Mitzvotמצוות

The Commandments of Parashat Shoftim

Sources identify and explain the commandments derived from Parashat Shoftim, including the establishment of judges and officers in every city, the appointment of a king, prohibitions against judicial partiality and bribery, and proper treatment of the executed.

שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ

15 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The parshah opens with the positive commandment to appoint judges and officers in every city and for every tribe — a requirement derived word by word from Devarim 16:18–20, where the Torah commands "You shall appoint magistrates and officials for your tribes, in all the settlements," and unpacked by the Gemara (Sanhedrin 16b) which derives from the very same pasuk separate obligations to establish both judges and officers for each tribe and each city individually.

the Rambam (Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 176) and the Sefer HaChinukh (491) frame this appointment obligation as the mechanism by which Torah law is enforced on the entire community, not left to each individual's private acceptance, with the Mishneh Torah, Laws of the Sanhedrin 1:1 adding the practical distinction that "judges" are the fixed members of the court before whom litigants appear, while "officers" are the enforcers who patrol markets and streets.

Alongside the positive obligation come two negative commandments rooted in the same opening passage: the Rambam (Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 273) prohibits perverting justice by overturning the Torah's own rules of liability, and the Rambam (Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 274) prohibits a judge from accepting a bribe even in order to rule correctly, a point underscored by Devarim 16:19 which states that "bribes blind the eyes of the discerning and upset the plea of the just."

The parshah continues with commands spanning several further domains: following the ruling of the supreme court when a case is too difficult for local judges (Devarim 17:8–11), appointing a king (the Mishneh Torah, Melachim and Wars 1:1, which cites Devarim 17:15 as its source), giving priestly gifts of the shoulder, cheeks, and stomach as well as first-fruits of grain, wine, oil, and wool (Devarim 18:1–5), and a blanket prohibition against imitating the divination practices of the nations — including passing children through fire, augury, sorcery, and consulting the dead (Devarim 18:9–14).

The parshah closes with laws of war: the priest's address to the troops before battle and the exemptions for those who built a new house, planted a vineyard, or betrothed a wife (Devarim 20:1–9), the requirement to first offer terms of peace before besieging a distant city (Devarim 20:10–18), and the prohibition against showing mercy to a killer or one who maims — so that a judge may not pity the perpetrator and withhold the legally mandated consequence (Sefer HaChinukh 521, citing Devarim 19:21).

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Laws of War (Exemptions and the Priest's Address)

Deuteronomy 20:1-9:1

Commands the priest to address the troops before battle, and lists those exempt from war — one who built a house, planted a vineyard, betrothed a woman, or is fearful.

כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א לַמִּלְחָמָ֜ה עַל־אֹיְבֶ֗ךָ וְֽרָאִ֜יתָ ס֤וּס וָרֶ֙כֶב֙ עַ֚ם רַ֣ב מִמְּךָ֔ לֹ֥א תִירָ֖א מֵהֶ֑ם כִּֽי־יְהֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ הַמַּֽעַלְךָ֖ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ וְהָיָ֕ה כְּקָֽרׇבְכֶ֖ם אֶל־הַמִּלְחָמָ֑ה וְנִגַּ֥שׁ הַכֹּהֵ֖ן וְדִבֶּ֥ר אֶל־הָעָֽם׃ וְאָמַ֤ר אֲלֵהֶם֙ שְׁמַ֣ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אַתֶּ֨ם קְרֵבִ֥ים הַיּ֛וֹם לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה עַל־אֹיְבֵיכֶ֑ם אַל־יֵרַ֣ךְ לְבַבְכֶ֗ם אַל־תִּֽירְא֧וּ וְאַֽל־תַּחְפְּז֛וּ וְאַל־תַּֽעַרְצ֖וּ מִפְּנֵיהֶֽם׃ כִּ֚י יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם הַהֹלֵ֖ךְ עִמָּכֶ֑ם לְהִלָּחֵ֥ם לָכֶ֛ם עִם־אֹיְבֵיכֶ֖ם לְהוֹשִׁ֥יעַ אֶתְכֶֽם׃ וְדִבְּר֣וּ הַשֹּֽׁטְרִים֮ אֶל־הָעָ֣ם לֵאמֹר֒ מִֽי־הָאִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר בָּנָ֤ה בַֽיִת־חָדָשׁ֙ וְלֹ֣א חֲנָכ֔וֹ יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת֙ בַּמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְאִ֥ישׁ אַחֵ֖ר יַחְנְכֶֽנּוּ׃ וּמִֽי־הָאִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נָטַ֥ע כֶּ֙רֶם֙ וְלֹ֣א חִלְּל֔וֹ יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת֙ בַּמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְאִ֥ישׁ אַחֵ֖ר יְחַלְּלֶֽנּוּ׃ וּמִֽי־הָאִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־אֵרַ֤שׂ אִשָּׁה֙ וְלֹ֣א לְקָחָ֔הּ יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת֙ בַּמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְאִ֥ישׁ אַחֵ֖ר יִקָּחֶֽנָּה׃ וְיָסְפ֣וּ הַשֹּׁטְרִים֮ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־הָעָם֒ וְאָמְר֗וּ מִי־הָאִ֤ישׁ הַיָּרֵא֙ וְרַ֣ךְ הַלֵּבָ֔ב יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ וְלֹ֥א יִמַּ֛ס אֶת־לְבַ֥ב אֶחָ֖יו כִּלְבָבֽוֹ׃ וְהָיָ֛ה כְּכַלֹּ֥ת הַשֹּׁטְרִ֖ים לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־הָעָ֑ם וּפָ֥קְד֛וּ שָׂרֵ֥י צְבָא֖וֹת בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הָעָֽם׃ {ס}

