Israelארץ ישראל

Rav Kook on Shmita and Yovel as Economic Models

Rav Kook and classical Jewish sources present Shmita and Yovel as divinely ordained economic structures designed to prevent poverty, redistribute property, and recalibrate society's moral order. These institutions function as both practical social safety nets and spiritual mechanisms through which the Jewish people acknowledge God's sovereignty over land and material existence.

וְשָׁבְתָה הָאָרֶץ שַׁבָּת לַיהֹוָֽה

7 sources · all verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Leviticus – Laws of Shmita and Yovel

Leviticus 25:1-13

The Torah commands the sabbatical year (Shmita) every seven years and the Jubilee (Yovel) every fifty years, including release of land, cancellation of debts, freeing of slaves, and return of ancestral property — the foundational economic legislation underlying all discussion.

דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶ֔ם כִּ֤י תָבֹ֙אוּ֙ אֶל־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י נֹתֵ֣ן לָכֶ֑ם וְשָׁבְתָ֣ה הָאָ֔רֶץ שַׁבָּ֖ת לַיהֹוָֽה׃ וּבַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗ת שַׁבַּ֤ת שַׁבָּתוֹן֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָאָ֔רֶץ שַׁבָּ֖ת לַיהֹוָ֑ה שָֽׂדְךָ֙ לֹ֣א תִזְרָ֔ע וְכַרְמְךָ֖ לֹ֥א תִזְמֹֽר׃ וְקִדַּשְׁתֶּ֗ם אֵ֣ת שְׁנַ֤ת הַחֲמִשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּקְרָאתֶ֥ם דְּר֛וֹר בָּאָ֖רֶץ לְכׇל־יֹשְׁבֶ֑יהָ יוֹבֵ֥ל הִוא֙ תִּהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֔ם וְשַׁבְתֶּ֗ם אִ֚ישׁ אֶל־אֲחֻזָּת֔וֹ וְאִ֥ישׁ אֶל־מִשְׁפַּחְתּ֖וֹ תָּשֻֽׁבוּ׃

Speak to the Israelite people and say to them: When you enter the land that I assign to you, the land shall observe a sabbath of GOD. But in the seventh year the land shall have a sabbath of complete rest, a sabbath of GOD: you shall not sow your field or prune your vineyard. and you shall hallow the fiftieth year. You shall proclaim release throughout the land for all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you: each of you shall return to your holding and each of you shall return to your family.

Why it matters — The primary biblical source for Shmita and Yovel as a comprehensive socioeconomic system, which Rav Kook's thought directly interprets and elevates.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Talmud Kiddushin 20a – Yovel and Slavery

Kiddushin 20a

The Talmud teaches that the sale of a Jew into servitude is a consequence of poverty and violation of the land's laws, and that Yovel liberates all such servants — describing the social safety net function of the Jubilee as a periodic reset of economic inequality.

אָדָם נוֹשֵׂא וְנוֹתֵן בְּפֵירוֹת שְׁבִיעִית – לְסוֹף מוֹכֵר אֶת מִטַּלְטְלָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בִּשְׁנַת הַיּוֹבֵל תָּשֻׁבוּ אִישׁ אֶל אֲחֻזָּתוֹ״, וּסְמִיךְ לֵיהּ: ״וְכִי תִמְכְּרוּ מִמְכָּר לַעֲמִיתֶךָ אוֹ קָנֹה מִיַּד עֲמִיתֶךָ״ – דָּבָר הַנִּקְנֶה מִיָּד לְיָד. לֹא הִרְגִּישׁ – לְסוֹף מוֹכֵר אֶת שְׂדוֹתָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָכַר מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ״. לֹא בָּאת לְיָדוֹ עַד שֶׁמּוֹכֵר אֶת בֵּיתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי יִמְכֹּר בֵּית מוֹשַׁב עִיר חוֹמָה״. לֹא בָּאת לְיָדוֹ עַד שֶׁלֹּוֶה בְּרִבִּית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וּמָטָה יָדוֹ עִמָּךְ״, וּסְמִיךְ לֵיהּ: ״אַל תִּקַּח מֵאִתּוֹ וְגוֹ׳״. לֹא בָּאת לְיָדוֹ עַד שֶׁמּוֹכֵר אֶת עַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ וְנִמְכַּר לָךְ״.

