Halachaהלכה

Copyright and Intellectual Property in Halacha

These sources examine how Jewish law protects authors and creators from unauthorized reproduction of their work. Drawing on prohibitions against theft, indirect financial harm, and unfair competition (hasagat gvul), halakhic authorities establish a framework for recognizing intellectual property rights and preventing economic loss to original creators.

לֹא תִגְנֹ֑בוּ וְלֹא־תְכַחֲשׁ֥וּ וְלֹֽא־תְשַׁקְּר֖וּ

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Devarim – Honest Measures

Deuteronomy 25:13-16

The Torah prohibits having two different weights or measures, requiring full honesty in commerce. This passage forms a biblical basis for fair dealings and protection against misappropriation of another's property or work.

לֹֽא־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְךָ֛ בְּכִֽיסְךָ֖ אֶ֣בֶן וָאָ֑בֶן גְּדוֹלָ֖ה וּקְטַנָּֽה׃ לֹא־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְךָ֛ בְּבֵיתְךָ֖ אֵיפָ֣ה וְאֵיפָ֑ה גְּדוֹלָ֖ה וּקְטַנָּֽה׃ אֶ֣בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֤ה וָצֶ֙דֶק֙ יִֽהְיֶה־לָּ֔ךְ אֵיפָ֧ה שְׁלֵמָ֛ה וָצֶ֖דֶק יִֽהְיֶה־לָּ֑ךְ לְמַ֙עַן֙ יַאֲרִ֣יכוּ יָמֶ֔יךָ עַ֚ל הָֽאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃ כִּ֧י תוֹעֲבַ֛ת יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ כׇּל־עֹ֣שֵׂה אֵ֑לֶּה כֹּ֖ל עֹ֥שֵׂה עָֽוֶל׃ {פ}

You shall not have in your pouch alternate weights, larger and smaller. You shall not have in your house alternate measures, a larger and a smaller. You must have completely honest weights and completely honest measures, if you are to endure long on the soil that the ETERNAL your God is giving you. For everyone who does those things, everyone who deals dishonestly, is abhorrent to the ETERNAL your God.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Vayikra – Thou Shalt Not Steal

Leviticus 19:11

The verse 'Do not steal, do not deceive, do not lie to one another' is interpreted broadly by rabbinic authorities to include stealing intangible property, and has been invoked in discussions of intellectual property theft.

לֹ֖א תִּגְנֹ֑בוּ וְלֹא־תְכַחֲשׁ֥וּ וְלֹֽא־תְשַׁקְּר֖וּ אִ֥ישׁ בַּעֲמִיתֽוֹ׃

You shall not steal; you shall not deal deceitfully or falsely with one another.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – Bava Batra: Competition and Livelihood

Bava Batra 21b:1

This sugya discusses whether one merchant may set up in competition with another and the concept of hasagat gvul (encroachment on another's livelihood), which is the primary Talmudic source for restricting unfair competition — directly relevant to unauthorized copying that undercuts an author's income.

מַאי טַעְמָא עֲבַדְתְּ הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״תִּמְחֶה אֶת זְכַר עֲמָלֵק״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְהָא אֲנַן ״זֵכֶר״ קָרֵינַן! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנָא ״זְכַר״ אַקְרְיוּן.

What is the reason that you did that? Why did you kill only the males? Joab said to him: As it is written: You shall blot out the males [zakhar] of Amalek, i.e., the male descendants of Amalek, who descend from Edom. David said to him: But we read the verse as stating: “You shall blot out the remembrance [zekher] of Amalek” (Deuteronomy 25:19). Joab said to him: I was taught to read it as zakhar. Joab went and asked his childhood Bible teacher.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Mishnah Bava Batra – Encroachment on Livelihood

Mishnah Bava Batra 2:1

The Mishnah establishes the principle of hasagat gvul — unlawfully encroaching on another's domain or livelihood — which later authorities apply to unauthorized reproduction of books and creative works.

לֹא יַחְפֹּר אָדָם בּוֹר סָמוּךְ לְבוֹרוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ, וְלֹא שִׁיחַ, וְלֹא מְעָרָה, וְלֹא אַמַּת הַמַּיִם, וְלֹא נִבְרֶכֶת כּוֹבְסִין, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הִרְחִיק מִכֹּתֶל חֲבֵרוֹ שְׁלשָׁה טְפָחִים, וְסָד בְּסִיד.

