The Chinukh explains the mitzvah and meaning of blessing God, offering a framework in which amen serves as the completion and affirmation of divine praise.
יָדוּעַ הַדָּבָר וּמְפֻרְסָם, כִּי הַשֵּׁם בָּרוּךְ הוּא, פּוֹעֵל כָּל הַנִּמְצָא וּבָרָא הָאָדָם וְהִשְׁלִיטוֹ עַל הָאָרֶץ וְעַל כָּל אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ, וּמִמִּדּוֹתָיו בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁהוּא רַב חֶסֶד וְהוּא חָפֵץ בְּטוֹבַת בְּרִיּוֹתָיו, וְרוֹצֶה לִהְיוֹתָן רְאוּיִין וְזַכָּאִין לְקַבֵּל טוֹבָה מֵאִתּוֹ, וְזֶה בֶּאֱמֶת מִשְּׁלֵמוּתוֹ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כִּי לֹא יִקָּרֵא שָׁלֵם בְּטוֹבָה, רַק מִי שֶׁהוּא מֵיטִיב לַאֲחֵרִים זוּלָתוֹ, אֵין סָפֵק בָּזֶה לְכָל בֶּן דַּעַת. וְאַחַר הַסְכָּמָה זוֹ שֶׁיָּדַעְנוּ בְּחִיּוּב מֵרֹב שְׁלֵמוּת טוּבוֹ שֶׁחֶפְצוֹ לְהָרִיק עָלֵינוּ מִבִּרְכָתוֹ, נֹאמַר שֶׁעִנְיַן הַבְּרָכָה שֶׁאָנוּ אוֹמְרִים לְפָנָיו אֵינֶנּוּ, רַק הַזְכָּרָה לְעוֹרֵר נַפְשֵׁנוּ בְּדִבְרֵי פִּינוּ כִּי הוּא הַמְבֹרָךְ, וּמְבֹרָךְ יִכְלֹל כָּל הַטּוֹבוֹת, וּמִתּוֹךְ הַהִתְעוֹרְרוּת הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה בְּנַפְשֵׁנוּ וְיִחוּד מַחְשַׁבְתֵּנוּ לְהוֹדוֹת אֵלָיו שֶׁכָּל הַטּוֹבוֹת כְּלוּלוֹת בּוֹ וְהוּא הַמֶּלֶךְ עֲלֵיהֶם לְשַׁלְּחָם עַל כָּל אֲשֶׁר יַחְפֹּץ, אָנוּ זוֹכִים בַּמַּעֲשֶׂה הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה לְהַמְשִׁיךְ עָלֵינוּ מִבִּרְכוֹתָיו, וְאַחַר הַזְכָּרָה וְהוֹדָאָה זוֹ לְפָנָיו, אָנוּ מְבַקְשִׁים מִמֶּנּוּ מַה שֶׁאָנוּ צְרִיכִים דַּעַת, אוֹ סְלִיחָה לַעֲוֹנֹתֵינוּ, אוֹ רְפוּאָה, אוֹ עֹשֶׁר וְכָל דָּבָר. וְכֵן אַחַר הַבַּקָּשָׁה מִמֶּנּוּ, אָנוּ חוֹזְרִין וּמוֹדִים אֵלָיו בָּזֶה לוֹמַר, כִּי מִמֶּנּוּ יָבוֹא אֵלֵינוּ, וְזֶהוּ פְּתִיחָה וַחֲתִימָה שֶׁל הַבְּרָכוֹת, פֶּן נֵחָשֵׁב כְּעֶבֶד שֶׁנָּטַל פְּרָס מֵרַבּוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ לוֹ בְּלֹא רְשׁוּת כְּמִתְגַּנֵּב. וְנִמְצָא לְפִי הַנָּחַת טַעַם זֶה, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּרוּךְ תֹּאַר, כְּלוֹמַר, הוֹדָאָה עָלָיו כִּי הוּא כּוֹלֵל כָּל הַבְּרָכוֹת. וּבִלְשׁוֹן יִתְבָּרַךְ שֶׁאָנוּ מַזְכִּירִין תָּמִיד שֶׁהוּא מֵהִתְפַּעֵל נֶאֱמַר, שֶׁהַכַּוָּנָה בּוֹ שֶׁאֲנַחְנוּ מִתְחַנְּנִים אֵלָיו שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רָצוֹן מִלְּפָנָיו לְסַבֵּב לֵב בְּרִיּוֹתָיו לִהְיוֹת נָכוֹן לְפָנָיו שֶׁיּוֹדוּ הַכֹּל אֵלָיו וּבוֹ יִתְהַלְּלוּ, וְזֶהוּ פֵּרוּשׁ יִתְבָּרַךְ כְּלוֹמַר, יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּפָנֶיךָ שֶׁכָּל בְּנֵי הָעוֹלָם יִהְיוּ מְיַחֲסִים הַבְּרָכָה אֵלֶיךָ, וּמוֹדִים כִּי מִמְּךָ תִּתְפַּשֵּׁט בַּכֹּל, וְעִם הוֹדָאַת הַכֹּל בָּזֶה תָּנוּחַ בִּרְכָתוֹ בָּעוֹלָם, וְיִשְׁלַם חֶפְצוֹ, שֶׁהוּא חָפֵץ לְהֵטִיב, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ, וְתַשְׁלוּם הַחֵפֶץ תַּכְלִית כָּל הַמְבֻקָּשׁ. וְהִנֵּה מָצָאנוּ קְצָת טַעַם אַף בִּלְשׁוֹן יִתְבָּרַךְ הַמַּתְמִיהַּ. וּמִן הַפֵּרוּשׁ (נ"א הַשֹּׁרֶשׁ) הַזֶּה, מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (חולין ס ב) שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְאַוֶּה לִתְפִלָּתָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, לוֹמַר, שֶׁחֶפְצוֹ שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ פְּעֻלָּה שֶׁיִּזְכּוּ בָּהּ לְפָנָיו וְיַמְשִׁיכוּ עֲלֵיהֶם מִטּוּבוֹ, כִּי חָפֵץ לַעֲשׂוֹת חֶסֶד הוּא, וְלָתֵת עֲלֵיהֶם מִבִּרְכָתוֹ מִטּוּב שְׁלֵמוּתוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב, וְזֶהוּ הַשֹּׁרֶשׁ הַגָּדוֹל לְכָל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה הָאָדָם טוֹב בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, שֶׁזֶּה שְׂכָרוֹ מֵאֵת הַשֵּׁם שֶׁמַּשְׁלִים חֶפְצוֹ, בַּאֲשֶׁר הוּא רוֹצֶה בְּטוֹבָתָן שֶׁל בְּרִיּוֹת. וּמִן הַשֹּׁרֶשׁ הַזֶּה שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי שֶׁהַזְכָּרַת בָּרוּךְ הִיא הוֹדָאָה לְפָנָיו עַל הַבְּרָכוֹת שֶׁהֵן לוֹ, וְשֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹדוֹת אֵלָיו בָּזֶה בִּתְחִלַּת הַשְּׁאֵלָה וּבְסוֹפָהּ, לְבַל יְהִי כְּעֶבֶד שֶׁנָּטַל פְּרָס מֵאֵת רַבּוֹ וְהָלַךְ בְּלֹא רְשׁוּת, יָצְאוּ לְפִי דַּעְתִּי הַחִלּוּקִין שֶׁקָּבְעוּ לָנוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות יא, א) בְּעִנְיַן הַבְּרָכוֹת, שֶׁיֵּשׁ מֵהֶן פּוֹתְחוֹת בְּבָרוּךְ וְחוֹתְמוֹת גַּם כֵּן בְּבָרוּךְ, וְיֵשׁ חוֹתְמוֹת וְלֹא פּוֹתְחוֹת, וְיֵשׁ פּוֹתְחוֹת וְלֹא חוֹתְמוֹת, כֵּיצַד? כָּל בְּרָכָה שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ בַּקָּשַׁת דָּבָר מֵאֵת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ אוֹ הַזְכָּרַת נֵס, וְאֵינָהּ סְמוּכָה לִבְרָכָה אַחֶרֶת, פּוֹתַחַת בְּבָרוּךְ וְחוֹתֶמֶת בְּבָרוּךְ. כְּגוֹן יוֹצֵר אוֹר דְּשַׁחֲרִית וּמַעֲרִיב עֲרָבִים דְּעַרְבִית, וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן כַּמָּה מִן הַטַּעַם הַנִּזְכָּר. וְכָל בְּרָכָה הַסְּמוּכָה לַחֲבֶרְתָּהּ חוֹתֶמֶת בְּבָרוּךְ, אֲבָל אֵינָהּ פּוֹתַחַת, מִן הַטַּעַם הַזֶּה, שֶׁהֲרֵי מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁהוֹדָה וְנָתַן הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה לָאֵל בְּסוֹף הַבְּרָכָה הַסְּמוּכָה לָזוֹ, וְלֹא הִפְסִיק אַחַר הוֹדָאָה זוֹ בְּדָבָר קָטֹן אוֹ גָדוֹל, אֵין רָאוּי לִכְפֹּל הוֹדָאַת קַבָּלַת הָאַדְנוּת פַּעֲמַיִם בְּבַת אַחַת בִּשְׁבִיל חִלּוּק הַשְּׁאֵלוֹת שֶׁאֲנַחְנוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים לְפָנָיו, אֲבָל רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת חוֹתֶמֶת בְּבָרוּךְ, כִּי אַחַר שֶׁהִפְסִיק בִּשְׁאֵלַת צְרָכָיו רָאוּי לוֹ לַחְזֹר וּלְהַזְכִּיר וְלָתֵת אֶל לִבּוֹ פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת קַבָּלַת מַלְכוּתוֹ וְאַדְנוּתוֹ עָלָיו. וְעַל הַדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה תִּמְצָא לְפִי דַּעְתִּי טַעַם כֻּלָּן, אִם תַּחְשֹׁב בָּהֶן. וַאֲשֶׁר בָּהֶן סְמוּכוֹת יוֹצְאוֹת מִגֶּדֶר זֶה, כְּגוֹן בִּרְכַּת חֲתָנִים וְקִדּוּשָׁא וְאַבְדַּלְתָּא וַאֲחֵרוֹת, כְּבָר תֵּרְצוּם לָנוּ מוֹרֵינוּ יִשְׁמְרֵם אֵל, וְהַטַּעַם שֶׁלִּמְּדוּנוּ בִּקְצָתָם, לְפִי שֶׁפְּעָמִים נֶאֱמָרוֹת אוֹתָן הַבְּרָכוֹת שֶׁלֹּא בִּסְמִיכוּת, וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ לֹא רָצוּ לְחַלֵּק וְלוֹמַר, כְּשֶׁתָּבוֹא בִּסְמִיכוּת תֵּאָמֵר בְּעִנְיָן כֵּן, וּכְשֶׁלֹּא בִּסְמִיכוּת כֵּן, כִּי הֵם יִבְרְחוּ מִן הַחִלּוּקִין לְעוֹלָם בְּכָל מָה שֶׁמָּסוּר בְּיַד הֶהָמוֹן, וְכֵן הַדַּעַת.
