz. (Psalms 12:5): "who have said: 'with our tongue will we be mighty; our lips are with us. Who is lord over us?'"'" The intent is: One whose tongue is like "a drawn-forth arrow" to praise himself before people always and to say: "When I just open my lips against him, I shall finish him with my tongue, and he will be trodden down before all. Who can overcome my tongue? And even if this time I don't finish him off, are not our lips with us, and I can defame him before men and he will be despised by all." And he does not reflect at all that there is One above all, whose eyes range over all the earth. And, in truth, in all of the sins, there are some that come from lusts and some that come from desire for wealth, that gain ascendancy over him, wherefore he stumbles and transgresses — as opposed to speaking lashon hara against one's friend, where there is no pleasure, as it is written (Koheleth 10:11): "And there is no advantage to the man of the tongue." This [i.e., one's speaking lashon hara] stems only from the word of the L-rd being hefker in his eyes, and his not being solicitous of the Creator's command at all, wherefore they have considered him a denier of the Deity.

Source 20 · Acharonim
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Oznayim LaTorah

Oznayim LaTorah on Numbers 13

Oznayim LaTorah discusses the scouts' sin as a profound error in judgment and faith, describing both the mischaracterization of the land and a failure to trust in God's promise to deliver it.

Source 21 · Acharonim
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Maharal – Netiv HaEmunah (Path of Faith)

Netivot Olam, Netiv Haemuna

The Maharal explains that emunah (faith) is not merely intellectual assent but an existential orientation toward God. The spies' failure was that they allowed sensory perception and natural reasoning to override the higher faculty of faith, and in doing so severed the nation's attachment to its divine destiny.

הן שתהיה האמונה בו ית' צריך שיהיה שהוא מאמין באמונה שלימה, הן שתהיה האמונה שהוא נאמן בכל עסקיו והנהגתו דבר זה מי ימצא. ודבר זה נתבאר ג"כ למעלה אצל באורח צדקה חיים ודרך נתיבה אל מות, כי הצדקה נקראת אורח שהוא רחב עד שהרבה מהלכים בה וכמו שנתבאר בנתיב גמילות חסדים ע"ש, אבל האמונה שלא ישנה באמונתו ודבר קטן שהוא משנה הוא יוצא מן האמונה, וכבר בארנו דבר זה בחבור גבורות השם (פ"ט) עד כי אברהם שהיה ראש המאמינים היה בדבר מה יוצא מן האמונה במה שאמר במה אדע, ואצל משה כתיב יען אשר לא האמנתם בי ולפיכך אמר ואיש אמונים מי ימצא כי נקרא איש מי שימצא בו האמונה לפי שבעל האמונה צריך כח לעמוד באמונתו בחוזק, ולכך נקרא איש, אבל אצל החסד כתיב רב אדם:

Source 22 · Acharonim
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Kli Yakar on Numbers 13:2

