Rachel's Tears and Maternal Intercession

עַל־אֵ֣לֶּה ׀ אֲנִ֣י בוֹכִיָּ֗ה עֵינִ֤י ׀ עֵינִי֙ יֹ֣רְדָה מַּ֔יִם כִּֽי־רָחַ֥ק מִמֶּ֛נִּי מְנַחֵ֖ם מֵשִׁ֣יב נַפְשִׁ֑י הָי֤וּ בָנַי֙ שֽׁוֹמֵמִ֔ים כִּ֥י גָבַ֖ר אוֹיֵֽב׃ {ס}

ע For these things do I weep, My eyes flow with tears: Far from me is any comforter Who might revive my spirit; My children are forlorn, For the foe has prevailed.”

וַתָּ֖מׇת רָחֵ֑ל וַתִּקָּבֵר֙ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אֶפְרָ֔תָה הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם׃ וַיַּצֵּ֧ב יַעֲקֹ֛ב מַצֵּבָ֖ה עַל־קְבֻרָתָ֑הּ הִ֛וא מַצֶּ֥בֶת קְבֻֽרַת־רָחֵ֖ל עַד־הַיּֽוֹם׃

Thus Rachel died. She was buried on the road to Ephrath—now Bethlehem. Over her grave Jacob set up a pillar; it is the pillar at Rachel’s grave to this day.

כֹּ֣ה ׀ אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֗ה ק֣וֹל בְּרָמָ֤ה נִשְׁמָע֙ נְהִי֙ בְּכִ֣י תַמְרוּרִ֔ים רָחֵ֖ל מְבַכָּ֣ה עַל־בָּנֶ֑יהָ מֵאֲנָ֛ה לְהִנָּחֵ֥ם עַל־בָּנֶ֖יהָ כִּ֥י אֵינֶֽנּוּ׃ {ס} כֹּ֣ה ׀ אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֗ה מִנְעִ֤י קוֹלֵךְ֙ מִבֶּ֔כִי וְעֵינַ֖יִךְ מִדִּמְעָ֑ה כִּי֩ יֵ֨שׁ שָׂכָ֤ר לִפְעֻלָּתֵךְ֙ נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֔ה וְשָׁ֖בוּ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ אוֹיֵֽב׃

Thus said GOD: A cry is heard in Ramah— Wailing, bitter weeping— Rachel weeping for her children. She refuses to be comforted For her children, who are gone. Thus said GOD: Restrain your voice from weeping, Your eyes from shedding tears; For there is a reward for your labor —declares GOD: They shall return from the enemy’s land.

אוּלַי יֶחֱנַן ה' צְבָאוֹת שְׁאֵרִית יוֹסֵף. וְלֹא סוֹף דָּבָר לְשֵׁם בְּנָהּ, אֶלָּא לְשֵׁם בֶּן בְּנָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה לא, יט): הֲבֵן יַקִּיר לִי אֶפְרַיִם.

Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Because all the matters are dependent on Rachel, that is why Israel is called by her name: “Rachel weeps for her children” (Jeremiah 31:15). Not only is it by her name, but also by her son’s name: “Perhaps the Lord, God of hosts, will be gracious to the remnant of Joseph” (Amos 5:15). And not only by her son’s name, but by the name of her grandson, as it is stated: “Is Ephraim a dear son to me?” (Jeremiah 31:20).

וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת רָחֵל (בראשית ל, כב), (תהלים קו, ד): זָכְרֵנִי ה' בִּרְצוֹן עַמֶּךָ פָּקְדֵנִי בִּישׁוּעָתֶךָ, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה נִפְקְדָה שָׂרָה רָחֵל וְחַנָה.

“God remembered Rachel, and God heeded her, and He opened her womb” (Genesis 30:22). “God remembered Rachel.” “Remember me, Lord, when You favor Your people; be mindful of me in Your salvation” (Psalms 106:4) – Rabbi Elazar said: Sarah, Rachel, and Hannah were remembered on Rosh Hashanah.