When you take the field against your enemies, and see horses and chariots—forces larger than yours—have no fear of them, for the ETERNAL your God, who brought you from the land of Egypt, is with you. Before you join battle, the priest shall come forward and address the troops. He shall say to them, “Hear, O Israel! You are about to join battle with your enemy. Let not your courage falter. Do not be in fear, or in panic, or in dread of them. For it is the ETERNAL your God who marches with you to do battle for you against your enemy, to bring you victory.” Then the officials shall address the troops, as follows: “Is there anyone who has built a new house but has not dedicated it? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another dedicate it. Is there anyone who has planted a vineyard but has never harvested it? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another harvest it. Is there anyone who has paid the bride-price for a wife, but who has not yet taken her [into his household]? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another take her to wife.” The officials shall go on addressing the troops and say, “Is there anyone afraid and disheartened? Let him go back to his home, lest the courage of his comrades flag like his.” When the officials have finished addressing the troops, army commanders shall assume command of the troops.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Offering Peace Before War

Deuteronomy 20:10-18:1

Commands Israel to offer terms of peace before besieging a city, and distinguishes between distant nations (who may accept peace) and the seven Canaanite nations (who must be destroyed).

כִּֽי־תִקְרַ֣ב אֶל־עִ֔יר לְהִלָּחֵ֖ם עָלֶ֑יהָ וְקָרָ֥אתָ אֵלֶ֖יהָ לְשָׁלֽוֹם׃ וְהָיָה֙ אִם־שָׁל֣וֹם תַּֽעַנְךָ֔ וּפָתְחָ֖ה לָ֑ךְ וְהָיָ֞ה כׇּל־הָעָ֣ם הַנִּמְצָא־בָ֗הּ יִהְי֥וּ לְךָ֛ לָמַ֖ס וַעֲבָדֽוּךָ׃ וְאִם־לֹ֤א תַשְׁלִים֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ וְעָשְׂתָ֥ה עִמְּךָ֖ מִלְחָמָ֑ה וְצַרְתָּ֖ עָלֶֽיהָ׃ וּנְתָנָ֛הּ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ בְּיָדֶ֑ךָ וְהִכִּיתָ֥ אֶת־כׇּל־זְכוּרָ֖הּ לְפִי־חָֽרֶב׃ רַ֣ק הַ֠נָּשִׁ֠ים וְהַטַּ֨ף וְהַבְּהֵמָ֜ה וְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִהְיֶ֥ה בָעִ֛יר כׇּל־שְׁלָלָ֖הּ תָּבֹ֣ז לָ֑ךְ וְאָֽכַלְתָּ֙ אֶת־שְׁלַ֣ל אֹיְבֶ֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָתַ֛ן יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ לָֽךְ׃ כֵּ֤ן תַּעֲשֶׂה֙ לְכׇל־הֶ֣עָרִ֔ים הָרְחֹקֹ֥ת מִמְּךָ֖ מְאֹ֑ד אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹא־מֵעָרֵ֥י הַגּֽוֹיִם־הָאֵ֖לֶּה הֵֽנָּה׃ רַ֗ק מֵעָרֵ֤י הָֽעַמִּים֙ הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לְךָ֖ נַחֲלָ֑ה לֹ֥א תְחַיֶּ֖ה כׇּל־נְשָׁמָֽה׃ כִּֽי־הַחֲרֵ֣ם תַּחֲרִימֵ֗ם הַחִתִּ֤י וְהָאֱמֹרִי֙ הַכְּנַעֲנִ֣י וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י הַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּךָ֖ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃ לְמַ֗עַן אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יְלַמְּד֤וּ אֶתְכֶם֙ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּכֹל֙ תּֽוֹעֲבֹתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשׂ֖וּ לֵאלֹֽהֵיהֶ֑ם וַחֲטָאתֶ֖ם לַיהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ {ס}