A person may not dig a pit close to the pit of another, in order to avoid damaging the latter’s pit.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli – Bava Kamma

Bava Kamma 27b

The Talmud discusses the prohibition of causing damage (nezek) even without direct physical contact, a principle applied by later authorities to unauthorized reproduction that causes financial harm to the original creator.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מְאָה פַּנְדֵי בְּפַנְדָּא לִמְחֲיֵיהּ! אֲפִילּוּ לְמַאן דְּאָמַר: לָא עָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ; בִּמְקוֹם פְּסֵידָא – עָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ. דְּאִתְּמַר, רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר: לָא עָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ. רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: עָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ. הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא פְּסֵידָא – כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא לָא פְּלִיגִי, דְּעָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ. כִּי פְּלִיגִי – הֵיכָא דְּלֵיכָּא פְּסֵידָא; רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר: לָא עָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ, דְּכֵיוָן דְּלֵיכָּא פְּסֵידָא – לֵיזִיל קַמֵּיהּ דַּיָּינָא. רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: עָבֵיד אִינִישׁ דִּינָא לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ, דְּכֵיוָן דִּבְדִין עָבֵיד – לָא טָרַח.

Rav Naḥman said to him: In that case, he was right to do so, and he should have hit him even a hundred times with the hoe. Even according to the one who says that a person may not take justice into his own hands but should go to court, in a case where there would be a loss involved if no immediate action is taken, a person may take justice into his own hands. This is as it was stated, that Rav Yehuda says: A person may not take justice into his own hands, whereas Rav Naḥman says: A person may take justice into his own hands. Where there is an imminent loss that will be suffered if the injured party does not take action, everyone agrees that a person may take justice into his own hands. They disagree only when there is no imminent loss that will be suffered. Rav Yehuda says that a person may not take justice into his own hands, because since there is no loss, he should go before the judge to have him enforce the law. Rav Naḥman says that a person may take justice into his own hands. Since he is acting lawfully, as he is clearly in the right, he need not trouble himself to go before the judge to have him enforce the law.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot – Quoting in the Name of One's Source

Pirkei Avot 6:6

The Mishnah in Avot states that one who quotes a teaching in the name of its originator brings redemption to the world, establishing the deep value of proper attribution — a foundational principle underlying rabbinic discussions of intellectual honesty and copyright.

וְלֹא מֵגִיס לִבּוֹ בְתַלְמוּדוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ שָׂמֵחַ בְּהוֹרָאָה, נוֹשֵׂא בְעֹל עִם חֲבֵרוֹ, מַכְרִיעוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, מַעֲמִידוֹ עַל הָאֱמֶת, וּמַעֲמִידוֹ עַל הַשָּׁלוֹם, מִתְיַשֵּׁב לִבּוֹ בְתַלְמוּדוֹ, שׁוֹאֵל וּמֵשִׁיב, שׁוֹמֵעַ וּמוֹסִיף, הַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לְלַמֵּד וְהַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לַעֲשׂוֹת, הַמַּחְכִּים אֶת רַבּוֹ, וְהַמְכַוֵּן אֶת שְׁמוּעָתוֹ, וְהָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרוֹ הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכָּל הָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרוֹ מֵבִיא גְאֻלָּה לָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (אסתר ב) וַתֹּאמֶר אֶסְתֵּר לַמֶּלֶךְ בְּשֵׁם מָרְדֳּכָי:

Who composes himself at his study, Who asks and answers, Who listens [to others], and [himself] adds [to his knowledge], Who learns in order to teach, Who learns in order to practice, Who makes his teacher wiser, Who is exact in what he has learned, And who says a thing in the name of him who said it. Thus you have learned: everyone who says a thing in the name of him who said it, brings deliverance into the world, as it is said: “And Esther told the king in Mordecai’s name” (Esther 2:22).

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Mishneh Torah, Laws of Robbery

Mishneh Torah, Robbery and Lost Property 6:8

Rambam rules that causing financial harm indirectly (grama) is prohibited rabbinically, relevant to printing another's work without permission, which causes the author or publisher economic loss even without direct taking.

וְכֵן אָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים לָצוּד יוֹנִים בְּתוֹךְ הַיִּשּׁוּב מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן שֶׁל אֲחֵרִים. וְאֵין פּוֹרְשִׂין נִישׁוֹבִין לְיוֹנִים אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הִרְחִיק מִן הַיִּשּׁוּב אַרְבָּעָה מִילִין.