Kli Yakar on Numbers 13:2

וְיָתֻרוּ אֶת אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן. מָצִינוּ שָׁלֹשׁ לְשׁוֹנוֹת בְּעִנְיָן זֶה: וְיָתֻרוּ, וְיַחְפְּרוּ, וַיְרַגְּלוּ, כִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָמְרוּ (דברים א כב): ״נִשְׁלְחָה אֲנָשִׁים לְפָנֵינוּ וְיַחְפְּרוּ לָנוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ״. וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר: ״וְיָתֻרוּ אֶת אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן״. וּבַמְרַגְּלִים כְּתִיב (שם א כד): ״וַיְרַגְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ״. לְפִי שֶׁשָּׁלֹשׁ דֵּעוֹת הָיוּ בְּאוֹתָהּ עֵצָה, כִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר ״וְיָתֻרוּ״, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּמַשְׁמָעוּתוֹ גַּם לְשׁוֹן יִתְרוֹן, כִּי רָצָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַרְאוֹת לָהֶם יִתְרוֹן הָאָרֶץ עַל כָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (שמות ג ח): ״וּלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא אֶל אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה וּרְחָבָה״, וְטוֹבָה זוֹ הִיא הַטּוֹבָה הָרוּחָנִית מִצַּד הֱיוֹתָהּ אֲוִירָא דְּמַחְכִּים (ב״ב קנח:), כִּי זֶה הֲכָנָה אֶל הָאָדָם לָבֹא עַל יָדוֹ לִכְלַל הַטּוֹבָה הָאֲמִתִּית, כִּי אֵין לְאָדָם יִתְרוֹן תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ זוּלָתוֹ וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ זֶה בַּכֹּל הִיא (קהלת ה ח). אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל רוּחַ אַחֶרֶת הָיְתָה עִמָּהֶם, כִּי תָּמִיד הָיוּ מְבַקְשִׁים תּוֹאֲנָה לָשׁוּב מִצְרָיְמָה, וְעַל כֵּן אָמְרוּ ״וְיַחְפְּרוּ״, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּמַשְׁמָעוּתוֹ לְשׁוֹן חֶרְפָּה, כִּי עֶרְוַת הָאָרֶץ רָצוּ לִרְאוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהֶם מָקוֹם לָלוּן וְלוֹמַר ״נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה״. אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא בִּקְשׁוּ שֶׁיּוֹצִיאוּ מִלִּבָּם דִּבָּה שִׁקְרִית. וְהַמְרַגְּלִים הִשְׁחִיתוּ הִתְעִיבוּ יוֹתֵר מִמַּה שֶּׁבִּקְשׁוּ מֵהֶם, וְהוֹצִיאוּ מִלִּבָּם מִלִּין שְׁקָרִים כְּדֶרֶךְ כָּל הוֹלֵךְ רָכִיל הַמַּפְלִיג כָּל דָּבָר לְהַגִּיד יוֹתֵר מִמַּה שֶּׁרָאָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר ״וַיְרַגְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ״. כִּי רֶגֶל לְשׁוֹן רָכִיל כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשׁ רַשִּׁ״י עַל פָּסוּק לֹא תֵלֵךְ רָכִיל (ויקרא יט טז). גַּם יִתָּכֵן לְפָרֵשׁ מַה שֶּׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר ״וְיָתוּרוּ״, כִּי בֶּאֱמֶת הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת עַל יְדֵי כַּמָּה מַעֲלוֹת טוֹבוֹת כְּפוּלוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ בְּיֶתֶר שְׂאֵת עַל כָּל שְׁאָר הָאָרֶץ. וְכֵן מֵבִיא בַּיַּלְקוּט פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ (יג תשמג) עַל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל פָּסוּק ״וְרֹאשׁ עַפְרוֹת תֵּבֵל״ (משלי ח כו), וְהֵמָּה עָשׂוּ בְּהֵפֶךְ זֶה לוֹמַר שֶׁהִיא פְּחוּתָה מִכָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת, כִּי אֶרֶץ אוֹכֶלֶת יוֹשְׁבֶיהָ הִיא, וְהוֹרִידוּהָ מִמַּדְרֵגַת הָרֹאשׁ אֶל מַדְרֵגַת הָרֶגֶל. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר ״וַיְרַגְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ״, שֶׁעָשׂוּ אוֹתָהּ לְמִדְרַס רֶגֶל, כְּרֶגֶל זֶה הַפָּחוּת שֶׁבְּכָל הַגּוּף. וּבֶאֱמֶת הִיא רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת, כִּי מִטַּעַם זֶה נֶאֱמַר בְּכָל מָקוֹם לְשׁוֹן עֲלִיָּה בַּהוֹלֵךְ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְעַל זֶה אָמְרוּ ״נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה״, מָצִינוּ נְתִינָה לְשׁוֹן שְׁבִיקָה, כְּמוֹ ״לֹא יִתֵּן אֶתְכֶם מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַהֲלֹךְ״ (שמות ג יט), תַּרְגּוּמוֹ ״לֹא יִשְׁבּוֹק״, כָּךְ אָמְרוּ כָּאן נִשְׁבּוֹק הָרֹאשׁ, אוֹתָהּ אֶרֶץ שֶׁאַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים כִּי הִיא רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת, וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם אוֹמְרִים שֶׁהִיא לְמַטָּה מִמַּדְרֵגַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל.