When you approach a town to attack it, you shall offer it terms of peace. If it responds peaceably and lets you in, all the people present there shall serve you at forced labor. If it does not surrender to you, but would join battle with you, you shall lay siege to it; and when the ETERNAL your God delivers it into your hand, you shall put all its males to the sword. You may, however, take as your booty the women, the children, the livestock, and everything in the town—all its spoil—and enjoy the use of the spoil of your enemy, which the ETERNAL your God gives you. Thus you shall deal with all towns that lie very far from you, towns that do not belong to nations hereabout. In the towns of the latter peoples, however, which the ETERNAL your God is giving you as a heritage, you shall not let a soul remain alive. No, you must proscribe them—the Hittites and the Amorites, the Canaanites and the Perizzites, the Hivites and the Jebusites—as the ETERNAL your God has commanded you, lest they lead you into doing all the abhorrent things that they have done for their gods and you stand guilty before the ETERNAL your God.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Appoint Judges

Deuteronomy 16:18-20:1

Commands Israel to appoint judges and officers in all their gates to judge the people with righteous judgment; the foundational verse for the positive commandment to establish a judiciary.

שֹׁפְטִ֣ים וְשֹֽׁטְרִ֗ים תִּֽתֶּן־לְךָ֙ בְּכׇל־שְׁעָרֶ֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְהֹוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לְךָ֖ לִשְׁבָטֶ֑יךָ וְשָׁפְט֥וּ אֶת־הָעָ֖ם מִשְׁפַּט־צֶֽדֶק׃ לֹא־תַטֶּ֣ה מִשְׁפָּ֔ט לֹ֥א תַכִּ֖יר פָּנִ֑ים וְלֹא־תִקַּ֣ח שֹׁ֔חַד כִּ֣י הַשֹּׁ֗חַד יְעַוֵּר֙ עֵינֵ֣י חֲכָמִ֔ים וִֽיסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽם׃ צֶ֥דֶק צֶ֖דֶק תִּרְדֹּ֑ף לְמַ֤עַן תִּֽחְיֶה֙ וְיָרַשְׁתָּ֣ אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃ {ס}

You shall appoint magistrates and officials for your tribes, in all the settlements that the ETERNAL your God is giving you, and they shall govern the people with due justice. You shall not judge unfairly: you shall show no partiality; you shall not take bribes, for bribes blind the eyes of the discerning and upset the plea of the just. Justice, justice shall you pursue, that you may thrive and occupy the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Prohibitions Against Divination

Deuteronomy 18:9-14:1

Prohibits the Israelites from imitating the abominations of the Canaanite nations, including divination, sorcery, consulting the dead, and related occult practices.

כִּ֤י אַתָּה֙ בָּ֣א אֶל־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֣ן לָ֑ךְ לֹֽא־תִלְמַ֣ד לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּתוֹעֲבֹ֖ת הַגּוֹיִ֥ם הָהֵֽם׃ לֹֽא־יִמָּצֵ֣א בְךָ֔ מַעֲבִ֥יר בְּנֽוֹ־וּבִתּ֖וֹ בָּאֵ֑שׁ קֹסֵ֣ם קְסָמִ֔ים מְעוֹנֵ֥ן וּמְנַחֵ֖שׁ וּמְכַשֵּֽׁף׃ וְחֹבֵ֖ר חָ֑בֶר וְשֹׁאֵ֥ל אוֹב֙ וְיִדְּעֹנִ֔י וְדֹרֵ֖שׁ אֶל־הַמֵּתִֽים׃

When you enter the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you, you shall not learn to imitate the abhorrent practices of those nations. Let no one be found among you who consigns a son or daughter to the fire, or who is an augur, a soothsayer, a diviner, a sorcerer, one who casts spells, or one who consults ghosts or familiar spirits, or one who inquires of the dead.

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Follow the Supreme Court

Deuteronomy 17:8-11:1

Commands that difficult legal cases be brought to the supreme court (Sanhedrin) in Jerusalem, and that one must follow their ruling; source for the prohibition against deviating from the words of the Sages.

