Mitzvotמצוות

Bilaam's Donkey and Animal Cruelty

This topic explores the famous narrative of Bilaam's donkey—which miraculously spoke to rebuke the prophet—through the lens of tzaar baalei chaim, the Torah's prohibition against causing unnecessary suffering to animals. Sources examine both the supernatural dimension of the donkey's speech and the moral and spiritual significance of protecting animals from cruelty.

צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא

7 sources · verified

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What the sources say

The narrative foundation is the pasuk in Bamidbar 22:21–33 itself, where Bilam beats his donkey three times for swerving from the road — not knowing that she is reacting to an angel blocking the way — and the angel then rebukes him, asking why he struck her.

The Kedushat Levi Kedushat Levi, Bamidbar, Balak:10 sharpens the connection to tzar baalei chaim directly: the angel's rebuke was not merely about Bilam's ignorance of the obstruction, but because one who is attuned to divine will ought to pause when his animal behaves unusually — and in any event, beating an animal that is in fact obeying a higher command is the very definition of inflicting unjustified suffering.

The Gemara in Bava Metzia 32b establishes that the prohibition against causing suffering to animals is a Torah-level obligation, derived through halakhic reasoning — making Bilam's repeated beatings not merely cruel in character but a violation in principle of that Torah law.

The Gemara in Sanhedrin 105b adds a further irony: Bilam boasted of knowing "the knowledge of the Most High," yet he did not even know the basic facts of his own donkey's history and service to him — underscoring that his failure was not only one of cruelty but of the very self-knowledge that tzar baalei chaim requires.

Chazal in Pirkei Avot 5:6 frame the donkey's speaking mouth as one of ten wonders created at twilight before the first Shabbat, signaling that the episode was woven into the fabric of creation itself — not an ad hoc miracle but a pre-ordained rebuke to a man who failed the most basic obligation toward a creature in his care.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Bilam and the Donkey (Bamidbar)

Numbers 22:21-33:3

The Torah's primary narrative: Bilam's donkey sees the angel of God blocking the path and stops three times, is beaten each time, and then miraculously speaks — asking Bilam why he has struck her, noting she has faithfully served him her whole life. The passage emphasizes the donkey's suffering and loyalty.

וַתֵּ֣רֶא הָאָתוֹן֩ אֶת־מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֜ה נִצָּ֣ב בַּדֶּ֗רֶךְ וְחַרְבּ֤וֹ שְׁלוּפָה֙ בְּיָד֔וֹ וַתֵּ֤ט הָֽאָתוֹן֙ מִן־הַדֶּ֔רֶךְ וַתֵּ֖לֶךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה וַיַּ֤ךְ בִּלְעָם֙ אֶת־הָ֣אָת֔וֹן לְהַטֹּתָ֖הּ הַדָּֽרֶךְ׃ וַתֵּ֨רֶא הָאָת֜וֹן אֶת־מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהֹוָ֗ה וַתִּלָּחֵץ֙ אֶל־הַקִּ֔יר וַתִּלְחַ֛ץ אֶת־רֶ֥גֶל בִּלְעָ֖ם אֶל־הַקִּ֑יר וַיֹּ֖סֶף לְהַכֹּתָֽהּ׃ וַתֵּ֤רֶא הָֽאָתוֹן֙ אֶת־מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהֹוָ֔ה וַתִּרְבַּ֖ץ תַּ֣חַת בִּלְעָ֑ם וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף בִּלְעָ֔ם וַיַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הָאָת֖וֹן בַּמַּקֵּֽל׃ וַיִּפְתַּ֥ח יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶת־פִּ֣י הָאָת֑וֹן וַתֹּ֤אמֶר לְבִלְעָם֙ מֶה־עָשִׂ֣יתִֽי לְךָ֔ כִּ֣י הִכִּיתַ֔נִי זֶ֖ה שָׁלֹ֥שׁ רְגָלִֽים׃ וַיֹּ֤אמֶר בִּלְעָם֙ לָֽאָת֔וֹן כִּ֥י הִתְעַלַּ֖לְתְּ בִּ֑י ל֤וּ יֶשׁ־חֶ֙רֶב֙ בְּיָדִ֔י כִּ֥י עַתָּ֖ה הֲרַגְתִּֽיךְ׃ וַתֹּ֨אמֶר הָאָת֜וֹן אֶל־בִּלְעָ֗ם הֲלוֹא֩ אָנֹכִ֨י אֲתֹֽנְךָ֜ אֲשֶׁר־רָכַ֣בְתָּ עָלַ֗י מֵעֽוֹדְךָ֙ עַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה הַֽהַסְכֵּ֣ן הִסְכַּ֔נְתִּי לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת לְךָ֖ כֹּ֑ה וַיֹּ֖אמֶר לֹֽא׃ וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָיו֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהֹוָ֔ה עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔ זֶ֖ה שָׁל֣וֹשׁ רְגָלִ֑ים הִנֵּ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ יָצָ֣אתִי לְשָׂטָ֔ן כִּֽי־יָרַ֥ט הַדֶּ֖רֶךְ לְנֶגְדִּֽי׃ וַתִּרְאַ֙נִי֙ הָֽאָת֔וֹן וַתֵּ֣ט לְפָנַ֔י זֶ֖ה שָׁלֹ֣שׁ רְגָלִ֑ים אוּלַי֙ נָטְתָ֣ה מִפָּנַ֔י כִּ֥י עַתָּ֛ה גַּם־אֹתְכָ֥ה הָרַ֖גְתִּי וְאוֹתָ֥הּ הֶחֱיֵֽיתִי׃

