Halachaהלכה

Liability for Fire Damage to a Neighbor's Field

These sources establish the halakhic principles governing financial responsibility when fire spreads from one person's property and damages a neighbor's field or crops. They address the owner's liability for unintentional damage, the basis for such liability in Torah, and the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary circumstances.

שלם ישלם המבער את הבערה

23 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The foundation of the entire discussion is a pasuk in Shemot: Rashi (Shemot 22:5) explains that the Torah holds a person liable even when he kindled a fire on his own land and it spread by itself into a neighbor's field, because he failed to guard his fire from extending and causing damage — and the Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael (Tractate Nezikin 14:8) derives from the same pasuk that the Torah treats an unintended outcome as though it were intended when it comes to tort liability.

Building directly on that pasuk, the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 14:1–6) rules that one who kindles a fire in another's field and lets it spread owes full damages, and that even one who kindles on his own property must retreat a sufficient distance from the boundary — calibrated to the height of the fire — so that it cannot reach a neighbor's field; if he retreated adequately and the fire crossed anyway, he is exempt, but if he did not, he pays in full.

The poskim codify the same framework: the Shulchan Arukh (Choshen Mishpat 418) and the Tur (Choshen Mishpat 418) add that natural barriers such as a river eight cubits wide, or a fence too high for the fire to be expected to cross, likewise break the chain of liability, while the Arukh HaShulchan (Choshen Mishpat 418:1) notes that even a fire that fell into one's courtyard without his will becomes his responsibility if he could have contained it and did not.

The Gemara probes the theoretical basis of this liability: the Gemara (Bava Kamma 22a) records a dispute between Rabbi Yochanan, who holds that one is liable for his fire because it is like his arrows — a force he launched — and Reish Lakish, who holds that it is like his property, for which he bears ongoing responsibility; and the Mishnah (Bava Kamma 6:4) works out the practical consequences, ruling that liability falls on whichever actor was the last proximate cause — the one who brought the wood, the one who brought the flame, or the one who fanned it — while if the wind alone spread the fire, all are exempt.

Source 1 · Chazal
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Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Nezikin 14:8

Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Nezikin 14:8

When fire spreads from one person's property and consumes grain, a stack, or a field belonging to another, the one who kindled the fire must pay full compensation; the pasuk establishes this liability even in cases of unavoidable accident and unintentional causing of damage, treating such liability the same for all persons regardless of gender in matters of tort throughout the Torah.

(שמות כב,ה) ["כִּי תֵצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָצְאָה קֹצִים, וְנֶאֱכַל גָּדִישׁ אוֹ הַקָּמָה אוֹ הַשָּׂדֶה, שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּבְעִר אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה."] "כִּי תֵצֵא אֵשׁ", לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר? עַד שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר, יֵשׁ לִי בַדִּין: הוֹאִיל וְחַיָּב עַל יְדֵי קָנוּי לוֹ, לֹא יְהֵי חַיָּב עַל יְדֵי עַצְמוֹ? אִם זָכִיתִי מִן הַדִּין, לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר "כִּי תֵצֵא אֵשׁ"? אֶלָּא, בָּא הַכָּתוּב לַעֲשׁוֹת אֶת הָאֹנֶס כָּרָצוֹן, וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן כַּמִּתְכַּוֵּן, וְאֶת הָאִשָּׁה כָּאִישׁ בְּכָל הַנְּזִקִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Mishnah Bava Kamma 1:1-2

משנה בבא קמא א׳:א׳-ב׳

Mishnah Bava Kamma 1:1-2

The passage identifies four primary categories of damage—Ox, Pit, Maveh, and Fire—each with distinct halakhic characteristics: Ox and Maveh involve living creatures, while Fire does not; Ox, Maveh, and Fire move from place to place causing damage, while Pit remains stationary and damage occurs when the injured party encounters it; yet all four share the common principle that it is their typical manner to cause damage and responsibility for them rests upon the owner, who must pay full compensation for damage caused.

אַרְבָּעָה אֲבוֹת נְזִיקִין, הַשּׁוֹר וְהַבּוֹר וְהַמַּבְעֶה וְהַהֶבְעֵר. לֹא הֲרֵי הַשּׁוֹר כַּהֲרֵי הַמַּבְעֶה, וְלֹא הֲרֵי הַמַּבְעֶה כַּהֲרֵי הַשּׁוֹר. וְלֹא זֶה וָזֶה, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן רוּחַ חַיִּים, כַּהֲרֵי הָאֵשׁ, שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ רוּחַ חַיִּים. וְלֹא זֶה וָזֶה, שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק, כַּהֲרֵי הַבּוֹר, שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכּוֹ לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק. הַצַּד הַשָּׁוֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן, שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לְהַזִּיק וּשְׁמִירָתָן עָלֶיךָ. וּכְשֶׁהִזִּיק, חָב הַמַּזִּיק לְשַׁלֵּם תַּשְׁלוּמֵי נֶזֶק בְּמֵיטַב הָאָרֶץ:

There are four primary categories of damage: The category of Ox; and the category of Pit; and the category of Maveh, which, based on a discussion in the Gemara refers either to the tooth of an animal that causes damage or to a person who causes damage; and the category of Fire. Each of these categories is unique; therefore, the halakhot of one cannot be derived from another. The defining characteristic of the primary category of Ox is not similar to the defining characteristic of the primary category of Maveh, and the defining characteristic of the primary category of Maveh is not similar to the defining characteristic of the primary category of Ox. And the defining characteristics of this category of Ox and that category of Maveh, in which there is a living spirit that causes damage, are not similar to the defining characteristic of the category of Fire, in which there is no living spirit. The mishna continues: And the defining characteristics of this primary category of Ox and Maveh and that primary category of Fire, in which the typical manner of their components is to proceed from one place to another and cause damage, are not similar to the defining characteristic of the primary category of Pit, in which the typical manner of its components is not to proceed from one place to another and cause damage; rather, it remains in place and the damage is caused by the injured party proceeding and encountering the obstacle. The common denominator of the components in all of these primary categories is that it is their typical manner to cause damage, and the responsibility for their safeguarding to prevent them from causing damage is incumbent upon you, the owner of the animal or generator of the fire or the pit. And when a component of any of these categories causes damage, the owner or generator of the component that caused the damage is obligated to pay restitution for damage with best-quality land.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Mishnah Bava Kamma

משנה בבא קמא ו׳ — ד"ה הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה בְּיַד חֵרֵשׁ

Mishnah Bava Kamma 6:4

The Mishnah lists fire among the primary categories of damages, establishing that a fire started by a person can generate liability for what it destroys. It provides the basic tannaitic category later expanded in the Gemara.

הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה בְּיַד חֵרֵשׁ, שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן, פָּטוּר בְּדִינֵי אָדָם וְחַיָּב בְּדִינֵי שָׁמָיִם. שָׁלַח בְּיַד פִּקֵּחַ, הַפִּקֵּחַ חַיָּב. אֶחָד הֵבִיא אֶת הָאוּר, וְאֶחָד הֵבִיא אֶת הָעֵצִים, הַמֵּבִיא אֶת הָעֵצִים חַיָּב. אֶחָד הֵבִיא אֶת הָעֵצִים, וְאֶחָד הֵבִיא אֶת הָאוּר, הַמֵּבִיא אֶת הָאוּר חַיָּב. בָּא אַחֵר וְלִבָּה, הַמְּלַבֶּה חַיָּב. לִבְּתָה הָרוּחַ, כֻּלָּן פְּטוּרִין. הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה וְאָכְלָה עֵצִים, אוֹ אֲבָנִים, אוֹ עָפָר, חַיָּב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב) כִּי תֵצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָצְאָה קוֹצִים וְנֶאֱכַל גָּדִישׁ אוֹ הַקָּמָה אוֹ הַשָּׂדֶה, שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּבְעִיר אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה. עָבְרָה גָּדֵר שֶׁהוּא גָּבוֹהַּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת, אוֹ דֶּרֶךְ הָרַבִּים, אוֹ נָהָר, פָּטוּר. הַמַּדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ, עַד כַּמָּה תַעֲבֹר הַדְּלֵקָה. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹמֵר, רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלוּ הוּא בְאֶמְצַע בֵּית כּוֹר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמּוֹת, כְּדֶרֶךְ רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, חֲמִשִּׁים אַמָּה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּבְעִיר אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה (שמות כב), הַכֹּל לְפִי הַדְּלֵקָה:

One who sends a fire, i.e., places a burning object, in the hand of a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor is exempt for any damage later caused by the fire according to human laws but liable according to the laws of Heaven. If he sent it in the hand of a halakhically competent person, the halakhically competent person is liable, not the one who sent him. If one person brought the fire, and one other person subsequently brought the wood, causing the fire to spread, the one who brought the wood is liable for any damage caused. Conversely, if one person first brought the wood, and subsequently one other person brought the fire, the one who brought the fire is liable, since it was he who actually kindled the wood. If another came and fanned the flame, and as a result the fire spread and caused damage, the one who fanned it is liable, since he is the proximate cause of the damage. If the wind fanned the flames, all the people involved are exempt, since none of them actually caused the damage. If one sends forth a fire, i.e., allows it to escape, and it consumes wood, or stones, or earth, he is liable, as it is stated: “If a fire breaks out, and catches in thorns, so that a stack of grain, or standing grain, or the field, is consumed, the one who kindled the fire shall pay compensation” (Exodus 22:5), which teaches that he is liable also for destroying the field itself. If one kindled a fire that crossed a fence that is four cubits high, or if the fire crossed the public thoroughfare, or if the fire crossed a river, and in each case it caused damage on the other side, he is exempt from liability. In a case of one who kindles a fire on his own premises, up to what distance may the fire travel within his property for him to still bear liability for damage caused? Rabbi Elazar ben Azaria says: The court views his location where he kindled the fire as if it were in the center of a beit kor. Therefore, if the fire spreads and causes damage farther away than half a beit kor, the one who kindled the fire is exempt, since he could not anticipate that the fire would spread so far. Rabbi Eliezer says: One is liable up to a distance of sixteen cubits, like the width of a public thoroughfare. Rabbi Akiva says: One is liable up to a distance of fifty cubits. Rabbi Shimon says: The verse states: “The one who kindled the fire shall pay [shallem yeshallem] compensation” (Exodus 22:5), to teach that everything is according to the fire.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 10a

בבא קמא י׳ א — ד"ה חוֹמֶר בְּשׁוֹר מִבְּאֵשׁ – שֶׁהַשּׁוֹר מְשַׁלֵּם

Bava Kamma 10a:2

The one responsible for a fire is considered forewarned from its inception, and is liable even when the fire spreads to consume both flammable and non-flammable items that it encounters in its typical manner of proceeding and causing damage.

