Tanakhתנ״ך

Gilead: Geography, Etymology, and Significance

Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River allocated to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh. Biblical sources establish Gilead as a territorial, pastoral, and spiritual landmark, known for its healing balm and later referenced metaphorically and critically in prophetic literature.

הַצֳּרִי אֵין בְּגִלְעָד אִם־רֹפֵא אֵין שָׁם

9 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The name Gilead originates as a place-name coined by Yaakov: when he and Lavan erected a mound of stones as a witness between them, Bereishit 31:21-55 records that Lavan called it Yegar-sahadutha while Yaakov called it Gal-ed — meaning "mound of witness" — and the site took Yaakov's name.

That same territory east of the Jordan became a defined tribal region: Bamidbar 32:1-42 describes it as land suitable for cattle, promised to the Gadites and Reubenites as a holding, while Devarim 3:12-17 records that half of the hill country of Gilead went to Reuben and Gad and the remaining half to the half-tribe of Menashe, with Yehoshua 13:24-31 confirming the allocation of all the towns of Gilead to those tribes in the division of the land.

The Radak (Radak on Shoftim 5:17) further clarifies that "Gilead" in certain passages refers not to a tribe or person but to the house of Makhir son of Menashe, to whom the land of Gilead was given, though it can also allude to the house of Yair son of Menashe whose portion likewise fell within that territory.

In prophetic literature Gilead carries additional resonances: Yirmiyahu 8:22 asks rhetorically whether there is no balm in Gilead and no healer there, while Rashi (Yirmiyahu 22:6) interprets "Gilead" in that prophetic context as an epithet for the Temple itself, the source of balm and healing for the entire world, and Hoshea 6:8 condemns Gilead as a city of evildoers tracked with blood, showing that the name could designate an inhabited city as well as a region.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 3:12-17

דברים ג׳:י״ב-י״ז

Deuteronomy 3:12-17

Moses distributes the conquered territory east of the Jordan, including Gilead and Bashan, to Reuben, Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh. The verses place Gilead within the Israelite settlement east of the Jordan.

וְאֶת־הָאָ֧רֶץ הַזֹּ֛את יָרַ֖שְׁנוּ בָּעֵ֣ת הַהִ֑וא מֵעֲרֹעֵ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־עַל־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֗ן וַחֲצִ֤י הַֽר־הַגִּלְעָד֙ וְעָרָ֔יו נָתַ֕תִּי לָרֽאוּבֵנִ֖י וְלַגָּדִֽי׃ וְיֶ֨תֶר הַגִּלְעָ֤ד וְכׇל־הַבָּשָׁן֙ מַמְלֶ֣כֶת ע֔וֹג נָתַ֕תִּי לַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁ֑ה כֹּ֣ל חֶ֤בֶל הָֽאַרְגֹּב֙ לְכׇל־הַבָּשָׁ֔ן הַה֥וּא יִקָּרֵ֖א אֶ֥רֶץ רְפָאִֽים׃

And this is the land that we apportioned at that time: The part from Aroer along the wadi Arnon, with part of the hill country of Gilead and its towns, I assigned to the Reubenites and the Gadites. The rest of Gilead, and all of Bashan under Og’s rule—the whole Argob district, all that part of Bashan that is called Rephaim country—I assigned to the half-tribe of Manasseh.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Joshua 13:24-31

יהושע י״ג:כ״ד-ל״א

Joshua 13:24-31

The inheritance of the tribe of Gad is described in the territory of Gilead, including its cities and borders. This is a key biblical geographic source for locating Gilad as part of the eastern Jordan region.

וַיְהִ֤י לָהֶם֙ הַגְּב֔וּל יַעְזֵר֙ וְכׇל־עָרֵ֣י הַגִּלְעָ֔ד וַחֲצִ֕י אֶ֖רֶץ בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן עַד־עֲרוֹעֵ֕ר אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֥י רַבָּֽה׃ וַחֲצִ֤י הַגִּלְעָד֙ וְעַשְׁתָּר֣וֹת וְאֶדְרֶ֔עִי עָרֵ֛י מַמְלְכ֥וּת ע֖וֹג בַּבָּשָׁ֑ן לִבְנֵ֤י מָכִיר֙ בֶּן־מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה לַחֲצִ֥י בְנֵֽי־מָכִ֖יר לְמִשְׁפְּחוֹתָֽם׃

and it became their territory: Jazer, all the towns of Gilead, part of the country of the Ammonites up to Aroer, which is close to Rabbah, and part of Gilead, and Ashtaroth and Edrei, the royal cities of Og in Bashan, were assigned to the descendants of Machir son of Manasseh—to a part of the descendants of Machir—for their various clans.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 31:21-55

בראשית ל״א:כ״א-נ״ה

Genesis 31:21-55

Jacob and Laban set up a heap as a witness and call it Galed/Gilad, 'heap of witness.' The passage explains the name as a memorial of the boundary and the covenant between them, and locates the name in the Transjordan region.