If a person has commercial dealings with Sabbatical-Year produce, which is prohibited, ultimately he will become so poor that he will have to sell his movable property, as it is stated: “In this Jubilee Year you shall return every man to his land” (Leviticus 25:13), and juxtaposed to it is the verse: “And if you sell any item to your neighbor or buy from your neighbor’s hand” (Leviticus 25:14), which is referring to an item acquired by passing it from hand to hand. This teaches that if one sins with regard to the Jubilee Year or the Sabbatical Year, which have many identical halakhot, he will eventually have to sell his movable property. If one does not sense that he is being punished and does not repent, ultimately he will have to sell his fields, as it is stated in an adjacent verse: “If your brother grows poor and sells of his ancestral land” (Leviticus 25:25). If no move toward repentance comes to his hand, he will have to sell his house, as it is stated: “And if a man sells a dwelling-house in a walled city” (Leviticus 25:29). The baraita continues its exposition of the verses in Leviticus: If no move toward repentance comes to his hand, he will eventually need to borrow with interest, as it is stated: “And if your brother grows poor and his means fails with you” (Leviticus 25:35), and juxtaposed to it is the verse: “Take no usury or interest from him” (Leviticus 25:36). If no move toward repentance comes to his hand, he will eventually need to sell himself, as it is stated: “And if your brother grows poor with you and sells himself to you” (Leviticus 25:39).

Why it matters — Demonstrates the Talmudic understanding of Yovel as a mechanism to prevent permanent economic stratification, a key element in Rav Kook's model of Torah economics.

Source 3 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah – Shmita and Yovel (Rambam)

Mishneh Torah, Sabbatical Year and the Jubilee 13:1-13

Rambam codifies the laws of Shmita and Yovel comprehensively, including the release of land, cancellation of loans, freeing of Hebrew slaves, and the redistribution of ancestral property, treating them as a unified socioeconomic-moral system.

וְלָמָּה לֹא זָכָה לֵוִי בְּנַחֲלַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְבִזָּתָהּ עִם אֶחָיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֻבְדַּל לַעֲבֹד אֶת ה' לְשָׁרְתוֹ וּלְהוֹרוֹת דְּרָכָיו הַיְשָׁרִים וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו הַצַּדִּיקִים לָרַבִּים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג י) "יוֹרוּ מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ לְיַעֲקֹב וְתוֹרָתְךָ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל". לְפִיכָךְ הֻבְדְּלוּ מִדַּרְכֵי הָעוֹלָם לֹא עוֹרְכִין מִלְחָמָה כִּשְׁאָר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא נוֹחֲלִין וְלֹא זוֹכִין לְעַצְמָן בְּכֹחַ גּוּפָן. אֶלָּא הֵם חֵיל הַשֵּׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג יא) "בָּרֵךְ ה' חֵילוֹ". וְהוּא בָּרוּךְ הוּא זוֹכֶה לָהֶם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יח כ) "אֲנִי חֶלְקְךָ וְנַחֲלָתְךָ": וְלֹא שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא כָּל אִישׁ וְאִישׁ מִכָּל בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר נָדְבָה רוּחוֹ אוֹתוֹ וֶהֱבִינוֹ מַדָּעוֹ לְהִבָּדֵל לַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי ה' לְשָׁרְתוֹ וּלְעָבְדוֹ לְדֵעָה אֶת ה' וְהָלַךְ יָשָׁר כְּמוֹ שֶׁעֲשָׂהוּ הָאֱלֹהִים וּפָרַק מֵעַל צַוָּארוֹ עֹל הַחֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹת הָרַבִּים אֲשֶׁר בִּקְּשׁוּ בְּנֵי הָאָדָם הֲרֵי זֶה נִתְקַדֵּשׁ קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים וְיִהְיֶה ה' חֶלְקוֹ וְנַחֲלָתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים וְיִזְכֶּה לוֹ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה דָּבָר הַמַּסְפִּיק לוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁזָּכָה לַכֹּהֲנִים לַלְוִיִּם. הֲרֵי דָּוִד עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם אוֹמֵר (תהילים טז ה) "ה' מְנָת חֶלְקִי וְכוֹסִי אַתָּה תּוֹמִיךְ גּוֹרָלִי":

