Tanakhתנ״ך

Tola ben Puah: Judge of Israel

Tola ben Puah was a judge from the tribe of Issachar who led Israel for 23 years following Avimelech's reign. Medieval and classical Jewish sources examine his role as a peaceful judge, his lineage, and his significance as a leader who restored stability after a period of chaos.

וַיָּקׇם אַחֲרֵי אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לְהוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Judges – Tola ben Puah

Judges 10:1-2

Tola ben Puah, of the tribe of Issachar, rose to judge Israel after Avimelech. He judged Israel for 23 years and died, being buried in Shamir.

וַיָּ֩קׇם֩ אַחֲרֵ֨י אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ לְהוֹשִׁ֣יעַ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל תּוֹלָ֧ע בֶּן־פּוּאָ֛ה בֶּן־דּוֹד֖וֹ אִ֣ישׁ יִשָּׂשכָ֑ר וְהוּא־יֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּשָׁמִ֖יר בְּהַ֥ר אֶפְרָֽיִם׃ וַיִּשְׁפֹּט֙ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל עֶשְׂרִ֥ים וְשָׁלֹ֖שׁ שָׁנָ֑ה וַיָּ֖מׇת וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּשָׁמִֽיר׃ {פ}

After Abimelech, Tola son of Puah son of Dodo, of Issachar, arose to deliver Israel. He lived at Shamir in the hill country of Ephraim. He led Israel for twenty-three years; then he died and was buried at Shamir.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Seder Olam Rabbah – Chronology of the Judges

Seder Olam Rabbah 12

Rabbi Yose ben Halafta places Tola ben Puah in the precise chronological sequence of the judges, calculating his 23-year reign within the overall timeline of the period of the Judges.

שלמון היה מבאי הארץ, ומת אחר יהושע, וגם כל הדור ההוא, ואלימלך אחיו של שלמון היה, אחריו דבורה וברק בן אבינעם ארבעים שנה, צא מהן שני שעבוד ליבין וסיסרא כ' שנים, ויעשו בני ישראל הרע בעיני ה' (וימכרם) [ויתנם] ה' ביד מדין שבע שנים (שם ו א), וארבעים שנה של גדעון ושבע שני מדין לא עלו מתוכן, וישר אבימלך על ישראל וגו' (שם ט כב), ויקם אחרי אבימלך וגו', וישפט את ישראל עשרים ושלש שנה (שם י)

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Rosh Hashanah – Worthy Judges

Rosh Hashanah 25a

The Talmud uses Tola (among others) as an example that even an unimpressive judge appointed in his generation must be obeyed — 'Jephthah in his generation is like Samuel in his generation.'

וְאוֹמֵר: ״וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל הָעָם ה׳ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אֶת מֹשֶׁה וְאֶת אַהֲרֹן״. וְאוֹמֵר: ״וַיִּשְׁלַח ה׳ אֶת יְרוּבַּעַל וְאֶת בְּדָן וְאֶת יִפְתָּח וְאֶת שְׁמוּאֵל״. ״יְרוּבַּעַל״ — זֶה גִּדְעוֹן, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יְרוּבַּעַל — שֶׁעָשָׂה מְרִיבָה עִם הַבַּעַל. ״בְּדָן״ — זֶה שִׁמְשׁוֹן, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ בְּדָן — דְּאָתֵי מִדָּן. יִפְתָּח — כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ.

And similarly it says: “And Samuel said to the people: It is the Lord Who made Moses and Aaron” (I Samuel 12:6). And it says further: “And the Lord sent Jerubaal and Bedan and Jephthah and Samuel” (I Samuel 12:11). The Gemara explains: Jerubaal, this is Gideon. And why is he called Jerubaal? The reason is that he waged a quarrel against Baal. Bedan, this is Samson. And why is he called Bedan? As he came from the tribe of Dan. Jephthah, in accordance with its regular meaning, i.e., this is referring to Jephthah himself and is not a nickname.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Ralbag – Lessons from the Judges

Ralbag Ruth, Benefits 1

Ralbag, in his characteristic method of drawing moral and philosophical lessons (to'alot), reflects on judges like Tola as examples of leaders who devote themselves to the people without seeking glory or war.

הנה זה הוא מה שראינו לבארו בזאת המגלה. ואולם התועלת המגיע מהנה:

Here is what we sought to explain in this scroll. However, the benefit derived from it:

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Abarbanel on Judges – Tola the Minor Judge

Abarbanel on Judges 10:1

Abarbanel discusses why Tola is called a 'minor judge' — not because of lesser stature, but because the text provides minimal detail; he argues Tola's peaceful reign was itself a sign of success and divine favor.

ויקם אחרי אבימלך להושיע את ישראל וגומר. זכר שאחרי מות אבימלך קם אחריו תולע בן דודו של אבימלך למטה יששכר, וכן תרגם יונתן בר אחי אבוהי, או הוא שמו, (ב) ושפט את ישראל עשרים ושלש שנה, (ג) וקם אחריו יאיר הגלעדי וישפוט עשרים ושנים שנה, קרוב לימי תולע בן פואה:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Radak on Judges – Tola's Role

Radak on Judges 10:1

Rabbi David Kimchi (Radak) explains that Tola 'arose to save Israel' implies he saved them from subjugation or internal moral decline following Avimelech, and notes the significance of his residing in Shamir in the hills of Ephraim despite being from Issachar.

תולע בן פואה בן דודו איש יששכר. כך שמו וכן במקצת נסחאות כתרגומו בר דודו ובמקצת הנוסחאות בר אח אבוהי ואם כן הוא ירצה לומר בן דוד אבימלך:

Source 7 · Rishonim
External

Chizkuni on Judges – Tola's Identity

Chizkuni, Judges 10:1

Chizkuni explains the unusual mention of Tola's father (Puah) and grandfather (Dodo) and his tribal affiliation with Issachar, connecting him to the Tola listed among the sons of Issachar in Genesis.

Source 8 · Modern
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Malbim on Judges – Tola ben Puah

Malbim on Judges 10:1

The Malbim explains the phrase 'vayakam achar Avimelech' — that Tola arose specifically in response to the chaos left by Avimelech, and that his lineage (Issachar) is cited because Issachar was the tribe associated with Torah wisdom and judicial discernment.

בן דודו. כך שמו. ורד"ק כתב שיש מפרשים בן דודו של אבימלך בן אחי אביו עיי"ש. ואיך היה איש יששכר?!

Ben Dodo. That was his name. Radak writes that some explain it to mean “the son of his uncle,” that is, Abimelech’s cousin, the son of his father’s brother — see there. And how, then, was he a man of Issachar?!