Machshavaמחשבה

Eilu V'Eilu: Multiple Truths in Torah

This search explores the famous Talmudic principle that competing halakhic positions can all be divine truth, examining how Jewish tradition understands the coexistence of legitimate disagreements among sages and the theological foundations for honoring minority opinions.

אֶלּוּ וָאֶלּוּ דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים

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Source 1 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Gittin 6b

Gittin 6b

A second occurrence of the phrase 'eilu v'eilu divrei Elohim chayyim' appears here in the context of a dispute, reinforcing that halakhic disagreements between sages can both express divine truth.

וְאַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ רַבִּי אֶבְיָתָר לְאֵלִיָּהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי קָא עָבֵיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עָסֵיק בְּפִילֶגֶשׁ בַּגִּבְעָה. וּמַאי קָאָמַר? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֶבְיָתָר בְּנִי כָּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר, יוֹנָתָן בְּנִי כָּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, וּמִי אִיכָּא סְפֵיקָא קַמֵּי שְׁמַיָּא?! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים הֵן – זְבוּב מָצָא וְלֹא הִקְפִּיד, נִימָא מָצָא וְהִקְפִּיד.

And Rabbi Evyatar found Elijah the prophet and said to him: What is the Holy One, Blessed be He, doing now? Elijah said to him: He is currently engaged in studying the episode of the concubine in Gibeah. Rabbi Evyatar asked him: And what is He saying about it? Elijah said to him that God is saying the following: Evyatar, My son, says this and Yonatan, My son, says that. It is seen here that God saw fit to cite the statement of Rabbi Evyatar. Rabbi Evyatar said to him: God forbid, is there uncertainty before Heaven? Doesn’t God know what happened? Why does He mention both opinions? Elijah said to him: Both these and those are the words of the living God, i.e., both incidents happened. The incident occurred in the following manner: He found a fly in his food and did not take umbrage, and later he found a hair and took umbrage.

Why it matters — Second Talmudic source using the exact phrase, broadening the principle beyond Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Mishnah Eduyot 1:5-6

Mishnah Eduyot 1:5-6

The Mishnah asks why minority opinions are recorded alongside the majority ruling, and answers that if a later court wishes to rely on a minority view it may do so — thus preserving all positions for future generations.

וְלָמָּה מַזְכִּירִין דִּבְרֵי הַיָּחִיד בֵּין הַמְרֻבִּין, הוֹאִיל וְאֵין הֲלָכָה אֶלָּא כְדִבְרֵי הַמְרֻבִּין. שֶׁאִם יִרְאֶה בֵית דִּין אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַיָּחִיד וְיִסְמֹךְ עָלָיו, שֶׁאֵין בֵּית דִּין יָכוֹל לְבַטֵּל דִּבְרֵי בֵית דִּין חֲבֵרוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה גָדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְחָכְמָה וּבְמִנְיָן. הָיָה גָדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְחָכְמָה אֲבָל לֹא בְמִנְיָן, בְּמִנְיָן אֲבָל לֹא בְחָכְמָה, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְבַטֵּל דְּבָרָיו, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה גָדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְחָכְמָה וּבְמִנְיָן: אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, אִם כֵּן לָמָּה מַזְכִּירִין דִּבְרֵי הַיָּחִיד בֵּין הַמְרֻבִּין לְבַטָּלָה. שֶׁאִם יֹאמַר הָאָדָם כָּךְ אֲנִי מְקֻבָּל, יֵאָמֵר לוֹ, כְּדִבְרֵי אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי שָׁמָעְתָּ:

And why do they record the opinion of a single person among the many, when the halakhah must be according to the opinion of the many? So that if a court prefers the opinion of the single person it may depend on him. For no court may set aside the decision of another court unless it is greater than it in wisdom and in number. If it was greater than it in wisdom but not in number, in number but not in wisdom, it may not set aside its decision, unless it is greater than it in wisdom and in number. Rabbi Judah said: “If so, why do they record the opinion of a single person among the many to set it aside? So that if a man shall say, ‘Thus have I received the tradition’, it may be said to him, ‘According to the [refuted] opinion of that individual did you hear it.’”