“And they shall spy out the land of Canaan.” We find three expressions on this matter: scout [v’yaturu], search [v’yachperu], and spy out [va’yeraglu]. For the Israelites said, Let us send men ahead of us and they shall search the land for us (Deuteronomy 1:22), but the Holy One, blessed be He, said, They shall scout the land of Canaan. And regarding the spies it is written, And they spied it out (Deuteronomy 1:24). This is because there were three different intentions in this plan. The Holy One, blessed be He, said “v’yaturu” [they shall scout], which also implies the language of “yitron” [advantage/benefit], because God wanted to show them the advantage of the land over all other lands, as it is written, And to bring them up from that land to a good and spacious land (Exodus 3:8). This goodness refers to the spiritual goodness due to it being “avira d’machkim” [air that makes one wise] (Bava Batra 158b), as this is a preparation for a person to attain true goodness, since a person has no advantage under the sun besides this, and the advantage of the land is in everything (Ecclesiastes 5:8). But the Israelites had a different spirit with them, as they were constantly seeking pretexts to return to Egypt. Therefore, they said “v’yachperu” [they shall search], which implies a sense of “cherpah” [disgrace/shame], because they wanted to see the nakedness of the land in order to have an opportunity to complain and say, “Let us appoint a leader and return to Egypt.” Nevertheless, they did not request that the spies fabricate false slander. The spies, however, corrupted and abominated even more than what was asked of them, and fabricated falsehoods from their hearts, in the manner of all talebearers who exaggerate everything to say more than what they saw. Therefore, it says va’yeraglu [and they spied] it, because regel is the language of “rachil” [gossip/slander], as Rashi explained on the verse You shall not go about as a talebearer (Leviticus 19:16). It is also possible to explain what God said: “and they shall scout.” For in truth, that land is superior to all other lands due to many doubled good qualities that it possesses, excelling above all other lands. Similarly, the Yalkut brings in this section (13:1343) regarding the Land of Israel, the verse and the beginning of the dust of the world (Proverbs 8:26). But they [the spies] did the opposite, saying that it is inferior to all lands because it is a land that consumes its inhabitants. They lowered it from the rank of the head to the rank of the foot; therefore it says and they spied it out [vayiraglu]. They made it like the treading of a foot [regel], like the foot which is the lowliest part of the entire body. But in truth it is the head of all lands, and for this reason the term “going up” is used everywhere regarding one who goes to the Land of Israel. And about this they said, Let us appoint a head and return to Egypt. We find that the term “appointment” [netinah] can mean “abandonment,” as in The king of Egypt will not allow you to go (Exodus 3:19), which Targum translates as “will not abandon” [yishbok]. Thus they said here, “Let us abandon the head” — that land which you say is the head of all lands — “and return to Egypt,” even though they say that it is below the rank of the Land of Israel.

Source 23 · Acharonim
Verified

Malbim on Numbers 13:2

Malbim on Numbers 13:2

רק באשר ידע ה' שישראל בלתי מאמינים בלבם שהיא ארץ זבת חלב ודבש וכמ"ש וימאסו בארץ חמדה לא האמינו לדברו, וע"ז התיר למשה לשלוח תרים לראות את טובת הארץ, לא מרגלים לראות את ערותה, ועז"א שלח לך אנשים ויתורו את ארץ כנען שהתר הוא המבקש לראות טיב הארץ לא חסרונותיה, ובאר הטעם כי אשר אני נותן לבני ישראל שהכבוש יהיה על ידי בדרך נס לא בדרך מלחמה וא"כ א"צ מרגלים רק תרים

Source 24 · Hasidic
Verified

Mei HaShiloach

Mei HaShiloach, Volume I, Numbers, Sh'lach:7

In Mei HaShiloach, the Ishbitzer Rebbe discusses the scouts' sin as a failure to perceive the deeper spiritual mission God intended for them in the land, thus revealing their lack of trust and vision.

