Kli Yakar offers insights into the psychological and spiritual dimensions of Korach's rebellion, focusing on the theme of communal leadership and the dangers of unchecked ambition.
וַיִּקַּח קֹרַח בֶּן יִצְהָר בֶּן קְהָת בֶּן לֵוִי. בְּקִיחָה זוֹ בָּאוּ הַרְבֵּה פֵּרוּשִׁים יַעַן כִּי לֹא פֹרַשׁ אִם קִיחָה בַּיָּדַיִם אוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, כְּמוֹ ״קַח אֶת הַלְוִיִּם״ (במדבר ח ו). וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁכָּל הַסִּפּוּר נִמְשַׁךְ עַד בְּנֵי רְאוּבֵן, שֶׁלָּקַח לוֹ לְמַחֲלֻקְתּוֹ אֶת בְּנֵי רְאוּבֵן כִּי רָאָה לְלַקֵּט אֵלָיו כָּל מָרֵי נֶפֶשׁ, וְיָדַע כִּי נַפְשָׁם מָרָה עַל הַבְּכוֹרָה שֶׁנִּלְקְחָה מֵרְאוּבֵן. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיַּעֲקֹב נְטָלָהּ וְלֹא מֹשֶׁה מִכָּל מָקוֹם עַל יְדֵי שֶׁתַּחֲזֹר כָּל שְׂרָרָה לִבְעָלֶיהָ יַחְשְׁבוּ שֶׁגַּם לָהֶם תַּחֲזֹר הַבְּכוֹרָה וְיַסְכִּימוּ עִם קֹרַח. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁלָּקַח לוֹ לַטַּעֲנָה אֶת בֶּן יִצְהָר, כִּי זֹאת הָיְתָה עִקַּר טַעֲנָתוֹ לוֹמַר אֲחֵי אַבָּא אַרְבָּעָה הֲווֹ כו׳, מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֲנִי בֶּן יִצְהָר מִי רָאוּי לִטֹּל הַשְּׁנִיָּה כְּפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ״י. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים וָי״ו שֶׁל וְדָתָן נוֹסֶפֶת כְּוָי״ו שֶׁל ״וְאַיָּה וַעֲנָה״ (בראשית לו כד), וּבֵאוּרוֹ שֶׁלָּקַח אֶת דָּתָן וַאֲבִירָם לְצָרְפָם אֵלָיו. וְנָכוֹן לוֹמַר שֶׁתַּרְוַיְהוּ אִיתַנְהוּ, שֶׁלָּקַח לוֹ לְטַעֲנָה מָה שֶׁהוּא בֶּן יִצְהָר, וְלָקַח לוֹ גַּם אֶת דָּתָן וַאֲבִירָם וְאוֹן, וּלְפִי זֶה לֹא תִּהְיֶה הַוָּי״ו נוֹסֶפֶת. אָמְנָם לְפִי מַה שֶּׁמַּסִּיק בַּמִּדְרָש, ״קֹרַח״ – שֶׁעָשָׂה קָרְחָה בָּעוֹלָם כוּ׳, נִרְאֶה שֶׁדַּעַת בַּעַל הַמִּדְרָש זֶה לוֹמַר שֶׁקֹּרַח חָלַק עַל מְצִיאוּת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב: ״הַנּוֹעָדִים עַל ה׳״ (במדבר כז ג) ״בְּהַצּוֹתָם עַל ה׳״ (במדבר כו ט), וְהֵיכָן מָצִינוּ שֶׁקֹּרַח נוֹעַד עַל ה׳, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סנהדרין קי.) שֶׁהַחוֹלֵק עַל רַבּוֹ כְּחוֹלֵק עַל הַשְּׁכִינָה, מִכָּל מָקוֹם הִיא גּוּפָא קַשְׁיָא, לָמָּה יִהְיֶה כְּחוֹלֵק עַל הַשְּׁכִינָה. אֶלָּא לְפִי שֶׁקֹּרַח טָעַן שֶׁהָעוֹלָם קַדְמוֹן כְּקַדְמוּת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ וְהוּא מְחֻיָּב הַמְּצִיאוּת, וְהֻצְרַךְ לִכְפִירָה זוֹ כְּדֵי לְחַזֵּק מַחֲלֻקְתוֹ, כִּי הוּא טָעַן וְאָמַר ״כִּי כָל הָעֵדָה כֻּלָּם קְדוֹשִׁים וּבְתוֹכָם ה׳ וּמַדּוּעַ תִּתְנַשְּׂאוּ עַל קְהַל ה׳״, וְדַעְתּוֹ לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין יִתְרוֹן וּשְׂרָרָה לְשׁוּם נוֹצָר עַל חֲבֵרוֹ כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁאֵין קְדִימָה חָס וְשָׁלוֹם לוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ עַל בְּרוּאָיו. וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר: ״וּבְתוֹכָם ה׳״, וְהָיָה רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת ה׳ בְּרֹאשָׁם וְלֹא בְּתוֹכָם בָּאֶמְצַע, אֶלָּא הוֹרָה וְהוֹדָה כִּבְיָכוֹל שֶׁאֵין לוֹ קְדִימָה, קַל וָחֹמֶר בֶּן בְּנוֹ שֶׁל קַל וָחֹמֶר מַדּוּעַ תִּתְנַשְּׂאוּ אַתֶּם. וְאָמַר לוֹ מֹשֶׁה ״בֹּקֶר״, גְּבוּלוֹת חָלַק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּעוֹלָמוֹ, יְכוֹלִים אַתֶּם לַהֲפוֹךְ בֹּקֶר לְעֶרֶב? כֵּן תּוּכְלוּ לְבַטֵּל אֶת זוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א ד-ה): ״וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר״, ״וַיַּבְדֵּל״, וּכְתִיב: ״וָאַבְדִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִן הָעַמִּים לִהְיוֹת לִי״ (ויקרא כ כו) וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהִבְדִּיל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן הָאֻמּוֹת כָּךְ הִבְדִּיל אֶת אַהֲרֹן כוּ׳ (רש״י בשם מדרש).