The matter is known and famous that God, may He be blessed, moves all that exists and created man and put him in control over the earth and over every thing that is in it. And it is from His traits, blessed be He, that He is of much kindness and that He desires the good of His creatures, and [so] He wants them to be fitting and meriting to receive goodness from Him. And this is really from His perfection, may He be blessed. As only one who gives to others besides himself can be called perfect in the good — there is no doubt about this to any intelligent person. And since [we are in] agreement [about] this, that we know that it is obligatory from the perfection of His goodness, that His desire is to pour down His blessing upon us, we shall say that the matter of the blessing that we say in front of Him is only a mention to arouse ourselves through the words of our mouths that He is the blessed One, and the blessed One that contains all of the goodnesses. And through this good arousal of ourselves and the designation of our thoughts to admit to Him that all of the goodnesses are included in Him and He is the King over them, to send them to all that He desires, we merit through this good action to bring from His blessings upon us. And after this mention and this admission in front of Him, we request from Him that which we need [of] knowledge, or the pardon of our iniquities, or healing, or wealth or anything. And so [too,] after the request from Him, we repeat and admit to Him about this, to say that it comes to us from Him. And this is the opening and the conclusion of the blessings. [The reason for the latter is that we not] be considered like a slave who took a reward from his master and goes away without permission, like a thief. And it comes out according to the premise [created by] this reason that “blessed” is an adjective, meaning to say it is an admission to Him that He contains all of the blessings. And [about] the expression, “may He be blessed,” that we always mention — which is [in] the reflexive case — we can say that the intention of it is that we are supplicating to Him that it be His will in front of Him to cause the hearts of His creatures to be prepared in front of Him that all should admit to Him and praise Him. And this is the explanation of “may He be blessed,” meaning to say, “It should be Your will in front of You, that all people of the world will relate all blessing to You and admit that everything in the world emanates from You,” and that His will be completed — as He wants to do good, as we have said. And the fulfillment of the Will is the purpose of all that ask. And behold, we have found an explanation even for the puzzling expression of “may He be blessed.” And from this understanding (other versions: root), that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Chullin 60b) that the Holy One, blessed be He, craves the prayers of the righteous [is] to