Mitzvotמצוות

Commandments in Parshat Pinchas

Parshat Pinchas contains several major mitzvot, including laws of inheritance (particularly the daughters of Zelophehad's case), daily and additional sacrificial offerings, and the festival sacrifices. These sources examine both the practical halakhic requirements and their spiritual significance across rabbinic and medieval Jewish tradition.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַקְרִיב שְׁנֵי כְּבָשִׂים עוֹלוֹת בְּכָל יוֹם

12 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The parshah establishes a complete order of inheritance triggered by the case of the daughters of Tzelofchad: Bamidbar 27:1-11 commands that a man who dies without a son transfers his property to his daughter, then to his brothers, then to his father's brothers, then to the nearest clan relative — framed explicitly as a binding law of procedure for all Israel.

The Mishnah in Mishnah Bava Batra 8:1-2 derives from that same pasuk in Bamidbar 27 the full precedence hierarchy: a son precedes a daughter, descendants of a son precede a daughter, a daughter precedes brothers of the deceased, and a father precedes all his descendants — and the Rambam in Mishneh Torah, Inheritances 1:1-3 codifies this order as operative halakhah, adding that a mother does not inherit her son and that this rule derives from the Oral Tradition.

The parshah also legislates the musaf offerings for the entire festival calendar: Bamidbar 27-30 prescribes, for instance, thirteen bulls, two rams, and fourteen lambs as the burnt-offering on the fifteenth of the seventh month, and the Rambam in Mishneh Torah, Daily Offerings and Additional Offerings 1:1-2 grounds in the Torah's command the positive commandment to bring two daily lambs as the continuous offering.

The Gemara in Sukkah 55b explains the deeper significance of those Sukkot musaf bulls: Rabbi Elazar teaches that the seventy bulls offered over seven days correspond to the seventy nations of the world and are brought to atone for them, while the single bull of Shemini Atzeret corresponds to Israel alone — illustrating that the sacrificial legislation of Pinchas carries cosmic, not merely ritual, dimensions.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Book of Numbers

Numbers 27-30

In Parshat Pinchas, the mitzvot include the inheritance laws for daughters (specifically the daughters of Zelophehad), the daily and Musaf offerings, and various holiday sacrifices.

וּבַחֲמִשָּׁה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֜וֹם לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗י מִֽקְרָא־קֹ֙דֶשׁ֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֔ם כׇּל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת עֲבֹדָ֖ה לֹ֣א תַעֲשׂ֑וּ וְחַגֹּתֶ֥ם חַ֛ג לַיהֹוָ֖ה שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִֽים׃ וְהִקְרַבְתֶּ֨ם עֹלָ֜ה אִשֵּׁ֨ה רֵ֤יחַ נִיחֹ֙חַ֙ לַֽיהֹוָ֔ה פָּרִ֧ים בְּנֵי־בָקָ֛ר שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה עָשָׂ֖ר אֵילִ֣ם שְׁנָ֑יִם כְּבָשִׂ֧ים בְּנֵֽי־שָׁנָ֛ה אַרְבָּעָ֥ה עָשָׂ֖ר תְּמִימִ֥ם יִהְיֽוּ׃

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Bamidbar / Numbers — Inheritance Laws of Bnot Tzelofchad

Numbers 27:1-11:7

The daughters of Tzelofchad petition Moshe, and God establishes the laws of inheritance (yerushah), including the order of heirs — son, daughter, brother, etc. — forming the foundational Torah legislation on succession.

כֵּ֗ן בְּנ֣וֹת צְלׇפְחָד֮ דֹּבְרֹת֒ נָתֹ֨ן תִּתֵּ֤ן לָהֶם֙ אֲחֻזַּ֣ת נַחֲלָ֔ה בְּת֖וֹךְ אֲחֵ֣י אֲבִיהֶ֑ם וְהַֽעֲבַרְתָּ֛ אֶת־נַחֲלַ֥ת אֲבִיהֶ֖ן לָהֶֽן׃ וְאֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל תְּדַבֵּ֣ר לֵאמֹ֑ר אִ֣ישׁ כִּֽי־יָמ֗וּת וּבֵן֙ אֵ֣ין ל֔וֹ וְהַֽעֲבַרְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַחֲלָת֖וֹ לְבִתּֽוֹ׃ וְאִם־אֵ֥ין ל֖וֹ בַּ֑ת וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַחֲלָת֖וֹ לְאֶחָֽיו׃ וְאִם־אֵ֥ין ל֖וֹ אַחִ֑ים וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַחֲלָת֖וֹ לַאֲחֵ֥י אָבִֽיו׃ וְאִם־אֵ֣ין אַחִים֮ לְאָבִיו֒ וּנְתַתֶּ֣ם אֶת־נַחֲלָת֗וֹ לִשְׁאֵר֞וֹ הַקָּרֹ֥ב אֵלָ֛יו מִמִּשְׁפַּחְתּ֖וֹ וְיָרַ֣שׁ אֹתָ֑הּ וְֽהָ֨יְתָ֜ה לִבְנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לְחֻקַּ֣ת מִשְׁפָּ֔ט כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה׃ {פ}

