Shabbatשבת

Flowers and Greenery on Shavuot

Jewish sources discuss the custom of decorating synagogues and homes with flowers, grass, and branches on Shavuot to commemorate the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai, which was surrounded by vegetation. While this practice is widely recorded and codified, one authoritative opinion dissented over concerns about non-Jewish influences.

זכר לשמחת מתן תורה - שהיו שם עשבים סביב הר סיני

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Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli – Pesachim

פסחים ס״ח ב

Pesachim 68b

The Talmud records that all authorities agree one must also celebrate Shavuot physically and festively ('lachem'—for yourself), as it is the day the Torah was given. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua debate how to divide Yom Tov between spiritual and physical enjoyment, but both agree Shavuot requires a physical dimension of celebration.

(עב״ם סִימָן) אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: הַכֹּל מוֹדִים בַּעֲצֶרֶת דְּבָעֵינַן נָמֵי לָכֶם. מַאי טַעְמָא? יוֹם שֶׁנִּיתְּנָה בּוֹ תּוֹרָה הוּא. אָמַר רַבָּה: הַכֹּל מוֹדִים בְּשַׁבָּת דְּבָעֵינַן נָמֵי לָכֶם. מַאי טַעְמָא? ״וְקָרָאתָ לַשַּׁבָּת עוֹנֶג״. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: הַכֹּל מוֹדִים בְּפוּרִים דְּבָעֵינַן נָמֵי לָכֶם. מַאי טַעְמָא? ״יְמֵי מִשְׁתֶּה וְשִׂמְחָה״ כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ. מָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבִינָא כּוּלַּהּ שַׁתָּא הֲוָה יָתֵיב בְּתַעֲנִיתָא, לְבַר מֵעֲצַרְתָּא, וּפוּרְיָא, וּמַעֲלֵי יוֹמָא דְכִיפּוּרֵי. עֲצֶרֶת — יוֹם שֶׁנִּיתְּנָה בּוֹ תּוֹרָה. פּוּרְיָא — ״יְמֵי מִשְׁתֶּה וְשִׂמְחָה״ כְּתִיב. מַעֲלֵי יוֹמָא דְכִיפּוּרֵי — דְּתָנֵי חִיָּיא בַּר רַב מִדִּפְתִּי: ״וְעִנִּיתֶם אֶת נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם בְּתִשְׁעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ״, וְכִי בְּתִשְׁעָה (הֵם) מִתְעַנִּין? וַהֲלֹא בַּעֲשִׂירִי מִתְעַנִּין! אֶלָּא לוֹמַר לְךָ: כׇּל הָאוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה בְּתִשְׁעָה בּוֹ — מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִילּוּ מִתְעַנֶּה תְּשִׁיעִי וַעֲשִׂירִי. רַב יוֹסֵף בְּיוֹמָא דַעֲצַרְתָּא אָמַר: עָבְדִי לִי עִגְלָא תִּלְתָּא. אָמַר, אִי לָא הַאי יוֹמָא דְּקָא גָרֵים — כַּמָּה יוֹסֵף אִיכָּא בְּשׁוּקָא.

Ayin, beit, mem is a mnemonic consisting of the first letter of Atzeret, the middle letter of Shabbat and the final letter of Purim. Rabbi Elazar said: All agree with regard to Atzeret, the holiday of Shavuot, that we require that it be also “for you,” meaning that it is a mitzva to eat, drink, and rejoice on that day. What is the reason? It is the day on which the Torah was given, and one must celebrate the fact that the Torah was given to the Jewish people. Rabba said: All agree with regard to Shabbat that we require that it be also “for you.” What is the reason? Because the verse states: “If you proclaim Shabbat a delight, the sacred day of God honored” (Isaiah 58:13). Rav Yosef said: All agree with regard to Purim that we require that it be also “for you.” What is the reason? Because it is written: “To observe them as days of feasting and gladness” (Esther 9:22). The Gemara relates: Mar, son of Ravina, would spend the entire year fasting during the day and eating only sparsely at night, except for Shavuot, Purim, and the eve of Yom Kippur. He made these exceptions for the following reasons: Shavuot because it is the day on which the Torah was given and there is a mitzva to demonstrate one’s joy on that day; Purim because “days of feasting and gladness” is written about it; the eve of Yom Kippur, as Ḥiyya bar Rav of Difti taught: “And you shall afflict your souls on the ninth day of the month in the evening, from evening to evening you shall keep your Sabbath” (Leviticus 23:32). But does one fast on the ninth of Tishrei? Doesn’t one fast on the tenth of Tishrei? Rather, this comes to tell you: One who eats and drinks on the ninth, the verse ascribes him credit as if he fasted on both the ninth and the tenth of Tishrei. The Gemara relates that Rav Yosef, on the day of Shavuot, would say: Prepare me a choice third-born calf. He said: If not for this day on which the Torah was given that caused the Jewish people to have the Torah, how many Yosefs would there be in the market? It is only due to the importance of Torah study that I have become a leader of the Jewish people, and I therefore have a special obligation to rejoice on this day.