וַיִּקְרָא־ל֣וֹ לָבָ֔ן יְגַ֖ר שָׂהֲדוּתָ֑א וְיַֽעֲקֹ֔ב קָ֥רָא ל֖וֹ גַּלְעֵֽד׃ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָבָ֔ן הַגַּ֨ל הַזֶּ֥ה עֵ֛ד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינְךָ֖ הַיּ֑וֹם עַל־כֵּ֥ן קָרָֽא־שְׁמ֖וֹ גַּלְעֵֽד׃

Laban named it Yegar-sahadutha, but Jacob named it Gal-ed. And Laban declared, “This mound is a witness between you and me this day.” That is why it was named Gal-ed;

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers 32:1-42

במדבר ל״ב:א׳-מ״ב

Numbers 32:1-42

The tribes of Reuben and Gad request the lands of Gilead and Jazer on the east side of the Jordan, and Moses negotiates their settlement there. This passage shows Gilad as a broad Transjordanian district tied to pastoral land and tribal inheritance.

וּמִקְנֶ֣ה ׀ רַ֗ב הָיָ֞ה לִבְנֵ֧י רְאוּבֵ֛ן וְלִבְנֵי־גָ֖ד עָצ֣וּם מְאֹ֑ד וַיִּרְא֞וּ אֶת־אֶ֤רֶץ יַעְזֵר֙ וְאֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ גִּלְעָ֔ד וְהִנֵּ֥ה הַמָּק֖וֹם מְק֥וֹם מִקְנֶֽה׃ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֜ה אֲלֵהֶ֗ם אִם־יַעַבְר֣וּ בְנֵי־גָ֣ד וּבְנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֣ן ׀ אִ֠תְּכֶ֠ם אֶֽת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֞ן כׇּל־חָל֤וּץ לַמִּלְחָמָה֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֔ה וְנִכְבְּשָׁ֥ה הָאָ֖רֶץ לִפְנֵיכֶ֑ם וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם לָהֶ֛ם אֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ הַגִּלְעָ֖ד לַאֲחֻזָּֽה׃

The Reubenites and the Gadites owned cattle in very great numbers. Noting that the lands of Jazer and Gilead were a region suitable for cattle, Moses said to them, “If every shock-fighter among the Gadites and the Reubenites crosses the Jordan with you to do battle at the instance of GOD, and the land is subdued before you, you shall give them the land of Gilead as a holding.

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 8:22

ירמיהו ח׳:כ״ב

Jeremiah 8:22

The prophet asks whether there is balm in Gilead, using Gilead as a famous place associated with healing balm. This is an important later biblical reference to the region and its reputation.

הַצֳּרִי֙ אֵ֣ין בְּגִלְעָ֔ד אִם־רֹפֵ֖א אֵ֣ין שָׁ֑ם כִּ֗י מַדּ֙וּעַ֙ לֹ֣א עָֽלְתָ֔ה אֲרֻכַ֖ת בַּת־עַמִּֽי׃

Source 6 · Tanach
Verified

Hosea 6:8

הושע ו׳:ח׳

Hosea 6:8

Gilead is mentioned as a city of evildoers, marked by bloodshed. The verse shows the name used not just for the region but also for a place associated with moral critique.

גִּלְעָ֕ד קִרְיַ֖ת פֹּ֣עֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן עֲקֻבָּ֖ה מִדָּֽם׃

Gilead is a city of evildoers, Tracked up with blood.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Sifrei Devarim 1

ספרי דברים א׳ — ד"ה בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן

Sifrei Devarim 1:9

The midrashic opening on Deuteronomy expands on Moses' words about the land and the eastern side of the Jordan, including Gilead as part of the inherited territory. It is useful for seeing how Chazal read the geography of the region.

בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהוֹכִיחָם עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן. בַּמִּדְבָּר, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהוֹכִיחָם עַל מַה שֶׁעָשׂוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר. דָּבָר אַחֵר: בַּמִּדְבָּר, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹטְלִים בְּנֵיהֶם וּבְנוֹתֵיהֶם קְטַנִּים וְזוֹרְקִים לְתוֹךְ חֵיקוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה וְאוֹמְרִים לוֹ: בֶּן עַמְרָם מָה אַנּוֹנָה הִתְקַנְתָּ לָהֶם לְאֵלּוּ? מָה פַּרְנָסָה הִתְקַנְתָּ לָהֶם לְאֵלּוּ? רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: הֲרֵיהוּ אוֹמֵר (שמות טז ג): ״וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֲלֵיהֶם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִי יִתֵּן מוּתֵנוּ בְיַד ה׳ בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם״. בָּעֲרָבָה, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהוֹכִיחָם עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ בְּעַרְבוֹת מוֹאָב, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר כה א): ״וַיֵּשֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּשִּׁטִּים״ וְגוֹ׳. מוֹל סוּף, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהוֹכִיחָם עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ עַל הַיָּם, שֶׁהִמְרוּ עַל הַיָּם וְהָפְכוּ עֹרֶף כְּלַפֵּי מֹשֶׁה שָׁלֹשׁ מַסָּעוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: הִמְרוּ עַל הַיָּם וְהִמְרוּ בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קו ז): ״וַיַּמְרוּ עַל יָם בְּיַם סוּף״. יָכוֹל לֹא הוֹכִיחָם אֶלָּא בִּתְחִלַּת מַסָּע, בֵּין מַסָּע לְמַסָּע מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: בֵּין פָּארָן וּבֵין תֹּפֶל וְלָבָן – דִּבְרֵי תִּפְלוּת שֶׁתָּפְלוּ עַל הַמָּן, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר כא ה): ״וְנַפְשֵׁנוּ קָצָה בַּלֶּחֶם הַקְּלֹקֵל״. אָמַר לָהֶם: שׁוֹטִים! כָּל עַצְמָם שֶׁל מְלָכִים אֵין בּוֹרְרִים לָהֶם אֶלָּא לֶחֶם קַל שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא אֶחָד מֵהֶם גּוֹסֶה וְדַלַּרְיָא אוֹחַזְתּוֹ, אֲבָל אַתֶּם בַּטּוֹבָה שֶׁהֵיטַבְתִּי לָכֶם בָּהּ אַתֶּם מִתְרַעֲמִים לְפָנַי? הֲוֵי בִּשְׁטוּת אֲבִיכֶם הֲלַכְתֶּם, שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי (בראשית ב יח): ״אֶעֱשֶׂה לּוֹ עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ״, בַּטּוֹבָה שֶׁהֵיטַבְתִּי לוֹ – בָּהּ נִתְרַעֵם לְפָנַי, וְאָמַר (בראשית ג יב): ״הָאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר נָתַתָּ עִמָּדִי הִוא נָתְנָה לִּי מִן הָעֵץ וָאֹכֵל״.

9. “From across the Jordan” (Dt.1:1)— this teaches that Moses rebuked them for their behavior on that side of the Jordan. “In the wasteland” (Dt.1:1)— This teaches that Moses rebuked them for their behavior in the wasteland. Another word: “In the wasteland” (Dt.1:1)— this teaches that they would take their baby sons and daughters, and cast them onto Moses’ bosom, saying: Son of Amram! What provisions have you prepared for these? What sustenance have you prepared for these?” R. Judah says: Look at what [the verse] says! “And the Israelites said to them, if only we could have died by the hand of HASHEM in the land of Egypt” (Ex.16:3) 10. “In the steppes” (Dt.1:1)— This teaches that he rebuked them for their behavior on the steppes of Moab. And so He says: “And Israel lingered at Shittim . . . where the people whored with the daughters of Moab” (Nu.25:1). “Opposite Suph” (Dt.1:1)— This teaches that Moses rebuked them for their behavior at the Reed Sea. For they rebelled at the sea, and stiffened their resolve for three journeys. R. Judah says : They rebelled at the sea shore And they rebelled within the sea. And so He says: “For they rebelled at the sea— And in the Reed Sea!” (Ps.106:7) Is it possible to say that Moses rebuked them only at the start of a journey? How do we know that he did so as well between journeys? The Teaching states: “Between Paran and between Tofel,” (Dt.1:1)— [Tofel alludes to Israel’s] frivolous complaints (tiflut) about the manna. And so He says: “For our appetites are ruined by this fluffy bread!”(Nu.21:5). [The Holy One] said to them: Fools! Kings themselves choose only the fluffiest bread, to ward off nausea and diarrhea. But as for you— the very best I could give you is the very thing you complain about! Oh, how you have followed the folly of your original ancestor! For [of Adam] I said: “I will make for him a helper appropriate to him” (Gn.2:18). But the very best I could give him is the very thing he complained about, for it is said: “The woman you gave me— she handed me from the tree, so I ate!” (Gn.3:12)