when the jenny caught sight of the angel of GOD standing in the way, with his drawn sword in his hand. The jenny swerved from the road and went into the fields; and Balaam beat the jenny to turn her back onto the road. The jenny, seeing the angel of GOD, pressed herself against the wall and squeezed Balaam’s foot against the wall; so he beat her again. When the jenny now saw the angel of GOD, she lay down under Balaam; and Balaam was furious and beat the jenny with his stick. Then GOD opened the jenny’s mouth, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you that you have beaten me these three times?” Balaam said to the jenny, “You have made a mockery of me! If I had a sword with me, I’d kill you.” The jenny said to Balaam, “Look, I am the jenny that you have been riding all along until this day! Have I been in the habit of doing thus to you?” And he answered, “No.” The angel of GOD said to him, “Why have you beaten your jenny these three times? It is I who came out as an adversary, for the errand is obnoxious to me. And when the jenny saw me, she shied away because of me those three times. If she had not shied away from me, you are the one I should have killed, while sparing her.”

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Pirkei Avot — The Donkey's Mouth as a Pre-Creation Wonder

Pirkei Avot 5:6

Lists the mouth of Bilam's donkey (pi ha'aton) among the ten miraculous things created on the eve of the first Shabbat at twilight, indicating the Sages viewed the animal's speech as a supernatural exception woven into creation — not a violation of natural order.

עֲשָׂרָה דְבָרִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, פִּי הָאָרֶץ, וּפִי הַבְּאֵר, וּפִי הָאָתוֹן, וְהַקֶּשֶׁת, וְהַמָּן, וְהַמַּטֶּה, וְהַשָּׁמִיר, וְהַכְּתָב, וְהַמִּכְתָּב, וְהַלּוּחוֹת.

Ten things were created on the eve of the Sabbath at twilight, and these are they: [1] the mouth of the earth, [2] the mouth of the well, [3] the mouth of the donkey, [4] the rainbow, [5] the manna, [6] the staff [of Moses], [7] the shamir, [8] the letters, [9] the writing, [10] and the tablets.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Bava Metzia — Tzaar Baalei Chaim from the Torah

Bava Metzia 32b:1

The Talmud derives the prohibition of causing needless suffering to animals (tzaar baalei chaim) as a Torah-level obligation, citing the commandments to unload a burdened animal and to not plow with an ox and donkey together. The donkey is a central example.