“The plea of Zelophehad’s daughters is just: you should give them a hereditary holding among their father’s kinsmen; transfer their father’s share to them. “Further, speak to the Israelite people as follows: ‘If a man dies without leaving a son, you shall transfer his property to his daughter. If he has no daughter, you shall assign his property to his brothers. If he has no brothers, you shall assign his property to his father’s brothers. If his father had no brothers, you shall assign his property to his nearest relative in his own clan, who shall inherit it.’ This shall be the law of procedure for the Israelites, in accordance with GOD’s command to Moses.”

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Menachot — Mussaf and Accompanying Offerings

Mishnah Menachot 4:1

The Mishnah discusses the meal-offerings (menachot) that accompany the Mussaf sacrifices detailed in Pinchas, establishing that the nesachim (libations) and mincha of each additional offering are indispensable parts of the mitzva.

הַסֹּלֶת וְהַשֶּׁמֶן אֵינָם מְעַכְּבִין אֶת הַיַּיִן, וְלֹא הַיַּיִן מְעַכְּבָן. הַמַּתָּנוֹת שֶׁעַל מִזְבֵּחַ הַחִיצוֹן אֵינָן מְעַכְּבוֹת זוֹ אֶת זוֹ:

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Sukkah — The Seventy Bulls of Sukkot

Sukkah 55b:9

The Gemara explains the seventy bulls offered during Sukkot (enumerated in Parshat Pinchas) as corresponding to the seventy nations of the world, teaching that Israel atones for the nations through these offerings — a profound statement about Israel's universal priestly role.

אָמַר רַבִּי (אֶלְעָזָר): הָנֵי שִׁבְעִים פָּרִים כְּנֶגֶד מִי — כְּנֶגֶד שִׁבְעִים אוּמּוֹת. פַּר יְחִידִי לָמָּה — כְּנֶגֶד אוּמָּה יְחִידָה. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁאָמַר לַעֲבָדָיו: עֲשׂוּ לִי סְעוּדָה גְּדוֹלָה. לְיוֹם אַחֲרוֹן אָמַר לְאוֹהֲבוֹ: עֲשֵׂה לִי סְעוּדָה קְטַנָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁאֵהָנֶה מִמְּךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹי לָהֶם לַגּוֹיִים, שֶׁאִבְּדוּ — וְאֵין יוֹדְעִין מַה שֶּׁאִבְּדוּ. בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים, מִזְבֵּחַ מְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶן. וְעַכְשָׁיו, מִי מְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶן?!

Rabbi Elazar said: These seventy bulls that are sacrificed as additional offerings over the course of the seven days of Sukkot, to what do they correspond? They correspond to the seventy nations of the world, and are brought to atone for their sins and to hasten world peace. Why is a single bull sacrificed on the Eighth Day of Assembly? It corresponds to the singular nation, Israel. The Gemara cites a parable about a king of flesh and blood who said to his servants: Prepare me a great feast that will last for several days. When the feast concluded, on the last day, he said to his beloved servant: Prepare me a small feast so that I can derive pleasure from you alone. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Woe unto the nations of the world that lost something and do not know what they lost. When the Temple is standing, the seventy bulls sacrificed on the altar during the festival of Sukkot atones for them. And now that the Temple is destroyed, who atones for them?

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Bava Batra — Laws of Inheritance

Mishnah Bava Batra 8:1-2:2

The Mishnah codifies the order of inheritance derived from the parasha of Bnot Tzelofchad, specifying the priority of heirs and establishing that a daughter inherits when there is no son, in direct continuity with the Torah ruling in Pinchas.

