Machshavaמחשבה

What Makes Someone a Tzaddik

Jewish sources distinguish between those who perform righteous acts and the rare individuals designated as tzaddikim, who possess inner spiritual perfection and complete alignment with divine truth. These sources explore the high threshold for true righteousness—from the Tanakh's first tzaddik to Chassidic teachings on the complete transformation of one's inner being.

אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּדֹֽרֹתָ֑יו

7 sources · verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Bereishit – Noach Ish Tzaddik

Genesis 6:9

The Torah calls Noach 'ish tzaddik tamim' — a righteous, wholehearted man — in his generations, and says he walked with God. This is the Torah's first explicit use of the title 'tzaddik' for an individual, prompting Chazal and commentators to explore what distinguishes this designation.

אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ נֹ֗חַ אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּדֹֽרֹתָ֑יו אֶת־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֖ים הִֽתְהַלֶּךְ־נֹֽחַ׃

This is the line of Noah.—Noah was a righteous man; he was blameless in his age; Noah walked with God.—

Why it matters — The foundational biblical text that attaches the title 'tzaddik' to a specific person, raising the question of what earns that singular label.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Talmud Sanhedrin – Thirty-six Tzaddikim

Sanhedrin 97b

The Talmud teaches that the world is sustained at all times by thirty-six hidden tzaddikim who behold the Shekhinah. This implies that the designation 'tzaddik' refers to a rarefied spiritual elite, not simply anyone who is observant or righteous in a general sense.

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לָא פָּחֵית עָלְמָא מִתְּלָתִין וְשִׁיתָּא צַדִּיקֵי דִּמְקַבְּלִי אַפֵּי שְׁכִינָה בְּכֹל דָּרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״אַשְׁרֵי כׇּל חוֹכֵי לוֹ״ – ״לוֹ״ בְּגִימַטְרִיָּא תְּלָתִין וְשִׁיתָּא הָווּ. אִינִי? וְהָאָמַר רָבָא: דָּרָא דְּקַמֵּי קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא תַּמְנֵי סְרֵי אַלְפֵי פַּרְסָה הָוֵאי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״סָבִיב שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר אָלֶף״! לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא דְּמִסְתַּכְּלִי בְּאִיסְפַּקְלַרְיָא הַמְּאִירָה, הָא דְּמִסְתַּכְּלִי בְּאִיסְפַּקְלַרְיָא שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְאִירָה. וּמִי נְפִישִׁי כּוּלֵּי הַאי? וְהָאָמַר חִזְקִיָּה אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: רָאִיתִי בְּנֵי עֲלִיָּיה וְהֵן מוּעָטִין. אִם אֶלֶף הֵם – אֲנִי וּבְנִי מֵהֶם, אִם מֵאָה הֵם – אֲנִי וּבְנִי מֵהֶם, אִם שְׁנַיִם הֵם – אֲנִי וּבְנִי הֵם. לָא קַשְׁיָא, הָא דְּעָיְילִי בְּבַר, הָא דְּעָיְילִי בְּלָא בַּר.

Apropos that verse, Abaye said: The world has no fewer than thirty-six righteous people in each generation who greet the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Happy are all they who wait for Him [lo]” (Isaiah 30:18). The numerical value of lo, spelled lamed vav, is thirty-six. The Gemara asks: Is that so? But doesn’t Rava say: The row of the righteous before the Holy One, Blessed be He, extends eighteen thousand parasangs, as it is stated with regard to the city of God at the end of days: “It shall be eighteen thousand reeds round about, and the name of the city from that day shall be: The Lord is there” (Ezekiel 48:35)? The Gemara answers: It is not difficult; this statement of Abaye refers to the thirty-six righteous people who view the Divine Presence through a luminous crystal [be’ispaklarya], and that statement of Rava refers to the multitudes who view the Divine Presence through a crystal that is not luminous. The Gemara asks: And are those who view the Divine Presence through a crystal that is luminous so numerous? But doesn’t Ḥizkiyya say that Rabbi Yirmeya says in the name of Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai: I have seen members of the group of the spiritually prominent, who are truly righteous, and they are few. If they number one thousand, I and my son are among them. If they number one hundred, I and my son are among them; and if they number two, I and my son are they. Apparently, it is conceivable that there are no more than two who view the Divine Presence through a luminous crystal. The Gemara answers: It is not difficult. This statement of Abaye is referring to those who may enter to view the Divine Presence only by requesting and being granted permission [bar] from the angels. That statement of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai is referring to the select few who may enter to view the Divine Presence even without requesting permission, for whom the gates of Heaven are open at all times.