מִדִּבְרֵי שְׁנֵיהֶם נִלְמַד צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא. וַאֲפִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן לָא קָאָמַר, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא מְסַיְּימִי קְרָאֵי. אֲבָל מְסַיְּימִי קְרָאֵי דָּרְשִׁינַן קַל וָחוֹמֶר, מִשּׁוּם מַאי? לָאו מִשּׁוּם צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים דָּרְשִׁינַן? תֵּדַע דְּצַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא, דְּקָתָנֵי סֵיפָא: רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר: אִם הָיָה עָלָיו יָתֵר [עַל] מַשָּׂאוֹ – אֵין זָקוּק לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״תַּחַת מַשָּׂאוֹ״, מַשּׂאוֹי שֶׁיָּכוֹל לַעֲמוֹד בּוֹ. לָאו מִכְּלָל דְּתַנָּא קַמָּא סָבַר זָקוּק לוֹ? מַאי טַעְמָא? לָאו מִשּׁוּם דְּצַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא?

From the statements of both of these tanna’im it can be learned that the requirement to prevent suffering to animals is by Torah law. As even Rabbi Shimon says that he disagreed with the opinion of the Rabbis only because the verses are not clearly defined; but had the verses been clearly defined, we would have learned the same a fortiori inference. Due to what factor can that inference be learned? What, is it not due to the matter of suffering of animals, which is a factor in unloading and not a factor in loading, that we would have learned the a fortiori inference? The Gemara cites an additional proof: Know that the requirement to prevent suffering to animals is by Torah law, as it is taught in the latter clause of the mishna: Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says: If there was a burden upon the animal greater than its typical burden, one need not attend to it, as it is stated: “Under its burden” (Exodus 23:5). Rabbi Yosei holds that the obligation to unload an animal is with regard to a burden that the animal can bear; does this not indicate by inference that the first tanna holds that he must attend to it to unload a burden that is greater than its typical burden? What is the reason for this ruling; is it not due to the fact that the requirement to prevent suffering to animals is by Torah law?

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Sanhedrin — Bilam and His Donkey

Sanhedrin 105b:2

The Talmud discusses Bilam's donkey in the context of his wickedness, noting that God opened the donkey's mouth to rebuke Bilam. The gemara also explores why God used the donkey as His instrument, highlighting the irony of a prophet being rebuked by his own beast.

״וְיֹדֵעַ דַּעַת עֶלְיוֹן״. הַשְׁתָּא דַּעַת בְּהֶמְתּוֹ לָא הֲוָה יָדַע, דַּעַת עֶלְיוֹן הֲוָה יָדַע? מַאי דַּעַת בְּהֶמְתּוֹ? דְּאָמְרִי לֵיהּ: מַאי טַעְמָא לָא רָכְבַתְּ סוּסְיָא? אֲמַר לְהוּ: שְׁדַאי לֵהּוֹ בִּרְטִיבָא. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: ״הֲלֹא אָנֹכִי אֲתֹנְךָ״! לִטְעִינָא בְּעָלְמָא. ״אֲשֶׁר רָכַבְתָּ עָלַי״! אַקְרַאי בְּעָלְמָא. ״מֵעוֹדְךָ עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה״! וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֲנִי עוֹשָׂה [לְךָ] מַעֲשֵׂה אִישׁוּת בַּלַּיְלָה. כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״הַהַסְכֵּן הִסְכַּנְתִּי״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״וַתְּהִי לוֹ סֹכֶנֶת״.