בהסדרה הזאת נמצא ששה ענינים והם נגד ששה דברים שאמר דהע"ה בספר תהלים [י"ט,ח']. תורת ה' תמימה משיבת נפש, היא נגד פרשת נסכים כי פ' הנסכים ניתן להם להחיות ולהשיב נפשם אחר מעשה המרגלים, לפיכך ניתן להם פ' נסכים שרומז על שמחה כפתיחת רבי תנחומא [שלח י"ד] לך אכול בשמחה לחמך ורמז להם כי שמחו את הש"י במעשה הזאת. וזה ניתן להם אחר שסברו שחטאו עד עומק חיותם וזה כוונות המדרש (במדבר רבה פרשה ט"ז,ד') נכרים היו המרגלים, כי שורש עניין גוי הוא כעס וזאת המדה אין לה שום חלק בישראל. וע"ז נאמר תורת ה' תמימה משיבת נפש היינו שהשיב את נפשם, כי באמת כוונו לרצון הש"י, כי מאמר הש"י (בראשית ט"ו,ט"ז) ודור רביעי ישובו הנה. ובאמת היה ביכולתם לשבח את הארץ רק שהיה להם בינה בלבם מאת ה' שבזה שגינו אותה, כוונו לרצון הש"י וניתן להם פ' נסכים. וזה נקרא (שיר השירים ה',א') שתיתי ייני, היינו ששמחו את ה' במה שהיו מניחים א"ע להיות מנוצחים מהש"י וזה לא יוכל כי אם ישראל. כי אין גוי מביא נסכים בלא זבח רק ישראל כדאיתא במנחות [ע"ג:] לפי שאין נכרי יכול להסכים להיות מנוצח מה' כמבואר. עדות ה' נאמנה מחכימת פתי. עדות הוא דבר ברור וזה הוא נגד יהושע כי בעוד שאין ברור לאדם טעמי המצות יוכל בקל להתפתות לכל דבר שיבא נכחו. אך כאשר נגלו לו טעמי המצות לא יוכל עוד להתפתות. ולפי שיהושע היה לו מדות התמימות כמו שנתבאר ולכן קבע אותו הש"י באוהל משה, כי ממשה רבע"ה היה מניח א"ע להתפתות כי לא נתפתה רק לטוב, וזה שנקרא שמו יהושע. פקודי ה' ישרים משמחי לב, פקודי ה' היינו גזירות ואזהרות ה' אף שנראים כגזירות הם בעומק מלא רחמנות ואהבה וזה נגד פרשת מקושש, אף כי בשבת הזהיר הש"י כמה אזהרות ונאמר מחלליה וכו', וזה מפני שיש בשבת טובה עמוקה וירא פן לא יקבלו אותה בשלמות, על זה הזהיר הקב"ה שלא לאבד הטובה רק לקבלה בשלימות וכמו שהאב יאיים על בנו מפני אהבתו. מצות ה' ברה מאירת עינים. זה נגד פ' ציצית כי ציצית מורה על יראה וע"י יראה שיהיה לאדם עי"ז יאיר ה' את עיניו. וכמו דאיתא (במדרש) [בגמ' מנחות מ"ג:] כל הזהיר במצות ציצית זוכה ומקבל פני השכינה. יראת ה' טהורה עומדת לעד. הוא נגד מצות חלה והוא שלא יניח האדם מלהמליך את הש"י עליו אף רגע אחת. ואף כי המליך את ה' בהפרישו מהתבואה תרומות ומעשרות, עכ"ז כאשר ירצה להנות ולאכול מהתבואה צריך להיות ביראה ולהמליך את ה' ולהפריש חלה. משפטי ה' אמת צדקו יחדו. הוא נגד פ' וכי תשגו, והוא רומז שאין שום סתירה במצות ה' שיסתרו זא"ז כמאמר הגמ' [הוריות י"ג.] אף שבכאן נאמר פר לעולה ושעיר לחטאת ובפר' ויקרא נאמר פר לחטאת. וכמו שתירץ שם הגמ' כאן בעבודה זרה וכאן בשאר מצות ואין שום סתירה.