סֵדֶר נְחָלוֹת כָּךְ הוּא, (במדבר כז) אִישׁ כִּי יָמוּת וּבֵן אֵין לוֹ, וְהַעֲבַרְתֶּם אֶת נַחֲלָתוֹ לְבִתּוֹ, בֵּן קוֹדֵם לַבַּת, וְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ שֶׁל בֵּן קוֹדְמִין לַבַּת. בַּת קוֹדֶמֶת לָאַחִין. יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכָהּ שֶׁל בַּת, קוֹדְמִין לָאַחִין. אַחִין קוֹדְמִין לַאֲחֵי הָאָב. יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכָן שֶׁל אַחִין, קוֹדְמִין לַאֲחֵי הָאָב. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כָּל הַקּוֹדֵם בַּנַּחֲלָה, יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ קוֹדְמִין. וְהָאָב קוֹדֵם לְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ:

The order of precedence with regard to inheritances is this: The verse states: “If a man dies, and has no son, then you shall pass his inheritance to his daughter” (Numbers 27:8). This teaches that a son precedes a daughter. Additionally, all descendants of a son precede a daughter. A daughter precedes the brothers of the deceased. Additionally, the descendants of a daughter precede the brothers of the deceased. Brothers of the deceased precede the uncles of the deceased. Additionally, the descendants of the brothers precede the uncles. This is the principle: Concerning anyone who precedes another with regard to inheritance, his descendants precede the other as well, and a father who inherits precedes all of his descendants.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban (Nachmanides) Commentary on the Torah

Ramban on Numbers 27:12

Ramban discusses the command given to Moses about his impending death, including the mitzvah implications of the leadership transition to Joshua.

וְאֵינֶנָּה מִצְוָה שֶׁיְּצַוֶּנּוּ הַקב״ה לַעֲשׂוֹת כֵּן עַתָּה, שֶׁאִם כֵּן יִהְיֶה מִתְחַיֵּב לַעֲלוֹת שָׁם מִיָּד, אֲבָל טַעְמוֹ: תַּעֲלֶה אֶל הַר הָעֲבָרִים וְרָאִיתָ אֶת הָאָרֶץ, כִּי בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁצִּוָּהוּ ״לָאֵלֶּה תֵּחָלֵק הָאָרֶץ״ (במדבר כ״ו:נ״ג), הוֹדִיעוֹ כִּי לֹא עַל יָדְךָ תֵּחָלֵק, כִּי אַתָּה תַּעֲלֶה לְרֹאשׁ הַר הָעֲבָרִים טֶרֶם שֶׁיִּסְעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מוֹאָב וְתָמוּת בּוֹ, וְלֹא יַגִּיעֲךָ מִן הָאָרֶץ לְבַד הָרְאִיָּה. וְכֵן ״קַח לְךָ אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ״ (במדבר כ״ז:י״ח) - בְּבוֹא יוֹמְךָ תִּקַּח אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ.

Now this [statement get thee up] is not a commandment which the Holy One, blessed be He, commanded Moses to fulfill now, for if so he would have had to go up there at once [and we do not find that he did so], but it means: “you shall go up into the mountain of Abarim and shall behold the Land [but you shall not enter it].” For since He had commanded Moses, Unto these the Land shall be divided He informed him that “it will not be divided by you, but you shall go up into the top of the mountain of Abarim before Israel journeys away from the land of Moab, and you will die therein, and all you will have of the Land will be the sight thereof.” Similarly [Verse 18 which says] Take thee Joshua the son of Nun, means that “when your time [to die] comes you shall take Joshua,” [but is not a command to do so now].

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi's Commentary on the Torah

Rashi on Numbers 27:1

Rashi explains the daughters of Zelophehad's request for inheritance, emphasizing their righteousness and intelligence.

למשפחת מנשה בן יוסף. לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר? וַהֲלֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר בן מנשה, אֶלָּא לוֹמַר לְךָ, יוֹסֵף חִבֵּב אֶת הָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וְהַעֲלִתֶם אֶת עַצְמֹתַי" וְגוֹ' (בראשית נ') וּבְנוֹתָיו חִבְּבוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר תְּנָה לָּנוּ אֲחֻזָּה, וּלְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁהָיוּ כֻלָּם צַדִּיקִים, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁמַּעֲשָׂיו וּמַעֲשֵׂה אֲבוֹתָיו סְתוּמִים וּפֵרֵט לְךָ הַכָּתוּב בְּאֶחָד מֵהֶם לְיַחֲסוֹ לְשֶׁבַח, הֲרֵי זֶה צַדִּיק בֶּן צַדִּיק, וְאִם יִחֲסוֹ לִגְנַאי, כְּגוֹן "בָּא יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן נְתַנְיָה בֶּן אֱלִישָׁמָע" (מלכים ב כ"ה), בְיָדוּעַ שֶׁכָּל הַנִּזְכָּרִים עִמּוֹ רְשָׁעִים הָיוּ (ספרי): מחלה נעה וגו'. וּלְהַלָּן (במדבר לו יא) הוּא אוֹמֵר "וַתִּהְיֶינָה מַחְלָה תִרְצָה", מַגִּיד שֶׁכֻּלָּן שְׁקוּלוֹת — זוֹ כְּזוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ שִׁנָּה אֶת סִדְרָן (שם):