מִיּוֹם שֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִפְסְקָה חוֹמַת בַּרְזֶל בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לַאֲבִיהֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאַתָּה קַח לְךָ מַחֲבַת בַּרְזֶל וְנָתַתָּ אוֹתָהּ קִיר בַּרְזֶל בֵּינְךָ וּבֵין הָעִיר״. אָמַר רַבִּי חָנִין אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: כׇּל הַמַּאֲרִיךְ בִּתְפִלָּתוֹ, אֵין תְּפִלָּתוֹ חוֹזֶרֶת רֵיקָם. מְנָא לַן — מִמֹּשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר:

On the subject of prayer, Rabbi Elazar also said: Since the day the Temple was destroyed the gates of prayer were locked and prayer is not accepted as it once was, as it is said in lamentation of the Temple’s destruction: “Though I plead and call out, He shuts out my prayer” (Lamentations 3:8). Yet, despite the fact that the gates of prayer were locked with the destruction of the Temple, the gates of tears were not locked, and one who cries before God may rest assured that his prayers will be answered, as it is stated: “Hear my prayer, Lord, and give ear to my pleading, keep not silence at my tears” (Psalms 39:13). Since this prayer is a request that God should pay heed to the tears of one who is praying, he is certain that at least the gates of tears are not locked.

אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: אֲפִילּוּ בִּשְׁעַת כַּעְסוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא זוֹכֵר אֶת הָרַחֲמִים. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי לֹא אוֹסִיף עוֹד אֲרַחֵם אֶת בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל״. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר מֵהָכָא: ״כִּי נָשֹׂא אֶשָּׂא לָהֶם״. וְאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: לֹא הִגְלָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵין הָאוּמּוֹת אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתּוֹסְפוּ עֲלֵיהֶם גֵּרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּזְרַעְתִּיהָ לִי בָּאָרֶץ״. כְּלוּם אָדָם זוֹרֵעַ סְאָה אֶלָּא לְהַכְנִיס כַּמָּה כּוֹרִין.

Rabbi Elazar said: Even at the time of the anger of the Holy One, Blessed be He, He remembers the attribute of compassion, as it is stated: “For I will no more have compassion upon the house of Israel” (Hosea 1:6). Even when implementing His attribute of justice, God still mentions His attribute of compassion. Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Ḥanina said that this is also indicated from here, from the continuation of the verse, which states: “That I should bear them,” indicating that God promised to eventually bear Israel’s sins and pardon them. And Rabbi Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, exiled Israel among the nations only so that converts would join them, as it is stated: “And I will sow her to Me in the land” (Hosea 2:25). Does a person sow a se’a of grain for any reason other than to bring in several kor of grain during the harvest? So too, the exile is to enable converts from the nations to join the Jewish people.

אֶלָּא רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן רַבָּךְ לֹא כָּךְ אָמַר – רְאוּיָה הָיְתָה בְּכוֹרָה לָצֵאת מֵרָחֵל, דִּכְתִיב: ״אֵלֶּה תֹּלְדוֹת יַעֲקֹב, יוֹסֵף״, אֶלָּא שֶׁקְּדָמַתָּהּ לֵאָה בְּרַחֲמִים; וּמִתּוֹךְ צְנִיעוּת שֶׁהָיְתָה בָּהּ בְּרָחֵל, הֶחְזִירָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לָהּ. וּמַאי צְנִיעוּת הָיְתָה בָּהּ בְּרָחֵל? דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּגֵּד יַעֲקֹב לְרָחֵל כִּי אֲחִי אָבִיהָ הוּא, וְכִי בֶן רִבְקָה הוּא״ וַהֲלֹא בֶּן אֲחוֹת אָבִיהָ הוּא! אֶלָּא אֲמַר לַהּ: מִינַּסְבַת לִי? אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: אִין, מִיהוּ אַבָּא רַמָּאָה הוּא, וְלָא יָכְלַתְּ לֵיהּ. אֲמַר לַהּ: מַאי רַמָּאוּתֵיהּ? אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: אִית לִי אֲחָתָא דְּקַשִּׁישָׁא מִינַּאי, וְלָא מַנְסְבָא לִי מִקַּמַּהּ. אֲמַר לַהּ: אָחִיו אֲנִי בְּרַמָּאוּת. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: וּמִי שְׁרֵי לְהוּ לְצַדִּיקֵי לְסַגּוֹיֵי בְּרַמָּאוּתָא? אִין, ״עִם נָבָר תִּתָּבָר וְעִם עִקֵּשׁ תִּתַּפָּל״; מְסַר לַהּ סִימָנִין. כִּי קָא מְעַיְּילִי לַהּ לְלֵאָה, סָבְרָה: הַשְׁתָּא מִיכַּסְפָא אֲחָתַאי. מְסַרְתִּינְהוּ נִיהֲלַהּ. וְהַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי בַבֹּקֶר וְהִנֵּה הִיא לֵאָה״ – מִכְּלָל דְּעַד הַשְׁתָּא לָאו לֵאָה הִיא?! אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ סִימָנִים שֶׁמָּסַר לָהּ יַעֲקֹב לְרָחֵל, וּמְסָרָתַן לְלֵאָה – לָא הֲוָה יָדַע לַהּ עַד הַהִיא שַׁעְתָּא.