כִּ֣י יִפָּלֵא֩ מִמְּךָ֨ דָבָ֜ר לַמִּשְׁפָּ֗ט בֵּֽין־דָּ֨ם ׀ לְדָ֜ם בֵּֽין־דִּ֣ין לְדִ֗ין וּבֵ֥ין נֶ֙גַע֙ לָנֶ֔גַע דִּבְרֵ֥י רִיבֹ֖ת בִּשְׁעָרֶ֑יךָ וְקַמְתָּ֣ וְעָלִ֔יתָ אֶ֨ל־הַמָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַ֛ר יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ בּֽוֹ׃ וּבָאתָ֗ אֶל־הַכֹּהֲנִים֙ הַלְוִיִּ֔ם וְאֶ֨ל־הַשֹּׁפֵ֔ט אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֑ם וְדָרַשְׁתָּ֙ וְהִגִּ֣ידוּ לְךָ֔ אֵ֖ת דְּבַ֥ר הַמִּשְׁפָּֽט׃ וְעָשִׂ֗יתָ עַל־פִּ֤י הַדָּבָר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יַגִּ֣ידֽוּ לְךָ֔ מִן־הַמָּק֣וֹם הַה֔וּא אֲשֶׁ֖ר יִבְחַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֑ה וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֣ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יוֹרֽוּךָ׃ עַל־פִּ֨י הַתּוֹרָ֜ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יוֹר֗וּךָ וְעַל־הַמִּשְׁפָּ֛ט אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמְר֥וּ לְךָ֖ תַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה לֹ֣א תָס֗וּר מִן־הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּ֥ידֽוּ לְךָ֖ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאל׃

If a case is too baffling for you to decide, be it a controversy over homicide, civil law, or assault—matters of dispute in your courts—you shall promptly repair to the place that the ETERNAL your God will have chosen, and appear before the levitical priests, or the magistrate in charge at the time, and present your problem. When they have announced to you the verdict in the case, you shall carry out the verdict that is announced to you from that place that GOD chose, observing scrupulously all their instructions to you. You shall act in accordance with the instructions given you and the ruling handed down to you; you must not deviate from the verdict that they announce to you either to the right or to the left.

Source 6 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Gifts to Kohanim

Deuteronomy 18:1-5:3

Commands that the Kohanim receive specified portions from slaughtered animals (the foreleg, cheeks, and maw) as well as first fruits of grain, wine, and oil — the priestly gifts (matanot kehunah).

וְזֶ֡ה יִהְיֶה֩ מִשְׁפַּ֨ט הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים מֵאֵ֣ת הָעָ֗ם מֵאֵ֛ת זֹבְחֵ֥י הַזֶּ֖בַח אִם־שׁ֣וֹר אִם־שֶׂ֑ה וְנָתַן֙ לַכֹּהֵ֔ן הַזְּרֹ֥עַ וְהַלְּחָיַ֖יִם וְהַקֵּבָֽה׃ רֵאשִׁ֨ית דְּגָֽנְךָ֜ תִּירֹשְׁךָ֣ וְיִצְהָרֶ֗ךָ וְרֵאשִׁ֛ית גֵּ֥ז צֹאנְךָ֖ תִּתֶּן־לֽוֹ׃

This, then, shall be the priests’ due from the people: Everyone who offers a sacrifice, whether an ox or a sheep, must give the shoulder, the cheeks, and the stomach to the priest. You shall also give him the first fruits of your new grain and wine and oil, and the first shearing of your sheep.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Sanhedrin 16b

Sanhedrin 16b:10

The passage derives from Deuteronomy 16:18 multiple commandments: to establish judges for the Jewish people, to establish officers for the Jewish people, to establish judges and officers for each tribe, to establish judges and officers for each city, and according to Rabbi Yehuda, to appoint one court over all of them; Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel adds that there is a commandment for each tribe to judge its own tribe.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מִנַּיִין שֶׁמַּעֲמִידִין שׁוֹפְטִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֹׁפְטִים תִּתֵּן״. שֹׁטְרִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִנַּיִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֹׁטְרִים תִּתֵּן״. שׁוֹפְטִים לְכׇל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט מִנַּיִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֹׁפְטִים לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ״. שׁוֹטְרִים לְכׇל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט מִנַּיִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֹׁטְרִים לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ״. שׁוֹפְטִים לְכׇל עִיר וָעִיר מִנַּיִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֹׁפְטִים לִשְׁעָרֶיךָ״. שׁוֹטְרִים לְכׇל עִיר וָעִיר מִנַּיִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֹׁטְרִים לִשְׁעָרֶיךָ״. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אֶחָד מְמוּנֶּה עַל כּוּלָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תִּתֶּן לְךָ״. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: ״לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ וְשָׁפְטוּ״ – מִצְוָה בַּשֵּׁבֶט לָדוּן אֶת שִׁבְטוֹ.