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Radak on Judges 5:17

רד"ק על שופטים ה׳:י״ז

Radak on Judges 5:17

Gilead is a region beyond the Jordan whose inhabitants, including the house of Makhir (son of Menashe) and the house of Yair (son of Menashe), did not initially appear to join Israel's war, yet are presented as a rhetorical example to Reuven—questioning why he remained on his side of the Jordan when Gilead, despite also dwelling there, crossed over to help Israel's cause.

גלעד ששכן בעבר הירדן ולא בא למלחמה ויש לתמוה והלא מכיר אומר שבא למלחמה ומכיר אבי גלעד וארץ הגלעד לבית מכיר כמו שאמר ויתן את הגלעד למכיר בן מנשה, ויש לפרש כי מה שאמר גלעד בעבר הירדן שכן על בית יאיר בן מנשה אמר שג' הוא היה חלקו בארץ הגלעד כמו שאמר ויאיר בן מנשה הלך וילכוד את חוותיהם ויש לפרש עוד כי מה שאמר גלעד בעבר הירדן שכן הוא דרך תמיהה ואומר לראובן למה ישבת בביתך ולא באת למלחמה גלעד עשה כן כמו שעשית אתה וישב ושכן בעבר הירדן הלא חרד ובא לעזור למלחמת ישראל ואתה למה עשית כן ואף על פי שאתה מעבר לירדן הלא גם הוא מעבר לירדן, ויש לפרש ג"כ לענין זה הפירוש שלא בדרך תמיהה כלומר גלעד הלא שכן בעבר הירדן כמוך וחלקו ונחלתו שם היא ואעפ"כ עבר ובא לעזרת ישראל ואתה למה לא עשית כן:

Gilead who dwelt beyond the Jordan and did not come to the war. And one should wonder: And did not Makhir say that he was coming to the war? And Makhir was the father of of Gilead. So the Gilead (region) went to the House of Makhir, as it stated (Numbers 32:40), "And he gave the Gilead to Makhir, the son of Menashe." But it can be explained that that which it said, Gilead dwelt beyond the Jordan, was about the House of Yair, the son of Menashe, as his portion was also in the land of Gilead, as it stated (Numbers 32:41), "And Yair, the son of Menashe, went and conquered their villages." And it can further be explained that what it stated, that Gilead dwelt beyond the Jordan, is by way of a question. And it is saying it to Reuven - why did you sit in your house and not come to the war: Gilead did like you and settled on the other side of the Jordan. Did he not tremble and come to help in Israel's war? So why did you not do so? And even though you are from the other side of the Jordan, is he not also from the other side of the Jordan? But it can also be explained with the same idea as this understanding, not by way of a question. That is to say, does not Gilead also dwell on the other side of the Jordan like you and his portion and inheritance is there? Nevertheless, he crossed over and came to the help of Israel. But you, why did you not do this?

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Jeremiah 22:6

רש"י על ירמיהו כ״ב:ו׳

Rashi on Jeremiah 22:6

The passage interprets "You are Gilead to Me" as comparing Israel to the Temple, which radiates healing and remedy to the entire world, and quotes a Targum stating that despite Israel being as beloved as the elevated Temple, God swears to make it a desert.

גִּלְעָד אַתָּה לִי וגו׳. ״אִלּוּ אַתְּ חֲבִיב קֳדָמַי כְּבֵית מַקְדְּשָׁא דְּרָם בְּרֵישׁ טוּרַיָּא, אִם לֹא אֲשַׁוִּינָךְ מִדְבְּרָא״ (תרגום יונתן): גִּלְעָד אַתָּה. הַמִּקְדָּשׁ (מכילתא בשלח עמלק ב), שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ צֳרִי וּרְפוּאָה לְכָל הָעוֹלָם (פסיקתא רבתי לג):

You are [as] Gilead to Me, etc. Even if you are as dear to Me as the Temple, which is high on the mountain peaks, I swear that I will make you a desert. You are [as] Gilead The Temple from which balm and healing emanate to the whole world.