§ Balaam describes himself: “And he knows the knowledge of the Most High” (Numbers 24:16), and the Gemara asks: Now, if the knowledge of his animal he did not know, is it possible that the knowledge of the Most High he knew? The Gemara explains: What is the meaning of the knowledge of his animal? The princes accompanying him said to him: What is the reason that you did not ride horses? Balaam said to them: I brought the horses to graze in the pasture and rest there. The donkey said to him: “Am I not your donkey” (Numbers 22:30)? Balaam said to the donkey: Merely for burdens, not for riding. The donkey said to him: “Upon which you have ridden” (Numbers 22:30). Balaam said to the donkey: That was mere happenstance and is not a regular occurrence. The donkey said to him: “Your whole life until this day” (Numbers 22:30). The donkey continued: Moreover, I perform a conjugal act for you and we engage in bestiality at night. From where is this derived? It is written here: “Was I ever wont [hahasken hiskanti] to do so to you” (Numbers 22:30)? And it is written there with regard to Abishag the Shunammite: “And let her be a companion [sokhenet] to him” (I Kings 1:2). Just as the root samekh, kaf, nun indicates sexual relations in the case of Abishag, the same is true with regard to the donkey. Balaam was unable to best his donkey in a debate.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Moreh Nevuchim — Rationale for Animal Welfare Laws

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3.48:10

Rambam explains that laws such as sending away the mother bird and not slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day exist because animals feel pain, and the Torah prohibits causing unnecessary anguish even to beasts. This provides the philosophical grounding for tzaar baalei chaim.

7 אותו ואת בנו) וכן נאסר לשחוט אותו ואת בנו ביום אחד, כסייג והרחקה שמא יישחט מבין שניהם הבן אל מול האם, כי זהו צער גדול מאוד לבעל החיים. משום שאין הבדל בין צער האדם מכך לצער שאר בעלי החיים; כי אהבת האם וחמלתה על בנה אינה נובעת מן ההיגיון אלא מפעולת הכוח המדמה, המצוי ברוב בעלי החיים כפי שהוא מצוי בבני האדם. פרטי המצווה) דין זה מיוחד בשור ושה משום שהם אלה שמותר לנו לאוכלם מבין בעלי החיים המבויתים שרגילים לאוכלם בדרך כלל, והם אלה שהאם מכירה בהם מי הבן. ואם התורה מתחשבת בייסורים הנפשיים האלה בבהמות ובעופות, על אחת כמה וכמה לגבי פרטי מין האדם בכללותו. אל תקשה עלי מאמירתם (של חכמינו) ז"ל: "האומר: 'על קן צפור יגיעו רחמיך' [...משתקין אותו]" (משנה ברכות ה,ג). כי זוהי אחת משתי הדעות שהזכרנו (ג,כו1), כוונתי לדעתו של מי שסבור שאין לתורה טעם אלא רצון גרידא, ואילו אנחנו הלכנו דווקא אחרי הדעה השנייה.

It is also prohibited to kill an animal with its young on the same day (Lev. 22:28), in order that people should be restrained and prevented from killing the two together in such a manner that the young is slain in the sight of the mother; for the pain of the animals under such circumstances is very great. There is no difference in this case between the pain of man and the pain of other living beings, since the love and tenderness of the mother for her young ones is not produced by reasoning, but by imagination, and this faculty exists not only in man but in most living beings. This law applies only to ox and lamb, because of the domestic animals used as food these alone are permitted to us, and in these cases the mother recognises her young. If the Law provides that such grief should not be caused to cattle or birds, how much more careful must we be that we should not cause grief to our fellowmen. When in the Talmud (Ber. p. 33b) those are blamed who use in their prayer the phrase, “Thy mercy extendeth to young birds,” it is the expression of the one of the two opinions mentioned by us, namely, that the precepts of the Law have no other reason but the Divine will. We follow the other opinion.

Source 6 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi — Bilam's Donkey and the Revelation of Hidden Truth

Kedushat Levi, Numbers, Balak:10

The Kedushat Levi explains that the donkey's ability to see the angel before Bilam reflects a spiritual principle: one who pursues evil blinds himself to divine reality, while even a humble animal can perceive the truth. The donkey's suffering at Bilam's hands underscores the cruelty of the wicked.