למשפחת מנשה בן יוסף OF THE FAMILIES OF MANASSEH THE SON OF JOSEPH — Why is this stated? Has it not already been said בן מנשה, and consequently we know that they belonged to the family of Manasseh the son of Joseph?! But it is to suggest the following idea to you: Just as Joseph held the Promised Land dear, as it is said, (Genesis 50:25) “And ye shall bring my bones up (to Palestine) from hence”, so, too, his daughters held the Land dear, as it is said, (v. 4) “Give us an inheritance”; and further to teach you that they were righteous all of them (everyone here mentioned in the pedigree), for in every case where a person’s doings and his ancestors’ doings are nowhere plainly described and Scripture somewhere enters into the details of the pedigree in respect to one of them, tracing his genealogy back to someone worthy of praise, it is evident that the person in question is himself a righteous man and a son of a righteous father. But if it gives his genealogy in connection with something deserving of reprobation, — as, for example, (2 Kings 25:25) “Ishmael the son of Nethanian the son of Elishama came … and smote Gedaliah”, then it is quite certain that all who are mentioned in connection with him were wicked people (Sifrei Bamidbar 133:1). מחלה נעה וגו׳ MAHLAH, NOAH, etc. — But further on (Numbers 36:11) states, “And Mahlah, Tirzah were” (changing the position of the names within the verse): this is to tell you that they all were of equal worth one with another, and on this account it is that it changed their order (i.e. the order of their names) (Sifrei Bamidbar 133:2).

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Hilchot Temidim U'Mussafim — Daily and Additional Offerings

Mishneh Torah, Daily Offerings and Additional Offerings 1:1-2:1

The Rambam codifies the laws of the Tamid and Mussaf offerings derived from Parshat Pinchas, explaining the obligation to bring the daily sacrifice each morning and afternoon and the additional offerings of each holy day as a positive Torah commandment.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַקְרִיב שְׁנֵי כְּבָשִׂים עוֹלוֹת בְּכָל יוֹם וְהֵם הַנִּקְרָאִים תְּמִידִין. אֶחָד בַּבֹּקֶר וְאֶחָד בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כח ג) "שְׁנַיִם לַיּוֹם עלָה תָמִיד" וְגוֹ': וְאֵימָתַי זְמַן שְׁחִיטָתָן. שֶׁל בֹּקֶר שׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה הַחַמָּה מִשֶּׁיֵּאוֹר פְּנֵי כָּל מִזְרָח. ופַּעַם אַחַת דָּחֲקָה הַשָּׁעָה אֶת הַצִּבּוּר בְּבַיִת שֵׁנִי וְהִקְרִיבוּ תָּמִיד שֶׁל שַׁחַר בְּאַרְבַּע שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם:

It is a positive commandment to offer two lambs as burnt-offerings every day. They are called the continuous offering. One [should be brought] in the morning and one in the afternoon as [Numbers 28:3] states: "Two each day, a continuous offering." When is the time at which they should be slaughtered? The morning one should be slaughtered before sunrise, when the entire eastern horizon becomes illuminated. Once there was a pressing situation for the community in [the era of] the Second Temple and they offered the daily morning sacrifice at four hours after daybreak.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Hilchot Nachalot — Laws of Inheritance

Mishneh Torah, Inheritances 1:1-3:1

The Rambam codifies the order of inheritance based on the ruling given to Bnot Tzelofchad in Parshat Pinchas, establishing who takes precedence among heirs and that the inheritance of daughters is a Torah-level obligation when there are no sons.