Why it matters — This Talmudic source establishes that Shavuot has a special obligation of physical/festive celebration, supporting the legitimacy of beautifying the shul with flowers.

See also

  • Ramban on Leviticus 23:36unverifiedFiled under: Shavuot I: What Does Shavuot Commemorate? & The Eternal Impact of Ma’amad Har Sinai
  • Kli Yakar on Leviticus 23:16unverifiedFiled under: Shavuot I: What Does Shavuot Commemorate? & The Eternal Impact of Ma’amad Har Sinai
  • Yirmiyahu 33:25unverifiedFiled under: Shavuot I: What Does Shavuot Commemorate? & The Eternal Impact of Ma’amad Har Sinai
Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Tur – Orach Chayim

טור, אורח חיים תצ״ד

Tur, Orach Chayim 494

The Tur discusses the laws and customs of Shavuot, laying the foundation for later codification of the holiday's observances, including festive decorations associated with commemorating the giving of the Torah.

ביום חמשים לספירת העומר הוא חג שבועות וסדר התפלה כמו בי"ט של פסח אלא שאומרים את יום חג שבועות הזה זמן מתן תורתינו ובמוסף מזכיר קרבנות המוספין וביום הבכורים וגו' עד ושני תמידין כהלכתן וגומרין ההלל ומוציאין ב' ספרים וקורין ביום הא' ה' בפרשת וישמע יתרו מבחדש השלישי עד סוף סדרא ומפטיר קורא בשני וביום הבכורים ומפטיר במרכבה דיחזקאל ומסיים בפסוק ותשאני רוח וביום השני קורין בפרשת כל הבכור עד סוף סדרא ומפטיר קורא כמו אתמול ומפטיר בחבקוק מן וה' בהיכל קדשו עד למנצח בנגינותי ונוהגין בכל המקומות לומר במוסף אחר חזרת התפלה אזהרות העשויות על מנין המצות וכל מקום ומקום לפי מנהגו:

But every place does what is in accordance with its custom.

Why it matters — The Tur's treatment of Shavuot customs provides the Rishonic basis for the later codification of the floral/greenery custom by the Rema.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah – Biur Halacha

משנה ברורה תצ״ד:י״א

Mishnah Berurah 494:11

The Biur Halacha addresses an opinion from the Vilna Gaon (Gra) who abolished the custom of flowers in shul on Shavuot in his community, concerned it resembled non-Jewish religious practices (chukkat hagoyim). The Mishnah Berurah records this dissenting view while preserving the mainstream custom.

{יא} בכמה מקומות לאכול - ואם מותר להתענות תענית חלום בשבועות עיין לקמן בסימן תר"ד במ"א ובמה שכתבנו שם במ"ב:

.. In many places to eat.. And in regards to whether it is permissible to fast a fast due to a dream on Shavuot see...

Why it matters — This source records the important halachic debate around the custom, including the Gra's objection based on the concern of imitating non-Jewish practices.

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah

משנה ברורה תצ״ד:י׳

Mishnah Berurah 494:10

The Chafetz Chaim explains the Rema's ruling on spreading grass and flowers in shul on Shavuot, noting that this commemorates Mount Sinai being green with vegetation at the time of the Torah's giving, and records the widespread practice.

{י} זכר לשמחת מתן תורה - שהיו שם עשבים סביב הר סיני כדכתיב הצאן והבקר אל ירעו וגו'. נוהגין להעמיד אילנות בבהכ"נ ובבתים זכר שבעצרת נידונו על פירות האילן [מ"א] והגר"א ביטל מנהג זה משום שעכשיו הוא חק העמים להעמיד אילנות בחג שלהם:

In remembrance of the joy of receiving the Torah: for there were grasses around Mount Sinai, as it says "The flocks and cattle shall not graze..." Latter sages wrote that in places where it is the custom to give out fragrant grasses in the synagogue, they should not give them out from Barukh SheAmar until after the Amida so that one may bless over them (the blessing for fragrant vegetation)-- because during that period it is forbidden to interrupt (the prayer). There is a custom to stand trees in the synagogues and homes in remembrance that on Shavuot judgment takes place for the fruits of the tree. The Gr"a abolished this custom because now it is the ritual of the (non-Jewish) nations to put up trees on their holiday.

