Tanakhתנ״ך

Why Water Is Always Plural in Hebrew

Sources examine the grammatical phenomenon of the Hebrew word for water (mayim/me) appearing consistently in plural form across biblical and rabbinic texts. Explanations range from linguistic convention and grammatical attachment patterns to mystical interpretations of water's collective and formless nature.

מים לא נמצא כלל בלשון יחיד

5 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Shem MiShmuel (Ki Tisa 9:5) states explicitly that the word מים never appears in the singular at all — both מים and the construct form מי are plural — and offers a conceptual reason: water is all-encompassing, its source lying above all differentiation, which is why it takes on the color of whatever vessel contains it and grows every kind of plant, sweet, sharp, and bitter alike.

Ibn Ezra (Shemot 7:19) corroborates the grammatical observation from a different angle, noting that מים functions exclusively in the plural form when connected to a pronoun — as in מימי and מימיך — because the singular possessive מימוֹ or מימה simply does not exist in Hebrew, while also recording that the word מי does occasionally appear in a singular construction, as in the phrase כי מי נדה לא זורק (Bamidbar 19:13 as cited by Ibn Ezra).

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 8:7

דברים ח׳:ז׳

Deuteronomy 8:7

The Torah praises the Land of Israel as a land of streams and water sources, again using the plural water-language of "mayim" in a natural context. This supports the idea that Hebrew treats water as a mass noun often appearing in plural form.

כִּ֚י יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ מְבִֽיאֲךָ֖ אֶל־אֶ֣רֶץ טוֹבָ֑ה אֶ֚רֶץ נַ֣חֲלֵי מָ֔יִם עֲיָנֹת֙ וּתְהֹמֹ֔ת יֹצְאִ֥ים בַּבִּקְעָ֖ה וּבָהָֽר׃

For the ETERNAL your God is bringing you into a good land, a land with streams and springs and fountains issuing from plain and hill;

See also

  • Genesis 12:1unverifiedFiled under: The Centrality of the Land of Israel
  • Genesis 35:9unverifiedFiled under: The Centrality of the Land of Israel
  • Exodus 3:8unverifiedFiled under: The Centrality of the Land of Israel
Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 7:19

אבן עזרא על שמות ז׳:י״ט

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 7:19

Saadiah Gaon distinguishes between meyeme (doubled me) as sweet water and me as bitter water, though this distinction is flawed since Scripture uses me for both; the word me doubles consistently when attached to a pronoun (memai, memekha), a pattern that occurs only in the plural form, though me also appears in the singular in phrases like "the water of sprinkling" (Num. 19:13).

אגמיהם. מים מחוברים מעצמם ממי המטר: ומקוה מימיהם. הם המעיינים והבארות והבורות, ואמר הגאון כי מימי כפול, מים מתוקים, ומים מרים כמֵי הים על כן כתוב הקורא למי הים (עמוס ה ה), והנה שכח מי הירדן יכרתון (יהושע ג יג) ומלת מים כאשר היא סמוכה אל סימן המדבר לעולם היא כפולה כמו מימי (ש"א כה יא) ומימיך (יחז' יב יה), גם על לשון רבים, כי לא יתכן לומר מימוֹ ומימה, ומצאנו מי על לשון יחיד "כי מי נדה לא זורק" (במד' יט יג), וטעם ובעצים ובאבנים, המים שהיו בבתים בכלי עץ, או בכיור הנעשים מאבן:

AND OVER THEIR PONDS OF WATER. This refers to fountains, wells, and cisterns. Saadiah Gaon says that the word meyeme (water of), which is the word me (water of) doubled, refers to sweet water while the word me refers to bitter water, as in me ha-yam (waters of the sea). Scripture therefore reads, ha-kore le-me ha-yam (that calleth for the waters of the sea) (Amos 5:8). Now the Gaon forgot that Scripture states, me ha-yarden yikkaretun (the waters of the Jordan shall be cut off) (Josh. 3:13). The word me is always doubled when connected to a pronoun, as in the word memai (my water) (I Sam. 25:11) and in memekha (thy water) (Ezek. 12:18). This mode comes exclusively in the plural form, as it is incorrect to say memi (my water) and memah (her water). We find me used in the singular in because the water of (me) sprinkling was not dashed (Num. 19:13). [BOTH IN VESSELS OF WOOD AND IN VESSELS OF STONE.] That is, in water found in the homes in vessels made out of wood or basins made out of stone.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed I:26