סֵדֶר נְחָלוֹת כָּךְ הִיא. מִי שֶׁמֵּת יִירָשׁוּהוּ בָּנָיו וְהֵם קוֹדְמִין לַכּל. וְהַזְּכָרִים קוֹדְמִין לִנְקֵבוֹת: בְּכָל מָקוֹם אֵין לִנְקֵבָה עִם הַזָּכָר יְרֻשָּׁה. אִם אֵין לוֹ בָּנִים יִירָשֶׁנּוּ אָבִיו. וְאֵין הָאֵם יוֹרֶשֶׁת אֶת בָּנֶיהָ וְדָבָר זֶה מִפִּי הַקַּבָּלָה: וְכָל הַקּוֹדֵם בְּנַחֲלָה יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ קוֹדְמִין. לְפִיכָךְ מִי שֶׁמֵּת בֵּין אִישׁ בֵּין אִשָּׁה אִם הִנִּיחַ בֵּן יוֹרֵשׁ הַכּל. לֹא נִמְצָא לוֹ בֵּן לְעוֹלָם מְעַיְּנִין בְּזַרְעוֹ שֶׁל בֵּן אִם נִמְצָא לִבְנוֹ זֶרַע בֵּין זְכָרִים בֵּין נְקֵבוֹת אֲפִלּוּ בַּת בַּת בַּת בְּנוֹ עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם הִיא תִּירַשׁ אֶת הַכּל. לֹא נִמְצָא לוֹ זֶרַע בֶּן חוֹזְרִין אֵצֶל הַבַּת. הָיְתָה לוֹ בַּת תִּירַשׁ אֶת הַכּל לֹא נִמְצֵאת לוֹ בַּת בָּעוֹלָם מְעַיְּנִין עַל זֶרַע הַבַּת. אִם נִמְצָא לָהּ זֶרַע בֵּין זְכָרִים בֵּין נְקֵבוֹת עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם הוּא יוֹרֵשׁ הַכּל. לֹא נִמְצָא לָהּ זֶרַע בַּת חוֹזֵר הַיְרֻשָּׁה לְאָבִיו. לֹא הָיָה אָבִיו קַיָּם מְעַיְּנִין עַל זֶרַע הָאָב שֶׁהֵן אֲחֵי הַמֵּת. נִמְצָא לוֹ אָח אוֹ זֶרַע אָח יוֹרֵשׁ אֶת הַכּל וְאִם לָאו חוֹזְרִין אֵצֶל אָחוֹת. נִמְצֵאת לוֹ אָחוֹת אוֹ זַרְעָהּ יוֹרֵשׁ הַכּל. וְאִם לֹא נִמְצֵאת לוֹ זֶרַע אַחִים וְלֹא זֶרַע אָחוֹת הוֹאִיל וְאֵין לָאָב זֶרַע תַּחְזֹר הַיְרֻשָּׁה לַאֲבִי הָאָב. לֹא הָיָה אֲבִי הָאָב קַיָּם מְעַיְּנִין עַל זֶרַע שֶׁל אֲבִי הָאָב שֶׁהֵן אֲחֵי אָבִיו שֶׁל מֵת וְהַזְּכָרִים קוֹדְמִין לִנְקֵבוֹת וְזַרְעָן שֶׁל זְכָרִים קוֹדְמִין לִנְקֵבוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה הַדִּין בְּזַרְעוֹ שֶׁל מֵת עַצְמוֹ. לֹא נִמְצְאוּ אַחִים לְאָבִיו לֹא הֵם וְלֹא זַרְעָן תַּחְזֹר הַיְרֻשָּׁה לַאֲבִי אֲבִי הָאָב. וְעַל הַדֶּרֶךְ הַזֹּאת נַחֲלָה מְמַשְׁמֶשֶׁת וְהוֹלֶכֶת עַד רְאוּבֵן. נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר הַבֵּן קוֹדֵם לַבַּת וְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ שֶׁל בֵּן קוֹדְמִין לַבַּת וְהַבַּת קוֹדֶמֶת לַאֲבִי אָבִיהָ וְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכָהּ קוֹדְמִין לַאֲבִי אָבִיהָ. וַאֲבִי הַמֵּת קוֹדֵם לַאֲחֵי הַמֵּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵם יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ וְהָאָח קוֹדֵם לָאָחוֹת. וְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ שֶׁל אָח קוֹדְמִין לָאָחוֹת. וְאָחוֹת קוֹדֶמֶת לַאֲבִי אָבִיהָ. וְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכָהּ קוֹדְמִין לַאֲבִי אָבִיהָ. אֲבִי הָאָב קוֹדֵם לַאֲחֵי הָאָב שֶׁל מֵת וַאֲחֵי אָבִיו קוֹדְמִין לַאֲחוֹת אָבִיו וְכָל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכוֹ שֶׁל אֲחֵי אָבִיו קוֹדְמִין לַאֲחוֹת אָבִיו וַאֲחוֹת אָבִיו קוֹדֶמֶת לַאֲבִי אֲבִי אָבִיו שֶׁל מֵת. וְכֵן כָּל יוֹצְאֵי יְרֵכָהּ שֶׁל אֲחוֹת אָבִיו קוֹדְמִין לַאֲבִי אֲבִי אָבִיו. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ הוֹלֵךְ וְעוֹלֶה עַד רֹאשׁ הַדּוֹרוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין לְךָ אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין לוֹ יוֹרְשִׁין:

This is the order of inheritance: When a person dies, his children inherit his estate. They receive priority over everyone else, and the sons receive priority over the daughters. In every situation, a female does not inherit together with a male. If a person does not have children, his father inherits his estate. A mother does not inherit her son's estate. This has been conveyed by the Oral Tradition. With regard to every concept of precedence for an inheritance, a person's blood descendants receive precedence. Therefore, when a person - either a man or a woman - dies and he leaves a son, he inherits everything. If the son is no longer alive, we look to see if the son left descendants. If there are descendants of the son, whether male or female - even the daughter of the daughter of the son's daughter, and this chain can be continued endlessly -that descendant inherits everything. If the son does not have descendants, we return to the deceased's daughter. If there are descendants of the daughter, whether male or female - and this chain can be continued endlessly - that descendant inherits everything. If the son does not have descendants, the estate returns to the deceased's father. If the father is no longer alive, -we look to see if the father left descendants - i.e., the brothers of the deceased. If there is a brother of the deceased or the descendant of a brother, he inherits everything. If there are no brothers, we return and look to see if the deceased had a sister. If there is a sister or the descendant of a sister, that person inherits everything. If there are no descendants of the deceased's brothers or sisters, since there are no descendants of the deceased's father, the estate returns to the deceased's paternal grandfather. If the paternal grandfather is no longer alive, we look to see if the paternal grandfather left descendants - i.e., the uncles or aunts of the deceased. The males receive precedence over the females, and even the descendants of the males receive precedence over the females, as is the law with regard to the descendants of the deceased himself. If there are no uncles or none of their descendants, the estate returns to the deceased's paternal great-grandfather. Following this pattern, the chain of inheritance continues to extend until Reuven the son of Jacob. Thus the order of inheritance is as follows: A son takes precedence over a daughter. Similarly, all of the son's descendants take precedence over the daughter. The daughter takes precedence over her paternal grandfather, and similarly, all her descendants take precedence over her paternal grandfather. The deceased's father takes precedence over the deceased's brothers, because they are the father's descendants. The deceased's brothers take precedence over his sisters. Similarly, all their descendants take precedence over the sister. The deceased's sister takes precedence over her paternal grandfather, and similarly, all her descendants take precedence over her paternal grandfather. The deceased's paternal grandfather takes precedence over the deceased's uncles. The uncles take precedence over the aunts. Indeed, all the uncles' descendants take precedence over the aunts. The aunts take precedence over the deceased's paternal great-grandfather. Indeed, all the aunts' descendants take precedence over the deceased's paternal great-grandfather. This pattern should be continued until the beginning of all generations. Thus, there is no Jew who does not have heirs.

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Rabbeinu Bachya — Pinchas: Zealotry and the Priestly Covenant

Rabbeinu Bahya, Bamidbar 25:11

Rabbeinu Bachya explores the mitzva dimension of Pinchas's act of zealotry (kana'ut), explaining that it reflects a special level of divine service where love of God overrides normal halakhic procedure, and connects this to Pinchas receiving the covenant of priesthood as his reward.

פינחס בן אלעזר בן אהרן הכהן וגו'. השיב את חמתי. פירשו קצת המפרשים הניח, מלשון (ישעיהו ל׳:ט״ו) בשובה ונחת, כי בקנאתו הניח למדת הדין, כענין (שמות ל״ג:י״ד) והניחותי לך. אך המובן ממלת השיב שהחמה היתה ראויה ללכת על ישראל אלא שפינחס השיבה לגמרי ולא הלכה. ויש לדקדק ואיך לא הלכה, ומתו מישראל ארבעה ועשרים אלף, אבל זה ראיה שכלן היו משבט שמעון ולא נפקד אחד מישראל משאר השבטים, וזהו השבת החמה משאר ישראל, וזהו באור השיב את חמתי מעל בני ישראל, שלא חלה מדת הדין חוץ מן השבט, זהו ולא כליתי את בני ישראל בקנאתי, ולא כליתי אחד מישראל. נמצאת למד שהשבת החמה גרמה קיומן של ישראל שאלמלא כן היו כלין, ואם כן פנחס גרם לישראל אורך ימים ושנות חיים מאותו זמן עד סוף העולם, ואותן השנים אין להם סוף ותכלית, ולכך זכה לחיות לאין תכלית, מדה כנגד מדה, כי פינחס זה אליהו, כענין שאמר הנביא (מלאכי ב׳:ה׳) בריתי היתה אתו החיים והשלום, ונאמר כאן את בריתי שלום. בקנאו את קנאתי. ע"ד הפשט שקם במקומי, שהרי כתיב בהקב"ה (שמות כ) אל קנא.