Why it matters — Provides the institutional rationale within Chazal for preserving dissenting views, the practical corollary of 'eilu v'eilu.'

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Eruvin 13b

Eruvin 13b

The Talmud records the famous declaration that both Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel are 'words of the living God' (eilu v'eilu divrei Elohim chayyim), yet the halakha follows Beit Hillel because they were humble and would teach Beit Shammai's opinions alongside their own.

אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים נֶחְלְקוּ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי וּבֵית הִלֵּל, הַלָּלוּ אוֹמְרִים: הֲלָכָה כְּמוֹתֵנוּ, וְהַלָּלוּ אוֹמְרִים: הֲלָכָה כְּמוֹתֵנוּ. יָצְאָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה: אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים הֵן, וַהֲלָכָה כְּבֵית הִלֵּל. וְכִי מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים, מִפְּנֵי מָה זָכוּ בֵּית הִלֵּל לִקְבּוֹעַ הֲלָכָה כְּמוֹתָן? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנּוֹחִין וַעֲלוּבִין הָיוּ, וְשׁוֹנִין דִּבְרֵיהֶן וְדִבְרֵי בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּקְדִּימִין דִּבְרֵי בֵּית שַׁמַּאי לְדִבְרֵיהֶן.

Rabbi Abba said that Shmuel said: For three years Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel disagreed. These said: The halakha is in accordance with our opinion, and these said: The halakha is in accordance with our opinion. Ultimately, a Divine Voice emerged and proclaimed: Both these and those are the words of the living God. However, the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel. The Gemara asks: Since both these and those are the words of the living God, why were Beit Hillel privileged to have the halakha established in accordance with their opinion? The reason is that they were agreeable and forbearing, showing restraint when affronted, and when they taught the halakha they would teach both their own statements and the statements of Beit Shammai. Moreover, when they formulated their teachings and cited a dispute, they prioritized the statements of Beit Shammai to their own statements, in deference to Beit Shammai.

Why it matters — This is the primary locus of the phrase 'eilu v'eilu divrei Elohim chayyim' and the central sugya for the concept.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin 34a

Sanhedrin 34a

The Talmud expounds Jeremiah 23:29 — 'like a hammer that shatters rock' — to teach that a single Torah verse can yield many valid interpretations (shivim panim laTorah), providing the hermeneutical foundation for the coexistence of multiple legitimate rulings.

מְנָהָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: דְּאָמַר קְרָא ״אַחַת דִּבֶּר אֱלֹהִים שְׁתַּיִם זוּ שָׁמָעְתִּי כִּי עֹז לֵאלֹהִים״. מִקְרָא אֶחָד יוֹצֵא לְכַמָּה טְעָמִים, וְאֵין טַעַם אֶחָד יוֹצֵא מִכַּמָּה מִקְרָאוֹת. דְּבֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תָּנָא: ״וּכְפַטִּישׁ יְפֹצֵץ סָלַע״ – מָה פַּטִּישׁ זֶה מִתְחַלֵּק לְכַמָּה נִיצוֹצוֹת, אַף מִקְרָא אֶחָד יוֹצֵא לְכַמָּה טְעָמִים.

§ The Gemara discusses the ruling of Rabbi Yoḥanan: From where is this matter derived? Abaye says: As the verse states: “God has spoken once, twice I have heard this; that strength belongs to God” (Psalms 62:12). Abaye explains: One verse is stated by God and from it emerge several explanations, but one explanation does not emerge from several verses. Alternatively, the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught that the verse states: “Is not My word like as fire? says the Lord; and like a hammer that breaks the rock in pieces” (Jeremiah 23:29). Just as this hammer breaks a stone into several fragments, so too, one verse is stated by God and from it emerge several explanations.