In this week’s Torah portion we find six subsections, corresponding to the six sayings in Tehilim 19. “The Torah of God is perfect, restoring the soul” corresponds to the section about the wine offerings (see Bamidbar, 15:7). God gave Israel the commandment of the wine offering after the event of the spies in order to revive them and restore their soul. The section of wine offerings hints at joy, as Rabbi Tanchuma said (Midrash Tanchuma Shlach, 14, referring to the juxtaposition of the discussion of taking challah from bread and the wine offering), “go eat your bread in joy” (Kohollet, 9:7). That is to say, the offerings would bring God joy. God gave them these mitzvot after they believed that they had sinned down to the depth of their very lives. This is the intention of the Midrash (Bamidbar Rabba, Shlach, 16:4), “the spies were Gentiles” (figuratively), for the root of the Gentile is anger, and this characteristic has no place in Israel. For this it is said, “the Torah of God is perfect, restoring the soul.” Truly they intended to fulfill God’s will, according to the saying of God (Bereshit, 15:16),” and the fourth generation will come here again.” It was in their power to praise the land, yet God sent them the understanding that they should deride it. Thus even in the derision their intention was to fulfill God’s will, and in response He commanded them concerning the wine offerings. This is called (Shir haShirim, 5:1), “I have drunk my wine,” in other words, they gave God joy in that they let themselves be conquered by God, and this can only be done by Israel. The other nations could not bring a wine offering without an animal offering; only Israel could do this, as it is said in Menachot (73b), since the Gentile cannot agree to be vanquished by God, as is explained. The next saying in Tehilim 19 is “the testimony of God is faithful, making the simple wise.” A testimony is something clear, and this corresponds to Yehoshua, for as long as the reasons behind the mitzvot are not clear one may be easily tempted into anything that confronts him. Yet when the meaning of the mitzvot are clear he may no longer be tempted. We find that Yehoshua’s attribute was honesty or naivete, so therefore God placed him in Moshe’s tent. Under the influence of Moshe Rabeynu, he let himself be tempted only from the good, this is why his name is Yehoshua [meaning God will save (protect) you]. Tehilim 19 continues, “the statutes of God are straightforward, gladdening the heart.” “The statutes or charges of God”—in other words harsh decrees or Divine warnings, though they seem difficult, severe, at their depth they are filled with mercy and love. This corresponds to the passage about the one who was found gathering wood on Shabbat. Even though the warnings about Shabbat are voiced harshly, as in “he who desecrates it will surely die …”, this is only because Shabbat contains the deepest good and He feared we might not completely receive it. Therefore the Holy One, blessed be He, warned not to miss the good, yet rather accept it in all its completeness, as a father who strongly reprimands his son out of his love. “The mitzvot of God are clear, illuminating the eyes” corresponds to the passage of tsitsit. Tsitsit teaches of the fear of God, and by means of the fear that comes to man, God illuminates his eyes. As it says (Menachot, 43b), “all who are careful regarding the commandment of tsitsit will merit to receive the countenance of the Shechina [Divine Presence].” “The fear of God is pure, standing forever” corresponds to the commandment of taking challa (the tithe from the dough). A man should not refrain from crowning God King over him even for a second. Even though we make God King by separating tithes from the produce, nonetheless when he wants to enjoy it and eat the produce it needs to be with the fear of God, thereby establishing God’s sovereignty through taking the challa from the dough. “The judgments of God are true, altogether righteous” corresponds to the section (15:22), “and if you have erred.” This hints at the complete absence of contradictions in God’s mitzvot. This is as it is written the Gemara (Horaiot, 13a), “even though it says here [15:24] ‘a bullock for an ascent offering,’ whereas in Parshat Vayikra it says, ‘a bullock for a sin offering,’” the Gemara resolves the seeming contradiction. Here it refers to erring in idolatry, and here it refers to erring in all other mitzvot. Then there is no contradiction.