פינחס בן אלעזר בן אהרן הכהן השיב את חמתי, “Pinchas, son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, deflected My wrath, etc.” Some commentators understand the word השיב here as meaning the same as בשובה ונחת, in Isaiah 30,15: “through calm and serenity.” While G’d displayed His jealousy He had allowed the attribute of Justice free reign, such as Exodus 33,14, והניחותי לך, “I will provide you rest.” I feel, however, that the more likely meaning of the word השיב is simply that the wrath of G’d which was about to advance against the people of Israel was “turned back” by Pinchas completely. One may question this statement seeing that 24,000 Israelites died during the pestilence, so how could Pinchas be credited with having totally prevented G’d’s wrath claiming victims amongst the people? In fact, the very fact that only people from the tribe of Shimon died is the proof that Pinchas succeeded in halting G’d’s wrath claiming victims from the בני ישראל, i.e. the attribute of Justice was active only among that single tribe. This is the meaning of the words: “and I did not completely wipe out the Children of Israel during My jealousy.” Clearly, turning back G’d’s wrath resulted in the continued existence of the Jewish nation. It follows that Pinchas was the source of the Jewish people as a nation enjoying long life, i.e. continued existence from then on until the end of time. As a reward commensurate with his deed he was granted continuous life in that he became in due course Elijah the prophet as we know from Zohar 215 based on Maleachi 2,5: “My covenant was with him, Life (ongoing) and peace.” When the Torah speaks here about Pinchas being granted בריתי, “My covenant,” the meaning is the same as in Maleachi. בקנאו את קנאתי, “when he displayed My jealousy.” According to the plain meaning of the text the meaning is that Pinchas acted in G’d’s place when he displayed religious fervour.

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Chizkuni — Commentary on Parshat Pinchas

Chizkuni, Numbers 27:1

Chizkuni comments on the mitzvot of the Mussaf calendar and the laws of inheritance, offering precise peshat readings that connect the daughters' claim to Moshe's own principle that women share equally in the land — and clarifying details of the Yom Tov additional sacrifices.

ותקרבנה בנות צלפחד בן חפר ע״‎י שראו שנמנו הזכרים שבמשפחות חפר ולא נמנה עמהם צלפחד שהיה בנו. והוא לא היה בתוך העדה ולא היה בן עשרים באותו הפרק להיות הגזרה חלה עליו אלא בחטאו מת ודינו לירש. ויקרב משה את משפטן יודע היה משה שהבנות נוחלות על מה נחלקו אם יירשו בראוי כבמוחזק אם לאו.

ותקרבנה בנות צלפחד בן חפר, “The daughters of Tz’lofchod son of Chefer, approached; when they realised that only the males were being counted preparatory to the division of the land in the Land of Israel, including those of the family of Chefer, but not including them, and Tz’lofchod their father had also not been included. והוא לא היה בתוך העדה, “and he had not been among the rebels in the uprising of Korach against Moses;” neither had he been twenty years of age when the debacle with the spies had occurred, so that he could not have been included in the Israelites that G-d had vowed that they would not live to take part in the conquest on the land of Canaan at the appointed time. He had died as the result of a very personal sin, none that would result in his being denied a claim to ancestral land in the Land lof Israel. ויקרב משה את משפטן, “he submitted their legal claim to G-d;” Moses knew that women are entitled to inherit. What he did not know or agreed with, was if people such as Tz’lofchod had only a potential claim to such land, and that seeing that he never set foot on the land that he was still entitled to pass on that claim to his daughters.

Source 12 · Hasidic
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Kedushat Levi

Kedushat Levi, Numbers, Pinchas, Bamidbar 27:8

The Kedushat Levi explores the spiritual significance of the daughters of Zelophehad and the lessons derived from their pursuit of inheritance rights.