The Sages taught in a baraita: From where is it derived that society must establish judges for the Jewish people? The verse states: “You shall place judges and officers over you in all of your gates that the Lord your God gives you for your tribes, and they shall judge the people with righteous judgment” (Deuteronomy 16:18). From where is it derived that society must also establish officers for the Jewish people? The same verse states: “You shall place judges and officers.” From where is it derived that society must also establish judges not only for the entire Jewish people but also for each and every tribe? The verse states: “You shall place judges and officers…for your tribes.” From where is it derived that society must also establish officers for each and every tribe? The same verse states: “You shall place judges and officers…for your tribes.” From where is it derived that society must also establish judges for each and every city? The verse states: You shall place judges and officers…for your gates, as the gate of the city is the seat of the elders of the city and its judges. From where is it derived that society must also establish officers for each and every city? The verse states: You shall place Judges and officers…for your gates. Rabbi Yehuda says: You must also have one court appointed over all of them, as it is stated: “You shall place over you,” meaning that there must be a single institution that is responsible for all of these appointments. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Another halakha is derived from the verse: “For your tribes, and they shall judge.” This teaches that it is a mitzva for a tribe to judge the sinners from within its tribe, and not to delegate the responsibility to other tribes.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaMitzvot

Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 274

Prohibition for a judge to take a bribe, even if intending to judge fairly.

שהזהיר הדיין שלא לקחת שוחד מבעלי הריב ואפילו לדון אמת. והוא אמרו יתעלה ושחד לא תקח. וכבר נכפלה האזהרה בזה הענין. ובספרי לא תקח שחד אפילו לזכות את הזכאי ולחייב החייב.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaMitzvot

Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 273

Prohibition of partiality by judges when judging the people.

שהזהירנו מעשות עול בדין, הוא אמרו יתעלה לא תעשו עול במשפט וענין לאו זה שלא יסתור הגדרים שגדרה תורה לחייב בדבר או לפטור ממנו.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 1:1

Details the appointment and the role of the king in Israel, echoing the commandment to appoint a king from the Israelites.

שָׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּשְׁעַת כְּנִיסָתָן לָאָרֶץ. לְמַנּוֹת לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז טו) "שׂוֹם תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ". וּלְהַכְרִית זַרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יט) "תִּמְחֶה אֶת זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק". וְלִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב ה) "לְשִׁכְנוֹ תִדְרְשׁוּ וּבָאתָ שָּׁמָּה":

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 521:1

Commandment to provide proper burial for the executed, who should not be left hanging overnight.

שֶׁלֹּא לָחוּס עַל הָרוֹצֵחַ וְחוֹבֵל – שֶׁנִּמְנַעְנוּ מִלַּחְמֹל עַל מִי שֶׁהָרַג חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ חִסֵּר אֶחָד מֵאֵיבָרָיו, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר הַדַּיָּן, עָנִי זֶה שֶׁכָּרַת יַד חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ סִמֵּא עֵינוֹ, לֹא בְּכַוָּנָה עָשָׂה זֶה, וְיַחְמֹל עָלָיו וִירַחֲמֵהוּ מִלְּשַׁלֵּם לוֹ כְּדֵי רִשְׁעָתוֹ, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים יט, כא) וְלֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ, נֶפֶשׁ בְּנֶפֶשׁ וְגוֹ'. וְנִכְפְּלָה הַמְּנִיעָה בָּזֶה בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם יג) לֹא תָחֹס עֵינְךָ עָלָיו, וּבִעַרְתָּ דַּם הַנָּקִי. שֹׁרֶשׁ מִצְוָה זוֹ יָדוּעַ, שֶׁאִם לֹא נְיַסֵּר הַמַּזִּיקִין וּנְבַעֵר הָרָע מִקִּרְבֵּנוּ אִישׁ אֶת רֵעֵהוּ חַיִּים בְּלָעוֹ, וְלֹא יִתְיַשְּׁבוּ הַמְּדִינוֹת, אֵין הַצֹּרֶךְ לְהַאֲרִיךְ בּוֹ הַדִּבּוּר.

To not show pity upon the killer or injurer: That we were prevented from having mercy upon the one that killed his fellow or removed one of his limbs; that the judge not say, “This poor man that cut off the hand of his fellow or blinded his eye, he did not do it intentionally,” and he have mercy upon him from having him repay [the injured] according to his evil. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 19:21), “And your eye shall not show mercy, a soul for a soul, etc.” And the prevention of this is repeated in a different place, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 19:13), “Your eye shall not show mercy upon him, and you shall purge the innocent blood.” The root of this commandment is well-known — that if we do not punish the injurers and purge the evil from among us, “a man will swallow his neighbor alive”; and states will not be [properly] civilized. There is no need to speak at length about it.

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 493:1

Commandment not to plant an asherah tree near the altar of God.