Source 25 · Hasidic
External

Tanya

Tanya, Iggeret HaKodesh 26

In Tanya, the focus is on maintaining faith in divine providence, which can be applied to understand the scouts' lack of faith as a fundamental flaw. Although not directly on the topic, it provides relevant insights.

Source 26 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi – Parashat Shelach

Kedushat Levi, Numbers, Sh'lach:12

Reb Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev focuses on the phrase 'the land devours its inhabitants' and reads it as the scouts projecting their own inner spiritual deadness onto the holy land. Their spiritual state — disconnected from divine vitality — caused them to see death and impossibility everywhere.

ה' ארך אפים (שמות לד, ו). כי ישראל כשעשו את העגל היה העון נגד ה' וכאן בשלוח מרגלים היה העון נגד פרצוף ישראל שלא האמינו זאת שיש כח לישראל להפוך הכל בתפלתם. ובאמת מדת רחום הוא כביכול שהקדוש ברוך הוא מדבק עצמו בעולמות התחתונים כמו שהעשיר שמרחם על העני צריך לדבק עצמו בצער העני כדי שעל ידי זה ירחם עצמו, כן כביכול אצל הקדוש ברוך הוא מדת רחום ומדת חנון הוא שיש לנו חן בעיני הקדוש ברוך הוא. וכאן בשלוח הרגלים לא האמינו זאת במדת רחום שהקדוש ברוך הוא מדבק עצמו בישראל ובמדות חנון שיש לנו חן בעיני הקדוש ברוך הוא לכך לא אמר בזה הבקשה רחום וחנון, רק ארך אפים:

Numbers 14,17. “Hashem’s forbearance is long ‎lasting;” when the Israelites committed the sin of the golden ‎calf, this was a sin of direct disobedience of the second of the Ten ‎Commandments, i.e. a sin that directly provoked G’d. In this ‎instance, the sin of the spies was a provocation of Israel’s image, ‎i.e. they did not believe that their fellow Jews had sufficient faith ‎in G’d to overturn the numerical and physical superiority of their ‎adversaries the Canaanites’, by the power of their prayers. This ‎attribute called ‎רחום‎, is G’d’s ability to attach Himself closely to ‎the “lower” parts of His universe, just as a rich man who displays ‎true empathy for the poor needs to share the poor man’s pain so ‎that he can truly have mercy on him. The two Divine attributes ‎of ‎רחום וחנון‎ are therefore practically inseparable, as the latter ‎implies that the victim in need of this attribute has found grace ‎in G’d’s eyes. Seeing that the spies underestimated the Jewish ‎people’s faith in G’d, Moses omitted coupling the attribute the ‎two attributes of ‎רחום וחנון‎ but appealed only to ‎ארך אפים‎, G’d’s ‎attribute of forbearance.

Source 27 · Hasidic
External

Toldot Yaakov Yosef – Parashat Shelach

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Sh'lach

The Toldot Yaakov Yosef, one of the earliest Chassidic works, reads the scouts' sin through the lens of bitul (self-nullification): 'We were like grasshoppers in our own eyes' signals not humility but a catastrophic loss of the divine image within themselves. When a person forgets their divine root, they naturally despair before worldly obstacles.

Source 28 · Hasidic
External

Noam Elimelech – Parashat Shelach

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bereshit, Sh'lach

The Noam Elimelech teaches that the scouts' sin was rooted in their concern for their own leadership positions — they feared that entering the land would diminish their status. This self-interest clouded their perception and turned a failure of faith into an active distortion of reality, showing how personal ego corrupts divine vision.

Source 29 · Modern
External

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks' Commentary

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks Shelach

Rabbi Sacks emphasizes the scouts' lack of faith and vision, arguing that their sin was in seeing only the physical challenges and not the divine assistance that they had been promised.

Source 30 · Modern
External

Meshech Chochmah – On the Mission of the Spies

Meshekh Chokhmah, Numbers 13:2

Rav Meir Simcha of Dvinsk argues that Moses' decision to send spies was itself already a concession to the people's wavering faith. The very act of scouting implied that the divine promise was subject to human verification — and this epistemological error was the seed of the eventual catastrophe.