say that His desire is that they do an act through which they will merit in front of Him and bring down from His goodness upon them; as He is One Who desires to do kindness and to give from His blessing upon them, from the good of His perfection, as is written. And this is the great root to all the good that a man does in this world — that his reward from God [is because] he fulfills His desire, in that He wants the good of the creatures. And from this root that I have said that the mention of “Blessed be He” is an admission in front of Him about all of the blessings, that they are His, and that there is a need to make an admission to Him about this at the beginning of the request and at the end so that one not be like a slave that took his reward from his master and then left without permission; the differences that our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, fixed for us (Berakhot 11a) in the matter of the blessings — that there are some that open with “Blessed” and also conclude with “Blessed,” there are those that conclude [with it] but do not open [with it] and there are those that open [with it] but do not conclude with it — are established, according to my opinion. How is it? Any blessing in the world — that has a request of something from God, may He be blessed, or the mentioning of a miracle — that is not adjacent to another blessing, opens with “Blessed” and concludes with “Blessed”; for example, “Who creates the light” of the morning prayers and “Who brings the evenings” of the evening prayers; and many like them is from the reason mentioned. But any blessing that is not adjacent to its fellow concludes with “Blessed,” but does not open with “Blessed,” from this reason. As behold, since he acknowlegded and gave governance to God at the end of the blessing that is adjacent to it, and he did not interrupt after this acknowledgment with either a small or big thing, it is not fit to repeat twice the acknowledgment of the acceptance of His mastery at the same time because of the distinction between the requests that we ask in front of Him. But it is fitting to conclude with “Blessed,” since he interrupted with the request of his needs, as it is fit to go back and mention and to give to his heart once again the acceptance of His Kingship and his Mastery over him. And in this way, you will find the explanation for all of them according to my opinion, if you work them out. And those that have one adjacent that leave this framework — such as the blessing of grooms and Kiddush and Havdalah and others — have already been answered for us by our teachers, may God protect them. And the reason they taught us about some of them is that sometimes these blessings are said not with adjacent ones; and our Rabbis did not want to distinguish and say when it comes with adjacent ones, say it this way, and when without adjacent ones, this way. As they always fled from these distinctions in everything that is given over to the hands of the masses, and such is rational.