שֶׁלֹּא לְהָקִים מַצֵּבָה – שֶׁלֹּא לְהָקִים מַצֵּבָה בְּשׁוּם מָקוֹם, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים טז כב) וְלֹא תָקִים לְךָ מַצֵּבָה אֲשֶׁר שָׂנֵא יְיָ אֱלֹהֶיךָ. וְעִנְיַן הַמַּצֵּבָה שֶׁאָסְרָה תּוֹרָה, כָּתַב הָרַמְבַּ"ם זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה (ע"ז פ"ו ה"ו), שֶׁהוּא בִּנְיָן גָּבוֹהַּ שֶׁל אֲבָנִים אוֹ שֶׁל עָפָר, שֶׁהָיָה מִנְהַג הָעוֹבְדִים עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה לִבְנוֹת וּלְהִתְקַבֵּץ עָלָיו לַעֲבֹדָתָם הָרָעָה, וְלָכֵן הִרְחִיקָנוּ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁלֹּא נַעֲשֶׂה כָּמוֹהוּ אֲנַחְנוּ, וַאֲפִלּוּ לַעֲבֹד עָלָיו הָאֵל בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּדֵי לְהַרְחִיק וּלְהַשְׁכִּיחַ כָּל עִנְיַן עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מִבֵּין עֵינֵינוּ וּמִמַּחְשַׁבְתֵּנוּ, כְּטַעַם שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ בְּסָמוּךְ בִּנְטִיעַת אִילָן בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ עַל דַּעַת הָרַמְבַּ"ם זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה. וְאֵין בִּכְלַל אִסּוּר זֶה בִּנְיַן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, כִּי עָלָיו נֶאֱמַר בְּפֵרוּשׁ (שם כז ו) אֲבָנִים שְׁלֵמוֹת תִּבְנֶה אֶת מִזְבַּח וְגוֹ'. אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא נַעֲשֶׂה כֵּן בִּשְׁאָר מְקוֹמוֹת. וְנוֹהֵג אִסּוּר זֶה בְּכָל מָקוֹם וּבְכָל זְמַן בִּזְכָרִים וּנְקֵבוֹת, וְהָעוֹבֵר עַל זֶה וְהֵקִים מַצֵּבָה עַל דַּעַת לַעֲבֹד עָלֶיהָ וַאֲפִלּוּ לַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ חַיָּב מַלְקוּת.

To not erect a matsevah: To not erect a matsevah in any place. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 16:22), “And you shall not erect for yourself a matsevah that the Lord, your God, hates.” And Rambam, may his memory be blessed, wrote (Mishneh Torah, Laws of Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 6:6) that the content of the matsevah that the Torah forbade is a tall structure of stones or of dirt; as it was the custom of the worshipers of idolatry to build [it] and to gather around it for their evil service. And therefore Scripture distanced us that we should not do like it — and even to worship God, blessed be He, upon it — in order to distance and bring to forget all of the matter of idolatry from between our eyes and from our thoughts. [It is] like the reason that we wrote adjacently about the planting of a tree in the Temple, according to Rambam, may his memory be blessed. And the building of the [central] altar is not included in this prohibition; as it is stated explicitly about it (Deuteronomy 27:6), “Whole stones shall you build the altar, etc.” Rather, [it is] that we not do so in other places. And this prohibition is practiced in every place and at all times by males and females. And one who transgresses it and erects a matsevah with the intention to worship on it — even to God, may He be blessed — is liable for lashes.

Source 13 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah – Laws of the Sanhedrin

Mishneh Torah, The Sanhedrin and the Penalties within Their Jurisdiction 1:1

Rambam codifies the commandment to establish courts of law in every city of Israel, detailing the structure of the Sanhedrin, local courts, and the qualifications required of judges — based on the commands of Parshat Shoftim.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁל תּוֹרָה לְמַנּוֹת שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים בְּכָל מְדִינָה וּמְדִינָה וּבְכָל פֶּלֶךְ וּפֶלֶךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טז יח) "שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ". שׁוֹפְטִים אֵלּוּ הַדַּיָּנִים הַקְּבוּעִין בְּבֵית דִּין וּבַעֲלֵי דִּינִין בָּאִים לִפְנֵיהֶם. שׁוֹטְרִים אֵלּוּ בַּעֲלֵי מַקֵּל וּרְצוּעָה וְהֵם עוֹמְדִים לִפְנֵי הַדַּיָּנִין הַמְסַבְּבִין בַּשְּׁוָקִים וּבָרְחוֹבוֹת וְעַל הַחֲנֻיּוֹת לְתַקֵּן הַשְּׁעָרִים וְהַמִּדּוֹת וּלְהַכּוֹת כָּל מְעַוֵּת וְכָל מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם עַל פִּי הַדַּיָּנִים וְכָל שֶׁיִּרְאוּ בּוֹ עִוּוּת דָּבָר מְבִיאִין אוֹתוֹ לְבֵית דִּין וְדָנִין אוֹתוֹ כְּפִי רִשְׁעוֹ:

Source 14 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh

Sefer HaChinukh 491:1

Commandment to appoint judges and officers in every city, ensuring justice and righteousness in judgment.