Why it matters — Supplies the Talmudic proof that Torah is inherently multi-valent, directly supporting the principle of 'eilu v'eilu divrei Elohim chayyim.'

Source 5 · Acharonim
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Maharal, Tiferet Yisrael — Introduction

Tiferet Yisrael, Introduction to Tiferet Yisrael

The Maharal discusses the nature of Torah as a unified divine wisdom that transcends the limitations of finite human understanding, so that apparent contradictions among sages reflect different valid perspectives on one infinite truth.

ודבר זה פירשו במדרש (שיהש"ר ב, ד), "הביאני אל בית היין ודגלו עלי אהבה" (שיה"ש ב, ד), רבי יונה אמר, שני חברים העוסקים בהלכה, זה אומר בית אב של הלכה, וזה אינו אומר בית אב של הלכה, אומר הקב"ה "ודגלו עלי אהבה". אמר רב אחא, עם הארץ שקורא לאהבה איבה, כגון "ואהבת" (דברים ו, ה) 'ואיבת', אמר הקב"ה "ודגלו עלי אהבה", עד כאן. פירוש 'בית אב של הלכה', שרש הלכה וטעמה.

Why it matters — Extends the Maharal's metaphysical framework for 'eilu v'eilu' to the nature of Torah as divine and beyond singular human formulation.

Source 6 · Acharonim
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Maharal, Netivot Olam — Netiv HaTorah, Chapter 1

Netivot Olam, Netiv Hatorah 1:1

The Maharal explains that Torah study is uniquely connected to the divine intellect; unlike human wisdom, Torah has no fixed exhaustible content, so sages who arrive at opposite conclusions are each genuinely accessing divine truth from different angles.

שלמה המלך עליו השלום רצה להזהיר את האדם על התורה, ואמר כאשר נתן התורה אל האדם, אמר השם יתברך אל האדם "יתמוך דברי לבך", כלומר התורה, שהיא דברי השם יתברך, יתמוך לבך. כי דברי תורה תומכים ומאשרים כל העולם כולו, ואיך לא יהיו מאשרים ותומכים את האדם עצמו, שהוא עוסק בתורה, והיא עם האדם.

Why it matters — Develops the Maharal's theology of Torah as divine and infinite, providing the conceptual basis for the legitimacy of halakhic plurality.

Source 7 · Hasidic
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Maggid Devarav LeYaakov (The Maggid of Mezeritch)

Maggid Devarav leYaakov 1

The Maggid of Mezeritch teaches that Torah originates from the infinite divine light (Ein Sof) and descends through multiple contractions, so the diversity of halakhic opinions reflects different channels through which the one divine source flows into the world.

ולמה גילה להם מעשה בראשית מפני שאמרו נעשה ונשמע ע"ד שארז"ל ישראל עלו במחשבה קדימת הרצון היה בשביל שיהיו ישראל צדיקים בכל דור ודור צמצם הש"י כביכול את בהירותו כדמיון אב המצמצם את שכלו ומדבר דברי קטנות בשביל בנו הקטן. וגם כל מדות מעשה נערות נולדים בהאב שאוהב את מעשה נערות כדי שיהיה להבן תענוג ומפואר אצלו ובהקב"ה העבר והעתיד הם שוים אצלו והיה הקב"ה מתענג ממעשה הצדיקים וצמצם את עצמו צמצם נקרא חכמה כי החכמה הוא מאין תמצא ע"ד החכמה מאין תמצא והצמצום היה בשביל ישראל וגם האהבה גרמה את הצמצום.

Because they said, "We will do and we will hear." According to our Sages, Israel ascended in thought before the will, in order that Israel should be righteous in every generation. The Almighty metaphorically contracted His clarity as a father who contracts his intelligence and speaks small matters for his small son. Also, all the attributes of action are born from the love of actions so that there will be pleasure and glory for him.

Why it matters — Hasidic-kabbalistic framework explaining 'eilu v'eilu' as the inevitable pluralism that emerges when infinite divine wisdom enters finite human discourse.