Why it matters — Directly addresses the idea that 'tzaddik' is a restricted, elite designation — only a small number of people in each generation truly hold that status.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Chovot HaLevavot – Introduction: Inward vs. Outward Righteousness

Duties of the Heart, Introduction of the Author

Rabbeinu Bachya argues that external religious observance is insufficient for true righteousness — the duties of the heart (inner faith, love, fear, trust, and devotion) are what define genuine spiritual standing. Most people fulfill only outer duties; very few achieve inner wholeness.

וְהִתְבָּרֵר לִי כִּי כָל שָׁרְשֵׁי הַמַּעֲשִׂים שֶׁמִּתְכַּוְּנִים בָּהֶם לִשְׁמוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ הֵם מְיֻסָּדִים עַל בֹּר הַלֵּב וְזֹךְ הַמַּצְפּוּן וְאִם יֶאֱרַע עַל הַכַּוָּנָה הֶפְסֵד לֹא יִהְיוּ הַמַּעֲשִׂים מְקֻבָּלִים וְאִם יִרְבּוּ וְיַתְמִידוּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (ישעיה א) גַּם כִּי תַרְבּוּ תְפִלָּה וְגוֹ׳ רַחֲצוּ הִזַּכּוּ הָסִירוּ רֹעַ מַעַלְלֵיכֶם וְגוֹ׳ וְאוֹמֵר (דברים ל) כִּי קָרוֹב אֵלֶיךָ הַדָּבָר מְאֹד בְּפִיךָ וּבִלְבָבְךָ לַעֲשֹׂתוֹ וְאוֹמֵר (משלי כג) תְּנָה בְנִי לִבְּךָ לִי וְעֵינֶיךָ דְּרָכַי תִּצֹּרְנָה וְאָמְרו

Behold, I swear, it has been 35 years that I have occupied myself with what is essential to t

Why it matters — Explains that the gap between the observant person and the true tzaddik lies in the inner life — and this is why the title is restricted to a rare category of those who have mastered inward religious perfection.

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Maharal – Netiv HaTzedek

Netivot Olam, Netiv Hatzedek

The Maharal defines tzedek as an internal quality of perfection and wholeness — the tzaddik is one whose inner being is aligned with divine truth, not merely one who performs good deeds. He distinguishes between someone who does righteous acts and someone who has become righteousness.

וכל דבר זה מובן הוא מלשון צדיק כי הלשון נאמר על מי שאינו יוצא מן היושר כי הצדיק והיושר הוא ענין אחד, וכבר התבאר כי הקו הישר הוא אחד והיוצא מן היושר הוא הרבה. ולפיכך הצדיק מדריגתו אינו הרבוי לכך אמרו העולם נברא בשביל צדיק אחד כמו שיתבאר, גם אמרו שעל צדיק אחד העולם עומד, והבן הדברים כי כל חכמה לא אנס להם ואין להאריך במקום הזה עוד ועוד יתבאר בסמוך:

Why it matters — The Maharal's philosophical distinction between 'doing tzedek' and 'being a tzaddik' explains why the title is reserved for a special few whose entire persona embodies justice and divine alignment.

Source 5 · Acharonim
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Mesillat Yesharim – Chapter on Chassidut and the Tzaddik

Mesillat Yesharim 13

The Ramchal maps out a ladder of spiritual ascent — nekiyut, perishut, taharah, chassidut, anavah, yirat cheit, kedushah, ru'ach hakodesh — in which 'tzaddik' is a specific and demanding rung, defined by the complete purification of one's deeds, not merely avoiding transgression.