Why it matters — The Mishnah Berurah elaborates on and endorses the custom of placing flowers and greenery in the synagogue on Shavuot.

See also

  • Exodus 20:2unverifiedFiled under: Shavuot II: The Ten Commandments, Preparing for Shavuot, Megillat Ruth & Shavuot Customs
  • Rashi on Shemot 20:13unverifiedFiled under: Shavuot II: The Ten Commandments, Preparing for Shavuot, Megillat Ruth & Shavuot Customs
  • Rashi on Shemot 24:12unverifiedFiled under: Shavuot II: The Ten Commandments, Preparing for Shavuot, Megillat Ruth & Shavuot Customs
Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh – Orach Chayim

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים תצ״ד:ג׳

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 494:3

The Rema notes the custom to spread grasses and flowers in the synagogue and home on Shavuot as a remembrance of the joy of the giving of the Torah, and some say as a remembrance of Mount Sinai which was covered with vegetation.

הגה ואין אומרים תחנון מתחילת ראש חודש סיון עד ח' בו דהיינו אחר אסרו חג (הגהות מיימוני הלכות ברכות ומנהגים) ונוהגין לשטוח עשבים בשבועות בבית הכנסת והבתים זכר לשמחת מתן תורה ונוהגין בכל מקום לאכול מאכלי חלב ביום ראשון של שבועות ונראה לי הטעם שהוא כמו השני תבשילין שלוקחין בליל פסח זכר לפסח וזכר לחגיגה כן אוכלים מאכל חלב ואח"כ מאכל בשר וצריכין להביא עמהם ב' לחם על השלחן שהוא במקום המזבח ויש בזה זכרון לשני הלחם שהיו מקריבין ביום הבכורים:

And it seems to me that the reason is: It is like the two foods that are taken on the evening of Pesach, a reminder of the Korban Pesach and a reminder of the Korban Chagiga, so too we eat a dairy food followed by a meat food, and we bring with them two loaves on the table in place of the Mizbeach, and thus there will be a reminder of the two loaves that were brought on "The day of the Bikkurim."

Why it matters — This is the primary halachic source for the custom of placing flowers/greenery in shul on Shavuot, codified by the Rema.

See also

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Magen Avraham

מגן אברהם תצ״ד:ה׳

Magen Avraham 494:5

The Magen Avraham records the custom of decorating the shul with trees and branches on Shavuot, connecting it to the theme of judgment on Shavuot over the fruit of the trees, so that we may pray for a blessed year, and to the memory of the green Sinai.

נוהגין להעמיד אילנות בבה"כ ובבתים ונ"ל הטעם שיזכירו שבעצרת נידונין על פירות האילן ויתפללו עליהם:

It is customary to place trees in the the synagogue and in houses, and it seems to me that the reason is so people remember that judgement of fruit trees occurs on Shavuos, and that they should pray for them.

Why it matters — The Magen Avraham provides an additional reason for the greenery/flower custom on Shavuot—the judgment of the trees—and records its widespread practice.

See also

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh HaRav – Alter Rebbe

שולחן ערוך הרב, אורח חיים תצ״ד:י״ג

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 494:13

The Alter Rebbe (R. Schneur Zalman of Liadi) codifies the custom of spreading grass and flowers in shul on Shavuot to commemorate the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai, which was surrounded by greenery, and to increase joy on the festival.

נוֹהֲגִין לִקְרוֹת מְגִלַּת רוּת בְּשָׁבוּעוֹת שֶׁהוּא זְמַן מַתַּן תּוֹרָה, כְּדֵי לִלְמֹד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְּנָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי יִסּוּרִין וְעֹנִי כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה לְרוּת כְּשֶׁנִּתְגַּיְּרָה. וְאֵין מְבָרְכִין כְּלוּם עַל קְרִיאַת מְגִלָּה זוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן ת"צ:

Why it matters — An important Acharonic/Chassidic halachic ruling explicitly endorsing the custom of flowers in shul on Shavuot.

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