Similarly, our Sages forbade snaring doves within a settled area, for we can assume that the doves belong to others. One may not set a snare for doves unless one places a distance of four mil between the snare and the settled area.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Rambam – Mishneh Torah, Laws of Theft

Mishneh Torah, Theft 1:1-2

Rambam defines the prohibition of theft broadly, covering indirect and intangible forms of taking what belongs to another, providing a halakhic framework within which later poskim discuss misappropriation of intellectual creations.

כָּל הַגּוֹנֵב מָמוֹן מִשְּׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה וּלְמַעְלָה עוֹבֵר עַל לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יא) "לֹא תִגְנֹב". וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי נִתָּן לְתַשְׁלוּמִין שֶׁהַגַּנָּב חִיְּבַתּוּ תּוֹרָה לְשַׁלֵּם. וְאֶחָד הַגּוֹנֵב מָמוֹן יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹ הַגּוֹנֵב מָמוֹן עַכּוּ"ם וְאֶחָד הַגּוֹנֵב אֶת הַגָּדוֹל אוֹ אֶת הַקָּטָן: אָסוּר לִגְנֹב כָּל שֶׁהוּא דִּין תּוֹרָה. וְאָסוּר לִגְנֹב דֶּרֶךְ שְׂחוֹק אוֹ לִגְנֹב עַל מְנָת לְהַחְזִיר אוֹ עַל מְנָת לְשַׁלֵּם הַכּל אָסוּר שֶׁלֹּא יַרְגִּיל עַצְמוֹ בְּכָךְ:

Whenever a person steals property that is worth a p'rutah or more, he transgresses a negative commandment, as Leviticus 19:11 states: "Do not steal." Lashes are not administered for the violation of this commandment, for one is obligated to give compensation. For the Torah requires a thief to compensate the party from whom he stole, whether he be a Jew or a gentile, an adult or a minor. The Torah prohibits stealing even the slightest amount. It is forbidden to steal as a jest, to steal with the intent to return, or to steal with the intent to pay. All is forbidden, lest one habituate oneself to such conduct.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh – Hasagat Gvul (Encroachment on Livelihood)

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 156

Siman 156 codifies the laws of unfair competition and encroachment on another's livelihood (hasagat gvul), the primary halakhic category under which Acharonim analyze the right of authors and publishers to exclusive reproduction of their works.

כופין בני מבוי זה את זה שלא להושיב ביניהם לא חייט ולא בורסי ולא אחד מבעלי אומניות היה שם במבוי אחד מבני מבוי אומן ולא מיחו בו או שהיתה שם מרחץ או חנות או רחים ובא חבירו ועשה מרחץ אחרת כנגדו אינו יכול למנעו ולומר לו אתה פוסק חיי ואפילו היה מבני מבוי אחר אינם יכולים למונעו שהרי יש ביניהם אותה אומנות: הגה ורבים האומרים דבני החצר או המבוי שאינו מפולש אפילו בכי האי גוונא יכולים למחות אלא דבעל האומן אינו יכול למחות ולומר אתה פוסק חיי (בית יוסף בשם הרבה פוסקים) אבל גר ממדינה אחרת שבא לעשות חנות בצד חנותו של זה או מרחץ בצד מרחצו של זה יש להם למונעו ואם היה נותן עמהם מנת המלך אינם יכולים למנעו: הגה ורבים האומרים דאפ"ה אין לו רשות ליכנס למבוי שיש שם בני אומנתו דבעל האומנות יכול לעכב עליו שלא ליכנס למבוי שלו הואיל והוא מעיר אחרת אבל במבוי אחר אינו יכול למחות בו הואיל ונותן מס (טור והמגיד פ"י דשכנים וב"י בשם רש"י ותוס') ובני העיר יכולין למחות בכל ענין ויכולין לומר אין אנו יכולין לישן מקול הנכנסים אע"פ שיש בהן כבר אומנות ואם לא נתן מס עד עכשיו ובא לעסוק במלאכתו ולתת מס י"א דבר אומנותו יכול לעכב עליו עד שישכיר לו בית ויהיה כבני העיר (תה"ד סי' שמ"ב) וי"א דלא מקרי נתינת מס במה שנותן מנת המלך אלא עד שיתן מס שלו למושל העיר הזאת דשייך לגבול שלהן (ב"י בשם רש"י) ואין חילוק בכל זה בין תלמיד חכם לאחר דאין חילוק אלא ברוכלין כמו שיתבאר בסמוך (טור) וי"א דאם בני העיר צריכין לתורתו אינם יכולין למחות בידו אף ע"פ שיש ת"ח אחר בעיר דקנאת סופרים תרבה חכמה (ב"י בשם הגהות אשירי) ת"ח המביא סחורה לעיר חייבין למנוע לכל אדם למכור עד שהוא ימכור שלו (טור) ואי איכא עובדי כוכבים דמזבני דליכא רווחא לת"ח מותר כל אדם למכור (טור בשם הרמ"ה) ועיין ביו"ד סי' רמ"ג אדם שיש לו עובד כוכבים מערופי"א יש מקומות שדנין שאסור לאחרים לירד לחיותו ולעסוק עם העובדי כוכבים ההוא ויש מקומות שאין דנין ויש מתירין לישראל אחר לילך לעכו"ם ההוא להלוות לו ולעסוק עמו ולשחודיה ליה ולאפוקי מניה דנכסי עובדי כוכבים הם כהפקר וכל הקודם זכה ויש אוסרין (כל זה במרדכי פ' לא יחפור והגהות מיימוני פ"ו דשכנים וע' לקמן סי' שע"ו) ואפילו ישראל שעושה מלאכה אצל עכו"ם ורגיל בכך אסור לישראל אחר ליכנס שם ולהוזיל המלאכה ואם רוצה לעשותו גוערין בו מיהו אם עבר ועשה אין מוציאין מידו (ב"י בשם הרשב"א) וע' לקמן סי' רכ"ז שני בני אדם הדרים ביחד והאחד רוצה להוזיל בהלוואת הרבית לעובדי כוכבים אין חבירו יכול למחות בו (רבי' ירוחם נ' כ"א ח"ו) וה"ה בכל כיוצא בזה ועיין לקמן סימן רכ"ח סעי"ח:

Members of an alleyway may force each other not to have among them a tailor, tanner or any other craftsman. If there was such a craftsman in the alleyway and no one objected, or if there was a bathhouse, store or mill and another member came and made another one opposite the existing one, the current owner cannot stop him and say he is cutting of his livelihood. Even if the new individual is from another alleyway, they cannot stop him because they already have that craftsman among them. There are many that say that in the case of a courtyard or an alleyway that is not open, they would be able to object, even in such a case. The craftsman himself, however, would not be able to object and say you are cutting off my livelihood. If one who lives in another country and wants to set up a store next to this store or a bathhouse next to this bathhouse, however, the members would be able to prevent him. If he pays government taxes with them, they would not be able to stop him. There are many who say that even in such a case he has no right to enter any alleyway that has people from his trade, because a member of that trade has the right to prevent him from entering since he is from another city. In the case of another alleyway, however, he cannot object because the new individual pays taxes. The people of the city have the right to object in all cases and say we cannot sleep because of the sound of people entering, notwithstanding the fact that they already have such a craftsman. If one did not yet pay taxes and now he wants to work and will pay taxes, there are those who say his fellow craftsman can stop him until he rents a house and becomes like a member of the city. There are those that say that one who gives the “king’s gift” is not considered to have paid taxes, until he gives taxes to the ruler of this particular city that has jurisdiction over them. In all these cases, there is no distinction between a scholar and others, other than in the case of peddlers which will be discussed shorty. There are those that say that if the people of the city need the scholar’s Torah, they cannot object, even if there is another scholar in the city because “the jealousy of scholars creates an increase in wisdom.” If a scholar brings his merchandise to the city, everyone is required to refrain from selling until the scholar sells his wares. If there is a gentile who is selling, so there will be no gain to the scholar, everyone is permitted to sell. See Yoreh Deah Siman 243. If one has a business arrangement with a gentile, there are those places that rule that others are prohibited from interfering with his livelihood and doing business with that gentile, and there are some places that do not rule that way. There are those who permit another Jew to go to that gentile to lend him, do business with him, bribe him and take property from him because a gentile’s property is considered ownerless. There are those who prohibit it. Even where a Jew regularly does work with a gentile, it would be prohibited for another Jew to compete and do the work at a cheaper price. If he wants to do it, we would rebuke him. Nevertheless, if he violated and did the work we would not remove the money from him. See later Siman 227. If two individuals live together and one wants to lend with interest to a gentile, the other cannot object. The same applies to anything similar. See later 228:18.