ויאמר אליו מלאך ה' על מה הכית את אתונך כו'. יש להבין למה חרה להמלאך שהכה האתון כל עוד שלא ראה המלאך יש להכות בהמתו שתלך בדרך הישר. ונראה, דחרי אף המלאך היה כיון דהשם יתברך צוה לו לך עם האנשים ואך את הדבר אשר אדבר אליך אותו תעשה, גילה לו השם יתברך שישמור כפי שיצוהו ומי שעושה רצון קונו כשיראה איזה דבר תימה מתבונן שבזה מצוה לו השם יתברך איך יעשה. ואם עושה דבר ובפתע פתאום נולד בדבר דבר תימה וחידוש מתבונן שבוודאי רצון השם יתברך שלא לעשות הדבר הזה ואם כן בלעם שראה דבר תימה וחידוש שרבץ האתון תחתיו מה שלא עשה לו עד כה כמבואר בפסוק ההסכן כו', מהראוי לו להתבונן שרצון השם יתברך שישוב ולא ילך ומה שהשם יתברך צוה לו לילך היה באופן כמו שאמר לו ואך את הדבר הזה אשר אדבר כו', כפי שיראה בעין שכלו האיך רצון השם יתברך כן יעשה, אם כן היה לו לשום על לב ולא להכות ובמה שהכה גילה בלעם עוצם רשעתו גם שרצון השם יתברך שלא ילך אף על פי כן הולך הוא ומכה בחרון אפו האתון על שמעכבו בדרך לילך לזה חרה אף המלאך עליו ואמר לו על מה הכית כו':

Numbers 22,32 “the angel of the Lord said to Bileam: ‎‎‘why did you strike your she-ass three times?’” We have ‎to examine why it bothered the angel that Bileam struck his ass? ‎As long as he had not been aware that the angel had blocked the ‎path, why does an owner of a domestic animal not have the right ‎to discipline it when it does not obey its master’s instructions?‎ We must assume that when G’d instructed the angel to act as ‎hindrance to Bileam, He had told the angel under what conditions ‎Bileam had been allowed to accompany Balak’s emissaries, i.e. that ‎he was restricted to do and speak only words that G’d would put ‎in his mouth. (verse 20) The angel’s task was to check if Bileam ‎conformed with the conditions G’d had stipulated for his journey. ‎When someone sets out on an errant in order to perform a ‎command of G’d and he encounters unforeseen difficulties, he ‎must examine the reason for this. If he cannot find a reasonable ‎explanation for the obstacles, he should conclude that G’d may no ‎longer wish for him to pursue that errant and return home. ‎When the angel became aware that in spite of three such covert ‎warnings Bileam had chosen to press on with his mission, he ‎recognized that this was due to Bileam’s evil intentions, and he ‎became angry, challenging him and telling him that he had ‎actually already forfeited his life by his conduct. Bileam’s stature ‎as a prophet, and his boast of being familiar with G’d’s ways, ‎‎(Numbers 24,4) should certainly have alerted him that the ass’s ‎strange behaviour was a warning from G’d for his own benefit, to ‎desist from this enterprise. The angel therefore was completely ‎justified in asking Bileam why he had struck his ass three times.‎

Source 7 · Modern
Verified

Rav Hirsch, Horeb — Tzaar Baalei Chaim as a Religious Duty

Horeb 57

Rav Samson Raphael Hirsch discusses tzaar baalei chaim at length, arguing that the Torah's insistence on preventing animal suffering is not merely ethical but rooted in the idea that cruelty to animals corrupts the human soul. He connects the donkey narrative to the broader theme of moral accountability.

חרפה היא לו, בוז לו לאיש אשר תהפוכות וזר מעשהו, לעשות את האמצעי לתכלית ואת התכלית לאמצעי, לחשוב את הגבוה לשפל ואת השפל לגבוה, האיש, אשר למען הרבות רכושו, למען הבטיח את אומנתו, למען ירכוש לו כבוד אנשים, למען יבנה לו בדמיונו את הצלחתו ואשרו כמו רמים, או למלאות ספקו בתאוה וחמדה־ יעבור אף על אחת ממצות ה׳.