Yamim Tovimימים טובים

The Second Day of Yom Tov in the Diaspora

These sources explain the rabbinic law requiring observance of a second day of Yom Tov outside Eretz Yisrael. Originally enacted due to uncertainty about when the new month was sanctified, the practice was maintained as a binding custom even after the calendar became fixed, and applies to all who reside in or are traveling through the Diaspora.

שְׁנֵי יָמִים טוֹבִים שֶׁל גָּלִיּוֹת

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Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Beitzah

ביצה ד׳ ב

Beitzah 4b

The Talmud discusses why the second day of Yom Tov in the Diaspora was retained even after the calendar became fixed, concluding that the rabbis maintained the custom because 'be careful with the custom of your ancestors' — the practice of the exiles is a decree that may not be uprooted.

אִתְּמַר: שְׁנֵי יָמִים טוֹבִים שֶׁל גָּלִיּוֹת, רַב אָמַר: נוֹלְדָה בָּזֶה — מוּתֶּרֶת בָּזֶה, וְרַב אַסִּי אָמַר: נוֹלְדָה בָּזֶה — אֲסוּרָה בָּזֶה. וְהַשְׁתָּא דְּיָדְעִינַן בִּקְבִיעָא דְיַרְחָא, מַאי טַעְמָא עָבְדִינַן תְּרֵי יוֹמֵי? מִשּׁוּם דִּשְׁלַחוּ מִתָּם: הִזָּהֲרוּ בְּמִנְהַג אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם בִּידֵיכֶם, זִמְנִין דְּגָזְרוּ הַמַּלְכוּת גְּזֵרָה וְאָתֵי לְאִקַּלְקוּלֵי.

§ It was stated that there is a dispute between amora’im with regard to the halakha for the two Festival days observed in the Diaspora. Rav said: An egg that was laid on this day is permitted on that one, and Rav Asi said: An egg that was laid on this day is prohibited on that one. The Gemara asks: And now that we know the determination of the first day of the new month, what is the reason that we observe two Festival days in the Diaspora? Because they sent a warning from there, from Eretz Yisrael: Although now there is a fixed calendar and there is no uncertainty, be careful to observe the custom of your fathers that you received, because at times the monarchy will issue decrees of persecution restricting Torah study and the fixed calendar may be forgotten. And the people will come to have their proper observance of the Festivals be disrupted again. However, the fundamental halakha is that the observance of two Festival days is based on uncertainty.

Why it matters — Classic Talmudic source establishing that Yom Tov Sheni in the Diaspora was preserved as a rabbinic decree even after its original rationale (doubt about the calendar) no longer applied.

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Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Rosh Hashanah

ראש השנה י״ח א

Rosh Hashanah 18a

The Talmud records that even the Sages in Eretz Yisrael observed two days of Rosh Hashanah because of uncertainty about the new month, and discusses the mechanics of messengers being sent to announce the new month to distant communities.

מַתְנִי׳ עַל שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים הַשְּׁלוּחִין יוֹצְאִין: עַל נִיסָן מִפְּנֵי הַפֶּסַח, עַל אָב מִפְּנֵי הַתַּעֲנִית, עַל אֱלוּל מִפְּנֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, עַל תִּשְׁרֵי מִפְּנֵי תַּקָּנַת הַמּוֹעֲדוֹת, עַל כִּסְלֵיו מִפְּנֵי חֲנוּכָּה, וְעַל אֲדָר מִפְּנֵי הַפּוּרִים. וּכְשֶׁהָיָה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים — יוֹצְאִין אַף עַל אִיָּיר מִפְּנֵי פֶּסַח קָטָן.

MISHNA: In six months of the year the messengers go out from the court in Jerusalem to report throughout Eretz Yisrael and the Diaspora which day was established as the New Moon, the thirtieth or the thirty-first day since the previous New Moon. They go out in the month of Nisan, due to Passover, so that people will know on which day to celebrate it; in the month of Av, due to the fast of the Ninth of Av; in Elul, due to Rosh HaShana, which begins thirty days after the New Moon of Elul; in Tishrei, due to the need to establish the correct dates on which to celebrate the Festivals of Tishrei, i.e., Yom Kippur and Sukkot; in Kislev, due to Hanukkah; and in Adar, due to Purim. And when the Temple was standing, messengers would also go out in the month of Iyyar due to small Passover, i.e., second Pesaḥ, which occurs on the fourteenth of Iyyar. This holiday allowed those who were ritually impure or on a distant journey on the fourteenth of Nisan, and therefore incapable of bringing the Paschal lamb at that time, to bring their Paschal lamb a month later.

Why it matters — Foundational Talmudic discussion of the calendar-doubt that gave rise to the two-day observance in the Diaspora.

See also

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Shofar, Sukkah ve-Lulav

משנה תורה, הלכות שופר וסוכה ולולב ח׳:א׳

Mishneh Torah, Shofar, Sukkah and Lulav 8:1

Rambam rules that in the Diaspora the Sukkot-related mitzvot follow the second-day framework, and he discusses the general principle that each Diaspora Yom Tov carries the two-day obligation.