Why did the Levites not receive a portion in the inheritance of Eretz Yisrael and in the spoils of war like their brethren? Because they were set aside to serve God and minister unto Him and to instruct people at large in His just paths and righteous judgments, as [Deuteronomy 33:10] states: "They will teach Your judgments to Jacob and Your Torah to Israel." Therefore they were set apart from the ways of the world. They do not wage war like the remainder of the Jewish people, nor do they receive an inheritance, nor do they acquire for themselves through their physical power. Instead, they are God's legion, as [ibid.:11]: states: "God has blessed His legion" and He provides for them, as [Numbers 18:20] states: "I am your portion and your inheritance." Not only the tribe of Levi, but any one of the inhabitants of the world whose spirit generously motivates him and he understands with his wisdom to set himself aside and stand before God to serve Him and minister to Him and to know God, proceeding justly as God made him, removing from his neck the yoke of the many reckonings which people seek, he is sanctified as holy of holies. God will be His portion and heritage forever and will provide what is sufficient for him in this world like He provides for the priests and the Levites. And thus David declared [Psalms 16:5]: "God is the lot of my portion; You are my cup, You support my lot." Blessed be the Merciful One who provides assistance.

Why it matters — The authoritative Rishon codification of the economic laws of Shmita and Yovel that Rav Kook's thought builds upon, showing the classical halakhic scaffolding of the system.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah – Gifts to the Poor (Rambam)

Mishneh Torah, Gifts to the Poor 10:1-2

Rambam frames the agricultural gifts to the poor (leket, shikha, peah) alongside Shmita as part of a coherent Torah system designed to prevent poverty and ensure that the land's produce is shared — emphasizing economic solidarity as a legal obligation.

חַיָּבִין אָנוּ לְהִזָּהֵר בְּמִצְוַת צְדָקָה יוֹתֵר מִכָּל מִצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה. שֶׁהַצְּדָקָה סִימָן לַצַּדִּיק זֶרַע אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח יט) "כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה אֶת בָּנָיו" (בראשית יח יט) "לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה". וְאֵין כִּסֵּא יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְכּוֹנֵן וְדַת הָאֱמֶת עוֹמֶדֶת אֶלָּא בִּצְדָקָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נד יד) "בִּצְדָקָה תִּכּוֹנָנִי". וְאֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל נִגְאָלִין אֶלָּא בִּצְדָקָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה א כז) "צִיּוֹן בְּמִשְׁפָּט תִּפָּדֶה וְשָׁבֶיהָ בִּצְדָקָה": לְעוֹלָם אֵין אָדָם מַעֲנִי מִן הַצְּדָקָה וְאֵין דָּבָר רַע וְלֹא הֶזֵּק נִגְלָל בִּשְׁבִיל הַצְּדָקָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לב יז) "וְהָיָה מַעֲשֵׂה הַצְּדָקָה שָׁלוֹם." כָּל הַמְרַחֵם מְרַחֲמִין עָלָיו שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יג יח) "וְנָתַן לְךָ רַחֲמִים וְרִחַמְךָ וְהִרְבֶּךָ". וְכָל מִי שֶׁהוּא אַכְזָרִי וְאֵינוֹ מְרַחֵם יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ לְיַחֲסוֹ. שֶׁאֵין הָאַכְזָרִיּוּת מְצוּיָה אֶלָּא בְּעַכּוּ"ם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה נ מב) "אַכְזָרִי הֵמָּה וְלֹא יְרַחֵמוּ". וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַנִּלְוֶה עֲלֵיהֶם כְּאַחִים הֵם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יד א) "בָּנִים אַתֶּם לַה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם" וְאִם לֹא יְרַחֵם הָאָח עַל הָאָח מִי יְרַחֵם עָלָיו. וּלְמִי עֲנִיֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל נוֹשְׂאִין עֵינֵיהֶן. הֲלְעַכּוּ"ם שֶׁשּׂוֹנְאִין אוֹתָן וְרוֹדְפִים אַחֲרֵיהֶן. הָא אֵין עֵינֵיהֶן תְּלוּיוֹת אֶלָּא לַאֲחֵיהֶן:

We are obligated to be careful with regard to the mitzvah of charity to a greater extent than all [other] positive commandments, because charity is an identifying mark for a righteous person, a descendant of Abraham, our patriarch, as [Genesis 18:19] states: "I have known him, because he commands his children... to perform charity." The throne of Israel will not be established, nor will the true faith stand except through charity, as [Isaiah 54:14] states: "You shall be established through righteousness." And Israel will be redeemed solely through charity, as [ibid. 1:27] states: "Zion will be redeemed through judgment and those who return to her through charity." A person will never become impoverished from giving charity. No harm nor damage will ever be caused because of charity, as [ibid. 32:17] states: "And the deed of charity is peace." Everyone who is merciful evokes mercy from others, as [Deuteronomy 13:18] states: "And He shall grant you mercy and shower mercy upon you and multiply you." Whenever a person is cruel and does not show mercy, his lineage is suspect, for cruelty is found only among the gentiles, as [Jeremiah 50:42] states: "They are cruel and will not show mercy." The entire Jewish people and all those who attach themselves to them are as brothers, as [Deuteronomy 14:1] states: "You are children unto God your Lord." And if a brother will not show mercy to a brother, who will show mercy to them? To whom do the poor of Israel lift up their eyes? To the gentiles who hate them and pursue them? Behold their eyes are pointed to their brethren alone.

Why it matters — Illuminates the broader Torah economic framework of redistribution that Shmita fits within, supporting Rav Kook's reading of Shmita as one pillar of an integrated Torah economic model.

Source 5 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi – Parashat Behar (R. Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev)

Kedushat Levi, Leviticus, Behar 1

Rav Levi Yitzchak interprets Shmita as a time when the material world is elevated to reveal its divine source — property, land, and labor are temporarily 'returned' to God, expressing that all material existence is sustained by divine will, not human acquisition.

וזהו ושבתה הארץ שבת לה', כי דרך העולם לחרוש שדה שנה אחד ולהניח בור שנה ב' כדי שיהיה יפה להוציא הזרע. על זה בא מאמר השם יתברך ושבתה הארץ שבת לה', שבשנת השמטה שישבות הארץ לא תהיה השביתה מחמת טובות הארץ, רק שבת לה' מחמת צווי השם יתברך:

it had to be he who told them that the ‎Sabbath now assumed an entirely different dimension.‎ A similar, non-terrestrial dimension also underlies the ‎legislation of the sh’mittah year introduced in our chapter. ‎The land does not have to rest for reasons of being “tired.” The ‎land which had served man during the preceding six years, having ‎been at man’s disposal will take out a year and revert to being at ‎G’d’s disposal, so to speak.‎

Why it matters — Offers a Hasidic interpretation of Shmita's economic suspension as an act of recognizing divine ownership of all resources, deepening the spiritual dimension of Rav Kook's economic model.

Source 6 · Modern
Verified

Orot – Israel and Its Rebirth (Rav Kook)

Orot, Lights from Darkness, Israel and its Rebirth 1:1

Rav Kook articulates that the renewed Jewish presence in the Land requires a revival of all aspects of national life — including the economic structures embedded in Torah law such as Shmita — as part of the organic rebirth of the nation.

"אשר בנינו כנטיעים מגודלים בנעוריהם, בנותינו כזויות מחוטבות תבנית היכל", וחפץ רכושה ועשרה (תהלים קמד): "מזוינו מלאים מפיקים מזן אל זן, צאננו מאליפות מרובבות בחוצותינו, אלופינו מסובלים, אין פרץ ואין יוצאת ואין צוחה ברחובותינו, אשרי העם שככה לו, אשרי העם שד' אלהיו".

Why it matters — Provides the ideological framework through which Rav Kook viewed Shmita and Yovel not as archaic agricultural laws but as vital components of an ideal renewed national economy.

Source 7 · Modern
Verified

Orot HaTeshuvah – National Repentance (Rav Kook)

Shabbat HaAretz, Introduction 1

Rav Kook describes Shmita as a national act of teshuvah — a communal return — in which the people of Israel collectively acknowledge that the land and its produce belong to God, recalibrating the moral and economic order of society.

רָאשֵׁי־פְּרָקִים עַל עֵרֶךְ הַשְּׁמִטָּה וְהַיּוֹבֵל בְּחַיֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְלָל וּבִתְחִיַּת הָאֻמָּה, הָאָרֶץ וְהַתּוֹרָה, בְּאוֹר ד', חֵי הָעוֹלָמִים

A summary of the value of shmita and yovel in the life of the Jewish people generally and in the revival of the nation, the life, and the Torah, in the light of God, Life of the World

Why it matters — Connects Shmita's economic suspension of normal ownership and commerce to Rav Kook's broader vision of national spiritual renewal and repentance.