Rather, doesn’t your teacher Rabbi Yonatan say like this: It was appropriate for the child receiving the status of firstborn to emerge from Rachel, as it is written: “These are the generations of Jacob, Joseph” (Genesis 37:2), indicating that Joseph was Jacob’s primary progeny. But Leah advanced ahead of Rachel with appeals for mercy, i.e., with prayer, and thereby earned the status as firstborn for her firstborn. But because of the modesty that Rachel possessed, the Holy One, Blessed be He, returned the status as firstborn to her. This is why Jacob gave the status as firstborn to Joseph. The Gemara now explains the second part of Rabbi Yonatan’s explanation: And what was a demonstration of the modesty that Rachel possessed? As it is written: “And Jacob told Rachel that he was her father’s brother, and that he was Rebecca’s son” (Genesis 29:12). The Gemara asks: But isn’t he the son of her father’s sister? Why did he say that he was her father’s brother? Rather, Jacob and Rachel had the following exchange: Jacob said to Rachel: Will you marry me? Rachel said to him: Yes, but my father is a deceitful person, and you cannot defeat him. Jacob said to her: What is his method of deceit of which I need be aware? Rachel said to him: I have a sister who is older than me, and he will not marry me off before he marries her off, even if he promises that he will do so. Jacob said to her: I am his brother, i.e., equal, in deceit, and he will not be able to deceive me. That is why Jacob said that he was “her father’s brother.” Rachel said to him: But is it permitted for the righteous to act deceitfully? Jacob answered her: Yes, in certain circumstances. As the verse states concerning God: “With the pure You show Yourself pure; and with the crooked You show Yourself subtle” (II Samuel 22:27). Therefore, to counter Laban’s deceit, Jacob gave Rachel secret signs to prove to him that she was the one marrying him. Laban did in fact attempt to have Jacob marry Leah instead of marrying Rachel. When Laban’s associates were bringing Leah up to the wedding canopy to marry Jacob, Rachel thought: Now my sister will be humiliated when Jacob discovers that she is the one marrying him. Therefore, Rachel gave the signs to Leah. And this is as it is written: “And it came to pass in the morning that, behold, it was Leah” (Genesis 29:25). This verse is difficult, as by inference, should one derive that until now she was not Leah? Rather, through the signs that Jacob gave to Rachel and that she gave to Leah, he did not know it was she until that moment. This is the modesty of Rachel to which Rabbi Yonatan was referring.

ואקברה שם כי ידעתי כי אותו גבול יעלה לחלק בניה, וכבוד הוא לה להיות נקברת בחלק בניה וכן הוא אומר ומצאת שם שני אנשים עם קבורת רחל בגבול בנימין בצלצח. ואם קברתיה במערה אין זה כבודה שהרי היא בחלק יהודה בן לאה. ד״‎א לכך קברה שם יעקב לפי שגנות הוא לאשה יולדת מתה להוליכה למרחוק ולהשהותה פן יהיו דמיה מלכלכים תכריכיה. ולפי שרצה להקבר בארץ כנען הזכיר ליוסף זאת שלא יאשימהו על אמו ולא יהיה עצל בדבר. חז״‎ק על פרש״‎י שהרי קבורתה של רחל בארץ ישראל.