וּנְבָאֵר עַתָּה הַפְּרִישׁוּת הַטּוֹב. וְנֹאמַר, כִּי הִנֵּה אַחַר שֶׁהִתְבָּאֵר לָנוּ הֱיוֹת כָּל עִנְיְנֵי הָעוֹלָם נִסְיוֹנוֹת לָאָדָם, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ כְּבָר לְמַעְלָה וְהוֹכַחְנוּהוּ בִּרְאָיוֹת וְהִתְאַמֵּת לָנוּ גַּם כֵּן רֹב חֻלְשַׁת הָאָדָם וְקִרְבַת דַּעְתּוֹ אֶל הָרָעוֹת, יִתְבָּרֵר בְּהֶכְרֵחַ שֶׁכָּל מָה שֶׁיּוּכַל הָאָדָם לְהִמָּלֵט מִן הָעִנְיָנִים הָאֵלֶּה רָאוּי שֶׁיַּעֲשֵׂהוּ

The majority of the public are not capable of being Pious so it is sufficient for them that they be Tzadikim (righteous). But upon the remnant few among the nation who desire to attain closeness to Him, blessed be He, and to benefit, through their attainment, the rest of the masses who depend on them - on them is incumbent to fulfill the Mishna (code) of the Pious which others are not capable of fulfilling.

Why it matters — Clarifies that 'tzaddik' is a precise and hard-won spiritual level on a defined ladder, explaining why not everyone who is observant or even pious earns the title.

Source 6 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya – Likutei Amarim, Chapter 1: Who is a Tzaddik

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim.1

The Alter Rebbe opens the Tanya by defining the tzaddik with precision: a true tzaddik (tzaddik gamur) has completely transformed his evil inclination into good, so that no yetzer hara remains within him. This is contrasted with the beinoni (intermediate person), who controls but does not eliminate the evil inclination. The bar is explicitly set very high.

וְהָא דְּאָמְרִינָן בְּעָלְמָא, דְּמֶחֱצָה עַל מֶחֱצָה מִקְרֵי בֵּינוֹנִי, וְרוֹב זְכֻיּוֹת מִקְרֵי צַדִּיק, הוּא שֵׁם הַמּוּשְׁאָל לְעִנְיַן שָׂכָר וְעוֹנֶשׁ, לְפִי שֶׁנִּדּוֹן אַחַר רוּבּוֹ, וּמִקְרֵי צַדִּיק בְּדִינוֹ מֵאַחַר שֶׁזּוֹכֶה בַּדִּין, אֲבָל לְעִנְיַן אֲמִיתַּת שֵׁם הַתּוֹאַר וְהַמַּעֲלָה שֶׁל מַעֲלַת וּמַדְרֵגוֹת חֲלוּקוֹת צַדִּיקִים וּבֵינוֹנִים, אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ־זִכְרוֹנָם־לִבְרָכָה: ״צַדִּיקִים יֵצֶר טוֹב שׁוֹפְטָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְלִבִּי חָלַל בְּקִרְבִּי״ – שֶׁאֵין לוֹ יֵצֶר הָרָע, כִּי הֲרָגוֹ בְּתַעֲנִית; אֲבָל כָּל מִי שֶׁלֹּא הִגִּיעַ לְמַדְרֵגָה זוֹ, אַף שֶׁזְּכֻיוֹתָיו מְרוּבִּים עַל עֲוֹנוֹתָיו – אֵינוֹ בְּמַעֲלַת וּמַדְרֵגַת צַדִּיק כְּלָל. וְלָכֵן אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ־זִכְרוֹנָם־לִבְרָכָה בַּמִּדְרָשׁ: ״רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ־בָּרוּךְ־הוּא בַּצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁהֵם מוּעָטִים – עָמַד וּשְׁתָלָן בְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר וְכוּ׳, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב: וְצַדִּיק יְסוֹד עוֹלָם״:

And as for the general saying that one whose deeds and misdeeds are equally balanced is called benoni, while he whose virtues outweigh his sins is called a tzaddik, this is only the figurative use of the term in regard to reward and punishment, because he is judged according to the majority [of his acts] and he is deemed “righteous” in his verdict, since he is acquitted in law. But concerning the true definition and quality of the distinct levels and ranks, “righteous” and “intermediate,” our Sages have remarked that the righteous are motivated [solely] by their good nature, as it is written, “And my heart is a void within me,” that is, void of an evil nature, because he [David] had slain it through fasting. But whoever has not attained this degree, even though his virtues exceed his sins, cannot at all be reckoned to have ascended to the rank of the tzaddik. This is why our Sages have declared in the Midrash, “The Holy One, blessed is He, saw that the righteous were few, so He planted them in every generation…,” [for,] as it is written, “The tzaddik is the foundation of the world.”