לְמַנּוֹת שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים – לְמַנּוֹת (עי' סהמ"צ להרמב"ם עשין קעו) שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים שֶׁיַּכְרִיחוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה, וְיַחְזִירוּ הַנּוֹטִים מִדֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת אֵלֶיהָ בְּעַל כָּרְחָם, וִיצַוּוּ בָּרָאוּי לַעֲשׂוֹת, וְיִמְנְעוּ הַדְּבָרִים הַמְּגֻנִּים. וִיקַיְּמוּ הַגְּדָרִים עַל הָעוֹבֵר, עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה וּמְנִיעוֹתֶיהָ צְרִיכוֹת לֶאֱמוּנַת כָּל אִישׁ וְאִישׁ. וּמִתְּנָאֵי הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת שֶׁיִּהְיוּ אֵלּוּ הַדַּיָּנִין, מַדְרֵגָה עֶלְיוֹנָה מִמַּדְרֵגָה, וְזֶה שֶׁנַּעֲמִיד בְּכָל עִיר וָעִיר עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁלֹשָׁה דַּיָּנִין מְקֻבָּצִין כֻּלָּן בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד מִשַּׁעֲרֵי הַמְּדִינָה הָרְאוּיָה לָזֶה הַמִּנְיָן, וְזֹאת הִיא סַנְהֶדְרֵי קְטַנָּה, וְנַעֲמִיד בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם בֵּית דִּין גָּדוֹל מִשִּׁבְעִים דַּיָּנִים, וְנַעֲמִיד אֶחָד עַל הַשִּׁבְעִים הָהֵם וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא רֹאשׁ הַיְּשִׁיבָה, וְהוּא אֲשֶׁר יִקְרְאוּ הַחֲכָמִים נָשִׂיא כְּמוֹ כֵן, וְיִהְיוּ כֻּלָּן מְקֻבָּצִין בִּמְקוֹמָן הַמְיֻחָד לָהֶם. וּמָקוֹם שֶׁהוּא מְעַט הַמִּנְיָן, שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְסַנְהֶדְרֵי קְטַנָּה, יַעֲמִידוּ בּוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה יִשְׁפְּטוּ הֵם הַדָּבָר הַקָּטָן, וְהַדָּבָר הַקָּשֶׁה יְבִיאוּן לְמִי שֶׁהוּא לְמַעְלָה מֵהֶם. וּכְמוֹ כֵן יְמַנּוּ נוֹגְשִׂים בָּעָם הַסּוֹבְבִים בָּעִיר בַּשְּׁוָקִים וּבָרְחוֹבוֹת, יַבִּיטוּ עִנְיְנֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם בִּסְחֹרַת מִמְכָּרָם וּמִקָּחָם, עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה בֵּינֵיהֶם הָעָוֶל, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּדָבָר מוּעָט. וְהַמִּצְוָה שֶׁבָּאָה בָּזֶה, הוּא אָמְרוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ, וּלְשׁוֹן סִפְרֵי (כאן ועי' סנהדרין טז, ב) מִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּמַנִּין בֵּית דִּין לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר שׁוֹפְטִים וְשׁוֹטְרִים, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּמַנִּים אֶחָד עַל גַּבֵּי כֻּלָּם, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר תִּתֶּן לְךָ, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּמַנִּים בֵּית דִּין לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶיךָ. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ וְשָׁפְטוּ, מִצְוָה עַל כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט לִהְיוֹת דָּן אֶת שִׁבְטוֹ, וְשָׁפְטוּ אֶת הָעָם, עַל כָּרְחָם. וּכְבָר נִכְפְּלָה הַמִּצְוָה לְמַנּוֹת שִׁבְעִים זְקֵנִים, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ לְמֹשֶׁה עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם (במדבר יא טז) אֶסְפָה לִּי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ. וְאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ספרי בהעלותך בפסיקתא דאספה לי), כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לִי הֲרֵי הוּא קַיָּם לְעוֹלָם, וְכֵן (שמות כח מא) וְכִהֲנוּ לִי וְכוּ' כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה נִצְחִית וְאֵינָהּ לְפִי שָׁעָה, אֲבָל יִהְיֶה זֶה עֹד כָּל יְמֵי הָאָרֶץ. שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה. נִגְלֶה הוּא, שֶׁעִם הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, נַעֲמִיד דָּתֵנוּ בִּהְיוֹת אֵימַת אַלּוּפֵינוּ וְשׁוֹפְטֵינוּ עַל פְּנֵי הֶהָמוֹן, וּמִתּוֹךְ הֶרְגֵּלָם בַּטּוֹב וּבַיֹּשֶׁר מֵחֲמַת יִרְאָה יְלַמְּדוּ הָעָם טִבְעָם לַעֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וָצֶדֶק מֵאַהֲבָה בְּהַכָּרָתָם דֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת, וּכְעִנְיָן שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁרֹב הַהֶרְגֵּל הוּא מָה שֶׁאַחַר הַטֶּבַע, כְּלוֹמַר, כִּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַטֶּבַע יַכְרִיחַ הָאָדָם לְמָה שֶׁהוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ כֵּן הַהֶרְגֵּל הַגָּדוֹל חוֹזֵר בּוֹ כְּעֵין טֶבַע קַיָּם וְיַכְרִיחֶנּוּ לָלֶכֶת בְּדֶרֶךְ הַהֶרְגֵּל לְעוֹלָם. וּבְלֶכֶת הָעָם בְּדַרְכֵי הַיֹּשֶׁר וְהָאֱמוּנָה וּבוֹחֲרִים בַּטּוֹב יִדְבַּק בָּהֶם הַטּוֹב, וְיִשְׂמַח יְיָ בְּמַעֲשָׂיו.