ואקברה שם, “I buried her there,” (where she had died) I knew that the piece of land where I buried her would in the future be still part of the ancestral heritage of Binyamin, and it would be fitting for her to have her last resting place in soil that would be part of her children’s heritage. We find an interesting verse in Samuel 10,2, where Samuel has just crowned the first Jewish King, Shaul, a descendant of Rachel from the tribe of Binyamin, and says to the newly crowned King: “when you leave me this day, you will meet two men near the tomb of Rachel in the territory of Binyamin, at a place called Zeltzah;” Yaakov, added that if he had buried Rachel in the cave of Machpelah, which is in the territory of Yehudah, a son of Leah, this would not have been appropriate, seeing that she and Leah had been rivals during their lifetime. An alternate exegesis of this paragraph, quotes Yaakov as follows: “the reason that I have buried your mother where I did, at the time, was that seeing that she had died in childbirth and having to transport her any distance would most likely have resulted in her blood becoming putrid after having soiled her shroud. Seeing that I wanted to at least bury her in the holy soil of the land of Israel, I buried her where I did, just inside that land.”(Compare Rashi’s commentary on this verse, according to whom Rachel’s tomb was outside the Holy Land.)

ואקברה שם בדרך אפרת. היה מספיק שיאמר הכתוב ואקברה שם שכבר אמר בדרך בעוד כברת ארץ לבוא אפרתה. אבל בא לרמוז מה שדרשו רז"ל שעל פי הדבור קברה שם כדי שתהא עזרה לבניה כשיגלם נבוזראדן, והוא שאמר ירמיה הנביא (ירמיהו ל״א:ט״ו) קול ברמה נשמע נהי בכי תמרורים רחל מבכה על בניה. ומפני זה האריך הכתוב ואקברה שם בדרך אפרת היא בית לחם, כלומר בדרך שיעברו בה בניה, וכל זה היה דרך התנצלות ליוסף שלא יחר לו, אבל כונת יעקב שלא הוליכה שם כי יתבייש מאבותיו אם יקבור שתי אחיות ביחד. כן פי' הרמב"ן ז"ל.

ואקברה שם בדרך אפרת, “and I buried her there on the way to Efrat.” The words “I buried her there” would have sufficed. Why did he add the words: “on the way to Efrat?” We have already seen told that Rachel died only a tract of land away from Efrat, another name for Bethlehem. Yaakov hinted what our sages told us in Bereshit Rabbah 82,10 that Yaakov buried Rachel where he did as he foresaw that in the future Jews going into exile would pass her grave and she would offer prayers on their behalf. This is what the prophet (Jeremiah 31,15) referred to when he wrote: “Thus said the Lord: ‘a voice is heard in Ramah- wailing bitter weeping- Rachel weeping for her children.’” All of these details Yaakov revealed now so that Joseph would not become angry at what might appear an unreasonable request by his father who himself had not shown such concern about Joseph’s mother. This is what Nachmanides wrote on our verse.

וְנִרְאֶה שֶׁבִּשְׁבִיל זֶה תְּפָסוּהוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ, אָמְרוּ בִּבְרֵאשִׁית רַבָּה (בראשית רבה ע"א:ז'), אָמַר לוֹ הקב"ה, כָּךְ עוֹנִין אֶת הַמְּעִיקוֹת, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁבָּנֶיךָ עֲתִידִין לַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי בְּנָהּ.

I, however, have children.

מלמד שהבכיה מכבה גחלי הלב.

ועוד כי החסידות הוא שנכנס לפנים משורת הדין ויש לו דביקות במדה זאת, והחטא הוא שיוצא לגמרי מן היושר, הרי לך כי הם שני הפכים כי הדבק בחסד לא זה שהוא עושה כשורה וכדין רק שנכנס לפנים משורת הדין, והחוטא לא זה שאינו נכנס לעשות לפנים משורת הדין רק שיוצא חוץ מן היושר והדין, ולכך כאשר חטא ויצא מן היושר אם יעשה חסידות ויכנס לפנים משורת הדין דבר זה הפך אשר חטא והוא כפרה לו.