Commandment to appoint judges and officers in every city, ensuring justice and righteousness in judgment.
לְמַנּוֹת שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים – לְמַנּוֹת (עי' סהמ"צ להרמב"ם עשין קעו) שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים שֶׁיַּכְרִיחוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה, וְיַחְזִירוּ הַנּוֹטִים מִדֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת אֵלֶיהָ בְּעַל כָּרְחָם, וִיצַוּוּ בָּרָאוּי לַעֲשׂוֹת, וְיִמְנְעוּ הַדְּבָרִים הַמְּגֻנִּים. וִיקַיְּמוּ הַגְּדָרִים עַל הָעוֹבֵר, עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה וּמְנִיעוֹתֶיהָ צְרִיכוֹת לֶאֱמוּנַת כָּל אִישׁ וְאִישׁ. וּמִתְּנָאֵי הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת שֶׁיִּהְיוּ אֵלּוּ הַדַּיָּנִין, מַדְרֵגָה עֶלְיוֹנָה מִמַּדְרֵגָה, וְזֶה שֶׁנַּעֲמִיד בְּכָל עִיר וָעִיר עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁלֹשָׁה דַּיָּנִין מְקֻבָּצִין כֻּלָּן בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד מִשַּׁעֲרֵי הַמְּדִינָה הָרְאוּיָה לָזֶה הַמִּנְיָן, וְזֹאת הִיא סַנְהֶדְרֵי קְטַנָּה, וְנַעֲמִיד בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם בֵּית דִּין גָּדוֹל מִשִּׁבְעִים דַּיָּנִים, וְנַעֲמִיד אֶחָד עַל הַשִּׁבְעִים הָהֵם וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא רֹאשׁ הַיְּשִׁיבָה, וְהוּא אֲשֶׁר יִקְרְאוּ הַחֲכָמִים נָשִׂיא כְּמוֹ כֵן, וְיִהְיוּ כֻּלָּן מְקֻבָּצִין בִּמְקוֹמָן הַמְיֻחָד לָהֶם. וּמָקוֹם שֶׁהוּא מְעַט הַמִּנְיָן, שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְסַנְהֶדְרֵי קְטַנָּה, יַעֲמִידוּ בּוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה יִשְׁפְּטוּ הֵם הַדָּבָר הַקָּטָן, וְהַדָּבָר הַקָּשֶׁה יְבִיאוּן לְמִי שֶׁהוּא לְמַעְלָה מֵהֶם. וּכְמוֹ כֵן יְמַנּוּ נוֹגְשִׂים בָּעָם הַסּוֹבְבִים בָּעִיר בַּשְּׁוָקִים וּבָרְחוֹבוֹת, יַבִּיטוּ עִנְיְנֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם בִּסְחֹרַת מִמְכָּרָם וּמִקָּחָם, עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה בֵּינֵיהֶם הָעָוֶל, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּדָבָר מוּעָט. וְהַמִּצְוָה שֶׁבָּאָה בָּזֶה, הוּא אָמְרוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ, וּלְשׁוֹן סִפְרֵי (כאן ועי' סנהדרין טז, ב) מִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּמַנִּין בֵּית דִּין לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּמַנִּים אֶחָד עַל גַּבֵּי כֻּלָּם, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר תִּתֶּן לְךָ, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּמַנִּים בֵּית דִּין לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ וְשָׁפְטוּ, מִצְוָה עַל כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט לִהְיוֹת דָּן אֶת שִׁבְטוֹ, וְשָׁפְטוּ אֶת הָעָם, עַל כָּרְחָם. וּכְבָר נִכְפְּלָה הַמִּצְוָה לְמַנּוֹת שִׁבְעִים זְקֵנִים, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ לְמֹשֶׁה עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם (במדבר יא טז) אֶסְפָה לִּי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ. וְאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ספרי בהעלותך בפסיקתא דאספה לי), כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לִי הֲרֵי הוּא קַיָּם לְעוֹלָם, וְכֵן (שמות כח מא) וְכִהֲנוּ לִי וְכוּ' כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה נִצְחִית וְאֵינָהּ לְפִי שָׁעָה, אֲבָל יִהְיֶה זֶה עֹד כָּל יְמֵי הָאָרֶץ. שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה. נִגְלֶה הוּא, שֶׁעִם הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, נַעֲמִיד דָּתֵנוּ בִּהְיוֹת אֵימַת אַלּוּפֵינוּ וְשׁוֹפְטֵינוּ עַל פְּנֵי הֶהָמוֹן, וּמִתּוֹךְ הֶרְגֵּלָם בַּטּוֹב וּבַיֹּשֶׁר מֵחֲמַת יִרְאָה יְלַמְּדוּ הָעָם טִבְעָם לַעֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וָצֶדֶק מֵאַהֲבָה בְּהַכָּרָתָם דֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת, וּכְעִנְיָן שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁרֹב הַהֶרְגֵּל הוּא מָה שֶׁאַחַר הַטֶּבַע, כְּלוֹמַר, כִּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַטֶּבַע יַכְרִיחַ הָאָדָם לְמָה שֶׁהוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ כֵּן הַהֶרְגֵּל הַגָּדוֹל חוֹזֵר בּוֹ כְּעֵין טֶבַע קַיָּם וְיַכְרִיחֶנּוּ לָלֶכֶת בְּדֶרֶךְ הַהֶרְגֵּל לְעוֹלָם. וּבְלֶכֶת הָעָם בְּדַרְכֵי הַיֹּשֶׁר וְהָאֱמוּנָה וּבוֹחֲרִים בַּטּוֹב יִדְבַּק בָּהֶם הַטּוֹב, וְיִשְׂמַח יְיָ בְּמַעֲשָׂיו.