Why it matters — This is the most systematic and influential Jewish definition of why 'tzaddik' applies only to a rare few — the Alter Rebbe explicitly explains that this level is beyond the reach of most people in the world.

Source 7 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya – Chapter 10: Tzaddik Gamur vs. Tzaddik She'eino Gamur

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 10

The Alter Rebbe distinguishes between a complete tzaddik (tzaddik gamur) who loves God with all his heart and has no love for worldly pleasures at all, and an incomplete tzaddik who still retains some minor residual pull toward physicality. Even the incomplete tzaddik is rare and exceptional.

וְהִנֵּה, מַדְרֵגָה זוֹ מִתְחַלֶּקֶת לְרִבְבוֹת מַדְרֵגוֹת בְּעִנְיַן בְּחִינַת מִיעוּט הָרָע הַנִּשְׁאָר מֵאַחַת מֵאַרְבַּע יְסוֹדוֹת הָרָעִים, וּבְעִנְיַן בִּיטּוּלוֹ בְּמִיעוּטוֹ בְּשִׁשִּׁים עַל דֶּרֶךְ מָשָׁל, אוֹ בְּאֶלֶף וּרְבָבָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא עַל דֶּרֶךְ מָשָׁל. וְהֵן הֵם בְּחִינוֹת צַדִּיקִים הָרַבִּים שֶׁבְּכָל הַדּוֹרוֹת, כִּדְאִיתָא בַּגְּמָרָא, דִּתַמְנֵיסַר אַלְפֵי צַדִּיקֵי קָיְימֵי קַמֵּיהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ־בָּרוּךְ־הוּא. אַךְ עַל מַעֲלַת צַדִּיק גָּמוּר, הוּא שֶׁאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאִי: ״רָאִיתִי בְּנֵי עֲלִיָּה וְהֵם מוּעָטִים כוּ׳״, שֶׁלָּכֵן נִקְרָאִים ״בְּנֵי עֲלִיָּה״, שֶׁמְּהַפְּכִין הָרָע וּמַעֲלִים אוֹתוֹ לִקְדוּשָּׁה, כִּדְאִיתָא בַּזֹּהַר בַּהַקְדָּמָה, שֶׁכְּשֶׁרָצָה רַבִּי חִיָּיא לַעֲלוֹת לְהֵיכַל רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאִי, שָׁמַע קָלָא נָפִיק וְאָמַר: ״מַאן מִנְּכוֹן דִּי חֲשׁוֹכָא מְהַפְּכָן לִנְהוֹרָא וְטָעֲמִין מְרִירוּ לְמִיתְקָא עַד לָא יֵיתוּן הָכָא וְכוּ׳״:

Now, this grade is subdivided into myriads of degrees in respect of the quality of the minute evil remaining [in him] from any of the four evil elements, as well as in relation to its proportionate abnegation by reason of its minuteness, such as, by way of example, one in sixty, or in a thousand, or in ten thousand, and the like. Such are the gradations of the numerous righteous men who are to be found in every generation, as mentioned in the Gemara, viz., “Eighteen thousand righteous men stand before the Holy One, blessed is He.” However, it is with regard to the superior quality of the “completely righteous” that Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai said, “I have seen superior men (benei aliyah), and their numbers are few….” The reason for their title of “superior men” is that they convert evil and make it ascend to holiness, as is written in the Zohar in the Introduction, that when Rabbi Chiya wished to ascend to the hechal (heavenly shrine) of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, he heard a voice come out and say, “Which of you, before coming here, has converted darkness into light and bitter taste into sweetness? [Otherwise] do not approach here,” and so forth.

Why it matters — Directly answers why only certain people earn the title: it marks a genuine transformation of the soul, not observable behavior alone.