And Korach, son of Yitzhar, son of Kehat, son of Levi, took. Regarding this “taking,” there are many interpretations because it is not specified whether the taking was physical [with hands] or verbal, like take the Levites (Numbers 8:6). Some say that the whole story continues until [the mention of] the sons of Reuben, meaning that he took the sons of Reuben for his dispute, because he sought to gather to himself all those with bitter souls, and he knew that they were bitter about the birthright that was taken from Reuben. And even though it was Jacob who took it away and not Moses, nevertheless, by [arguing that] all authority should return to its original owners, they would think that their birthright would also be returned to them, and thus they would agree with Korach. Some say that he took for his argument the fact that he was the son of Yitzhar, for this was his main argument, saying “my father’s brothers were four…” and since I am the son of Yitzhar, who is more worthy to take the second [position of leadership], as Rashi explained. And some say that the “vav” of and Datan is additional, like the “vav” of and Ayah and Anah (Genesis 36:24), and the meaning is that he took Datan and Aviram to join him. And it is correct to say that both interpretations are valid: That he took for his argument the fact that he was the son of Yitzhar, and he also took Datan and Aviram and On. According to this, the “vav” would not be additional. However, according to what is concluded in the Midrash, Korach — who made a bald spot [korcha] in the world, etc., it appears that the author of this Midrash intends to say that Korach disputed the existence of the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is written, who had assembled against the Lord when they opposed the Lord (Numbers 26:9). But where do we find that Korach assembled against the Lord? Even though our Sages of blessed memory said (Sanhedrin 110a) that one who disputes his teacher is like one who disputes the Divine Presence, nevertheless, this itself is difficult — why should it be considered like disputing the Divine Presence? Rather, it is because Korach claimed that the world is eternal, co-eternal with the Holy One, Blessed be He, and that it exists necessarily. He needed this heretical belief to strengthen his argument, as he claimed and said, For all the congregation are holy, and the Lord is among them; why then do you exalt yourselves above the assembly of the Lord? His intention was to say that no created being has superiority or authority over another, just as there is no primacy [God forbid] of the Blessed One over His creations. This is why he said, and the Lord is among them. It would have been appropriate to say that the Lord is at their head, not among them in the middle, but this indicated and acknowledged, as it were, that He has no primacy. How much more so, a fortiori, why do you exalt yourselves? Moses replied to him, In the morning — the Holy One, Blessed be He, set boundaries in His world — “Can you transform morning into evening? So too, you cannot nullify this,” as it says, And there was evening and there was morning… and He divided (Genesis 1:4-5). And it is written, I have set you apart from the peoples to be Mine (Leviticus 20:26). And just as He distinguished Israel from the nations, so did He distinguish Aaron, etc. [Rashi, quoting the Midrash].