To appoint judges and officers: To appoint (see Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 176) judges and officers that coerce [others] to do the commandments of the Torah, bring those that are veering from the path of the truth back to it against their will, order that which is fitting to do, prevent disgusting things and enforce the fences against the transgressor — so that the commandments and the preventions of the Torah not require the belief (acceptance) of each and every person. And it is from the conditions of this commandment that these judges should be one level above the other. That is that we set up twenty-three judges in each and every city that is fit for this number, all gathered together in one place from the gates of the city — and that is called a small Sanhedrin. And in Jerusalem, we set up a large court of seventy judges, and we stand up one [judge] over these seventy and he is called the head of the academy — and he is the one that the Sages also called, nassi — and they would all be gathered in their place that is designated for them. And in a place that is small of number, such that it is not fit for a small Sanhedrin, they should stand up three [that] should judge the small thing and they bring the difficult thing to the [court] that is above them. And likewise do they appoint supervisors among the people that circulate in the city, the markets and the streets [and] observe the matters of people in commercial buying and selling — so that there not be wrongdoing, even with a small thing. And the commandment that comes about this is that which He, may He blessed, stated (Deuteronomy 16:18), “Judges and officers shall you place for yourself in all of your gates.” And the language of Sifrei Devarim 144 (and see Sanhedrin 16b), “From where [do we know] that we appoint a court for all of Israel? [Hence] we learn to say, ‘Judges and officers.’ And from where [do we know] that we appoint one [judge] on top of them all? [Hence] we learn to say, ‘shall you place for yourself.’ And from where [do we know] that we appoint a court for each and every tribe? [Hence] we learn to say, ‘in all of your gates.’ Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said, ‘“For your tribes and they shall judge” — [that] is a commandment on each and every tribe to judge its tribe; “and they shall judge the people” — against their will.’” And this commandment to appoint seventy elders has already been repeated, and that is His, may He be blessed, stating to Moshe, peace be upon him, “Gather for Me seventy men” (Numbers 11:16). And they, may their memory be blessed, said (Sifrei Bamidbar 92), “Every place that it is stated, ‘for Me,’ behold it is an observance forever; and so [is it], ‘And they shall be priests for Me, etc.’ (Exodus 28:41)” — meaning to say, that it is a permanent commandment and not just temporary, but rather all of the days of the earth. The root of the commandment is revealed — that with this thing, we will support our religion, in that the fear of our officials and our judges will be on the face of the masses. And from their being accustomed to the good and the straight because of fear, the people will teach their natures to do justice and righteousness out of love, in their recognizing the true path. And [it is] like the Sages say, that much habit is what is behind nature — meaning to say that [just] like nature constrains a man to what it wants, so [too] does a strong habit repeat itself, like a persistent nature that constrains him to always go in the way of the habit. And in the people going in the paths of integrity and faith and choosing the good, the good will cling to them and God will rejoice in His creatures.