וצלפחד בן חפר לא היו לו בנים כי אם בנות (במדבר כו, לג). כי העיקר העבודה בדחילו ורחימו זהו אהבה ויראה וכשעובד ה' מאהבה אזי הוא בבחינת תענוג אבל כשעובד ביראה אזי אינו כל כך, רק בבחינת בושה. וזהו וצלפחד, שהוא צל פחד. בן חפר, לשון וחפרה הלבנה, לא היה לו כלל, כי אם בנות. (חסר): ויקרב משה את משפטן לפני ה'. הכלל, זה הוא התענוג של האב כשמנחיל את בנו וזה הבחינה התעורר משה בה' שאנחנו נקראים בנים לה', והתעורר משה זה הבחינה שהשם יתברך ינחיל אותנו כל הטובות. וזהו ויקרב משה את משפטן, היינו משפט נחלה. לפני ה', זה הבחינה התעורר משה בה': יפקוד ה' אלהי הרוחות לכל בשר כו' (במדבר כז, טו-יז). הכלל, יש ללמוד זכות על ישראל מה שאינם עושין רצון הבורא בתמידות כמלאכים מחמת שהם טרודים בפרנסתם. וזהו שאברהם אבינו היה איש חסד והיה מלמד זכות ולכך נתן להם להמלאכים לאכול להראות להם הצטרכות בשר ודם כדי שלא ילמדו חובה על ישראל. וזה שאמר משה אל אלהי הרוחות לכל בשר, שהאדם מחמת שהוא בשר ודם הצטרכות של אדם בפרנסתו ומחמת זה הוא לפעמים אינו עובד ה' בתמידות. וזהו שאמר יפקוד ה' אלהי הרוחות לכל בשר, כלומר שופט ומנהיג שילמוד תמיד זכות על ישראל כמו שאתה לומד זכות על האדם על שאינו עובד אותך בתמידות כן ביקש משה שיעמוד מנהיג לישראל שילמוד תמיד זכות על ישראל. וזהו יפקוד ה' אלהי הרוחות לכל בשר, כמו שאתה אלהי הרוחות לכל בשר ואתה מלמד זכות עליהם כן פקוד איש על העדה שמנהיג לישראל יהיה גם כן מלמד זכות על ישראל:

Numbers 26,33. “and Tzlofchod, son of Chefer, did not ‎have any sons, but only daughters.”‎ Serving the Lord truly entails doing so strongly, actively and ‎with love, i.e. love and awe, so that as a result the Creator ‎experiences satisfaction from His creatures. If one serves the Lord ‎only because of fear of punishment it is equivalent to serving the ‎Lord from a feeling of shame. This is reflected in the name ‎צלפחד‎ ‎when broken up as ‎צל פחד‎ “a shadow of fear.” The name of his ‎father, i.e. ‎חפר‎ is reminiscent of Isaiah 24,23 ‎וחפרה לבנה ובושה ‏החמה‎ ,”and the moon shall be ashamed and the sun shall be ‎abashed.” This is hinted at by the words ‎כי אם בנות‎, “only female ‎offspring.”‎ Numbers 27,5. “Moses submitted their judicial claim ‎before the Lord (for judging).” When a father prepares ‎to allocate his inheritance to his son he derives pleasure from it. ‎At this point, with G’d being our Father, and we being His sons, ‎Moses wished to give our “Father” the pleasure and satisfaction ‎to make a ruling concerning who is to inherit what. The ‎משפט‎, ‎‎“judgmental ruling” that he referred to was the law of ‎inheritance. [I believe our author found the reference ‎to the word ‎משפט‎ as somewhat puzzling, as on similar occasions ‎when Moses submitted a legal question to G’d the term had not ‎been used. (Compare Leviticus, 24,12, or Numbers 9,8. ‎Ed.]‎ Numbers 27,16. “let the Lord, source of the breath of ‎all flesh , appoint someone over the community.‎‏"‏‎ We ‎abide by a rule that when we observe someone who does not carry ‎out all of G’d commandments, that we search for a legitimate ‎reason for such a person’s failure to have ignored G’d’s decrees. In ‎other words, we give such a person the benefit of the doubt as ‎long as this is reasonable. The best known excuses made for such ‎people who do not observe G’d’s laws with the same degree of ‎perfection as do the angels, is that they are so involved in having ‎to secure their livelihood that this is the reason they are ‎sometimes lax in observing G’d’s commandments.‎ Moses’ appeal to G’d in the verse quoted above is based on ‎this argument that due to the need for human beings to toil in ‎order to earn their livelihood, they are at a disadvantage when ‎competing with the angels about who can serve G’d best. G’d ‎being the G’d who has complete insight into each individual’s ‎mind, ‎רוח‎, “spirit, surely is aware of man’s difficulties. He is aware ‎of the fact that G’d therefore looks for reasons to interpret Israel’s ‎failures benevolently, treat them as existentialist problems of all ‎creatures who live on earth.‎