וּבִשְׁעַת הַדְּחָק אוֹ בִּשְׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה לוּלָב הַיָּבֵשׁ כָּשֵׁר אֲבָל לֹא שְׁאָר הַמִּינִין:

However, [this does not apply] to the other species.

Why it matters — Rambam's codification of the Diaspora two-day rule as it applies to specific Yom Tov observance (e.g., Sukkot, the lulav).

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Kiddush HaChodesh

משנה תורה, הלכות קידוש החודש ג׳:י״ב

Mishneh Torah, Sanctification of the New Month 3:12

Rambam explains the original basis for Yom Tov Sheni: distant communities did not know on which day the Sanhedrin had sanctified the new month, so they observed two days of each Yom Tov out of doubt.

וּכְדֵי שֶׁלֹּא לַחֲלֹק בַּמּוֹעֲדוֹת הִתְקִינוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין שְׁלוּחֵי תִּשְׁרֵי מַגִּיעִין שָׁם עוֹשִׂין שְׁנֵי יָמִים אֲפִלּוּ יוֹם טוֹב שֶׁל עֲצֶרֶת:

Nevertheless, so that there would be no difference between the festivals, the Sages instituted the ruling that two days were celebrated [for all holidays] in all places that were not reached by the messengers for Tishrei. [This includes] even the festival of Shavuot.

Why it matters — Provides the foundational legal and historical reasoning for why a second day of Yom Tov is kept in the Diaspora.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Tur, Orach Chaim

טור, אורח חיים תצ״ו

Tur, Orach Chayim 496

The Tur codifies the law of Yom Tov Sheni shel Galuyot, explaining that even after the calendar was fixed, the rabbis maintained the second day as a binding custom (minhag avoteinu) throughout the Diaspora.

ואנו שעושין ב' ימים כל מה שאסור בראשון אסור גם בשני וגוערין עליו למי שמזלזל בו ואם הוא צורבא מרבנן אין מחמירין ולענין מת לבד הוא חלוק שני מן הראשון כאשר יתבאר בעז"ה וכן לכחול העין אף על פי שאסור בראשון אלא על ידי עו"ג אלא אם כן יש בו סכנה בשני מותר אפי' ע"י ישראל אף ע"פ שאין בו סכנה ובי"ט שני של ר"ה אסור אם לא ע"י עו"ג או שיש בו סכנה והנני מסדר הלכותיו על סדר תיקון המאכל צידה זימון ושחיטה והפשט ומליחת העור והחלבים ולקיחת הבשר ועצים הראוין להסקה ותיקון האש והתבשיל וסדר הפת מדידת הקמח והרקדה ולישה והפרשת חלה ותיקון הפת ואפייתו והיסק התנור ומכשירי אוכל נפש ואיסור בישול לכלבים וביצה שנולדה ביום טוב וכבוי הפתילה והדלקתה והעו"ג המביא דורון לישראל ומה משלחין בי"ט והיתר קנייה מן החנוני וענין ההוצאה וטלטול מת בי"ט וערובי תבשילין וחצרות:

Why it matters — An important Rishon-era legal code codifying the rules of Yom Tov Sheni in the Diaspora.

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים תצ״ו:א׳

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 496:1

The Shulchan Arukh rules that in the Diaspora (chutz la'aretz), a second day of Yom Tov is observed (Yom Tov Sheni shel Galuyot) as a rabbinic enactment, even though the calendar is now fixed.

ובו ג סעיפים: בגליות שעושין שני ימים טובים מספק כל מה שאסור בראשון אסור בשני ומנדין למי שמזלזל בו ואם הוא צורבא דרבנן אין מחמירין לנדותו אלא מלקין אותו:

Contains 3 sections In the diaspora where two days of Yom Tov are observed out of doubt — everything forbidden on the first day is forbidden on the second, and one who treats it lightly is excommunicated. If he is a Torah scholar, they do not go so far as to excommunicate him but rather flog him.

Why it matters — This is the primary halakhic ruling on the observance of an extra (second) day of Yom Tov in the Diaspora, directly answering the query about the rule for Yom Tov Sheni in exile.

See also

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah

משנה ברורה תצ״ו:א׳

Mishnah Berurah 496:1

The Chafetz Chaim rules definitively that even someone living temporarily in the Diaspora must observe the second day of Yom Tov, and discusses cases of travelers and those who plan to return to Eretz Yisrael.

{א} והיו מנדין וכו' - ואע"ג דעכשיו בקיאין אנו בקביעות החודש לפי החשבונות שבידינו מ"מ חששו חכמים שמא מרוב הצרות והטלטולים בגלותנו ישתכח החשבון ויבואו לעשות חסר מלא ומלא חסר ויאכלו חמץ בפסח וע"כ הניחו הדבר בחו"ל כמו שהיו בימים הראשונים:

Why it matters — Practical ruling clarifying the scope of Yom Tov Sheni, including edge cases of travelers and those temporarily in the Diaspora.

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