To appoint judges and officers: To appoint (see Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 176) judges and officers that coerce [others] to do the commandments of the Torah, bring those that are veering from the path of the truth back to it against their will, order that which is fitting to do, prevent disgusting things and enforce the fences against the transgressor — so that the commandments and the preventions of the Torah not require the belief (acceptance) of each and every person. And it is from the conditions of this commandment that these judges should be one level above the other. That is that we set up twenty-three judges in each and every city that is fit for this number, all gathered together in one place from the gates of the city — and that is called a small Sanhedrin. And in Jerusalem, we set up a large court of seventy judges, and we stand up one [judge] over these seventy and he is called the head of the academy — and he is the one that the Sages also called, nassi — and they would all be gathered in their place that is designated for them. And in a place that is small of number, such that it is not fit for a small Sanhedrin, they should stand up three [that] should judge the small thing and they bring the difficult thing to the [court] that is above them. And likewise do they appoint supervisors among the people that circulate in the city, the markets and the streets [and] observe the matters of people in commercial buying and selling — so that there not be wrongdoing, even with a small thing. And the commandment that comes about this is that which He, may He blessed, stated (Deuteronomy 16:18), “Judges and officers shall you place for yourself in all of your gates.” And the language of Sifrei Devarim 144 (and see Sanhedrin 16b), “From where [do we know] that we appoint a court for all of Israel? [Hence] we learn to say, ‘Judges and officers.’ And from where [do we know] that we appoint one [judge] on top of them all? [Hence] we learn to say, ‘shall you place for yourself.’ And from where [do we know] that we appoint a court for each and every tribe? [Hence] we learn to say, ‘in all of your gates.’ Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said, ‘“For your tribes and they shall judge” — [that] is a commandment on each and every tribe to judge its tribe; “and they shall judge the people” — against their will.’” And this commandment to appoint seventy elders has already been repeated, and that is His, may He be blessed, stating to Moshe, peace be upon him, “Gather for Me seventy men” (Numbers 11:16). And they, may their memory be blessed, said (Sifrei Bamidbar 92), “Every place that it is stated, ‘for Me,’ behold it is an observance forever; and so [is it], ‘And they shall be priests for Me, etc.’ (Exodus 28:41)” — meaning to say, that it is a permanent commandment and not just temporary, but rather all of the days of the earth. The root of the commandment is revealed — that with this thing, we will support our religion, in that the fear of our officials and our judges will be on the face of the masses. And from their being accustomed to the good and the straight because of fear, the people will teach their natures to do justice and righteousness out of love, in their recognizing the true path. And [it is] like the Sages say, that much habit is what is behind nature — meaning to say that [just] like nature constrains a man to what it wants, so [too] does a strong habit repeat itself, like a persistent nature that constrains him to always go in the way of the habit. And in the people going in the paths of integrity and faith and choosing the good, the good will cling to them and God will rejoice in His creatures.

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaMitzvot – Appoint Judges (Positive 176)

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 176

Rambam enumerates the commandment to appoint judges and officers as a positive commandment of the Torah, sourced from Devarim 16:18.

היא שצונו למנות שופטים ושוטרים שיכריחו לעשות מצות התורה ויחזירו את הנוטים מדרך האמת אליה על כרחם ויצוו לעשות טוב ויחזרו מהרע ויעמידו הגדרים על העובר עד שלא יהיו מצות התורה ואזהרותיה נדונות לפי אמונת כל איש. והצווי שבא במצוה זו הוא אמרו שופטים ושוטרים תתן לך בכל שעריך.