מורה נבוכים, חלק א' כ״ו — ד"ה אופני ההגשמה במקרא העיקרון

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 26:1

Maimonides discusses how Hebrew words and expressions are shaped by usage and convention, not always by strict logical necessity. This can be helpful for explaining why a word like "mayim" may appear in plural form without implying multiple waters in the literal sense.

אופני ההגשמה במקרא העיקרון: דיברה תורה כלשון בני אדם 4 אתה מכיר את אִמרתם הכוללת את כל מיני הפירושים (שאינם כפשט) הכרוכים בתחום זה, והיא דבריהם: "דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם" (בבלי ברכות לא,א ועוד). משמעות הדברים, שכל מה שיכולים כלל בני האדם להבין ולתפוס במחשבה ראשונה – הוא שיוחס לה' יתעלה. לכן הוא תואר בתארים המורים על גשמות, כדי להורות שהוא יתעלה מצוי. זאת משום שההמון אינו משיג בעיון ראשון מציאות אלא של גוף דווקא, ומה שאינו גוף או מצוי בגוף – אין הוא מצוי מבחינתם.

You, no doubt, know the Talmudical saying, which includes in itself all the various kinds of interpretation connected with our subject. It runs thus: “The Torah speaks according to the language of man,” that is to say, expressions, which can easily be comprehended and understood by all, are applied to the Creator. Hence the description of God by attributes implying corporeality, in order to express His existence: because the multitude of people do not easily conceive existence unless in connection with a body, and that which is not a body nor connected with a body has for them no existence.

Source 4 · Hasidic
Verified

Shem MiShmuel, Ki Tisa 9:5

שם משמואל, כי תשא ט׳:ה׳

Shem MiShmuel, Ki Tisa 9:5

Water is always expressed in plural form (mayim) because it represents something collective in nature—its source transcends all particular distinctions of the sefirot, and therefore it has no inherent quality of its own but takes on the character of whatever vessel contains it, just as water appears white in clear glass and red in red glass, which is why water can produce all types of plants, whether sweet, sharp, or bitter.

וי"ל עוד בלשון אחר דהנה ידוע שמים לא נמצא כלל בלשון יחיד כי כל מים הוא לשון רבים וכן מי הוא לשון רבים אלא שהוא סמוך כמו מי הירדן וכדומה, והטעם שאין בו אלא לשון רבים י"ל מפני שהוא כולל, והיינו ששורשו למעלה מכל התחלקות הקווין כידוע למבינים, וע"כ אין בו שום גוון אלא כגווון הכלי שניתן בתוכו, בזכוכית לבנה יתראה לבן ובזכוכית אדומה יתראה אדום, וע"כ המים מצמיחים כל מיני צמחים הן מתוקים והן חריפין והן מרין

Source 5 · Hasidic
Verified

recovered from “Shem MiShmuel, Passover, תרע"ג

Shem MiShmuel, Passover

שם משמואל, פסח ג׳

Shem MiShmuel, Passover.3

A Midrash Rabbah passage states that in the merit of Abraham's wood-splitting (alluding to his readiness for sacrifice), God splits the sea for the Israelites, and when their bodies became intellectual/spiritual in nature, the waters—being material—were repelled before them and split, which is why the text uses the plural form "the waters split.

במד"ר ר' בני אומר בזכות אברהם אני בוקע להם את הים בעבור מה שעשה שנא' ויבקע עצי העולה, ואומר ויבקעו המים, נראה לפרש עפ"י דברי הזוה"ק האי אעא דלא סליק נהורא מבטשין לי' כך גופא דלא סליק בי' נהורא דנשמתא וע"כ נבקע מפניהם הים שהים הוא חומרי ואינו עומד בפני שכלי ומאחר שגם גופם נעשה שכלי ע"כ נדחה מפניהם הים ויבקעו המים:

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