חוֹמֶר בְּשׁוֹר מִבְּאֵשׁ – שֶׁהַשּׁוֹר מְשַׁלֵּם כּוֹפֶר, וְחַיָּיב בִּשְׁלֹשִׁים שֶׁל עֶבֶד, נִגְמַר דִּינוֹ – אָסוּר בַּהֲנָאָה, מְסָרוֹ לְחֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן – חַיָּיב; מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּאֵשׁ. חוֹמֶר בְּאֵשׁ מִבְּשׁוֹר – שֶׁהָאֵשׁ מוּעֶדֶת מִתְּחִילָּתָהּ, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּשׁוֹר. חוֹמֶר בְּבוֹר מִבְּאֵשׁ – שֶׁתְּחִילַּת עֲשִׂיָּיתוֹ לְנֵזֶק, מְסָרוֹ לְחֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן – חַיָּיב; מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּאֵשׁ. חוֹמֶר בְּאֵשׁ מִבְּבוֹר – שֶׁהָאֵשׁ דַּרְכָּהּ לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק, וּמוּעֶדֶת לֶאֱכוֹל בֵּין דָּבָר הָרָאוּי לָהּ, וּבֵין דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לָהּ; מָה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּבוֹר.

The baraita elucidates: The stringency that applies to the category of Ox as opposed to the category of Fire is that if an ox kills a Jew the owner is liable to pay a ransom, and for killing a slave the owner is liable to pay thirty sela. Furthermore, in such a case, once the court hears the evidence and the verdict of the ox is complete and the court rules that the ox must be killed, it is prohibited to derive any benefit from the ox. And if one transfers his ox to the care of a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor, and it causes damage, he is liable. All of this is not so with regard to a fire. And the stringency that applies to Fire as opposed to Ox is that the one responsible for the fire is considered forewarned from its inception, which is not so with regard to an ox. The baraita elucidates: The stringency that applies to the category of Pit as opposed to the category of Fire is that its initial formation, e.g., its digging, is done in a manner that can result in damage, and if one transfers it to the care of a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor and it causes damage, one is liable. This is not so with regard to a fire. The stringency that applies to Fire as opposed to Pit is that the typical manner of a fire is to proceed and cause damage. And the one responsible for it is considered forewarned with regard to its consuming both something that is fitting for it and something that is not fitting for it, i.e., both flammable and non-flammable items. This is not so with regard to a pit.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 10

בבא קמא י׳ — ד"ה חוֹמֶר בְּשׁוֹר מִבְּאֵשׁ

Bava Kamma 10:1

A person responsible for fire is considered forewarned from its inception regarding its typical nature to spread and cause damage to both flammable and non-flammable items, distinguishing fire from the categories of ox and pit in terms of liability.

חוֹמֶר בְּשׁוֹר מִבְּאֵשׁ – שֶׁהַשּׁוֹר מְשַׁלֵּם כּוֹפֶר, וְחַיָּיב בִּשְׁלֹשִׁים שֶׁל עֶבֶד, נִגְמַר דִּינוֹ – אָסוּר בַּהֲנָאָה, מְסָרוֹ לְחֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן – חַיָּיב; מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּאֵשׁ. חוֹמֶר בְּאֵשׁ מִבְּשׁוֹר – שֶׁהָאֵשׁ מוּעֶדֶת מִתְּחִילָּתָהּ, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּשׁוֹר. חוֹמֶר בְּבוֹר מִבְּאֵשׁ – שֶׁתְּחִילַּת עֲשִׂיָּיתוֹ לְנֵזֶק, מְסָרוֹ לְחֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן – חַיָּיב; מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּאֵשׁ. חוֹמֶר בְּאֵשׁ מִבְּבוֹר – שֶׁהָאֵשׁ דַּרְכָּהּ לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק, וּמוּעֶדֶת לֶאֱכוֹל בֵּין דָּבָר הָרָאוּי לָהּ, וּבֵין דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לָהּ; מָה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּבוֹר.

The baraita elucidates: The stringency that applies to the category of Ox as opposed to the category of Fire is that if an ox kills a Jew the owner is liable to pay a ransom, and for killing a slave the owner is liable to pay thirty sela. Furthermore, in such a case, once the court hears the evidence and the verdict of the ox is complete and the court rules that the ox must be killed, it is prohibited to derive any benefit from the ox. And if one transfers his ox to the care of a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor, and it causes damage, he is liable. All of this is not so with regard to a fire. And the stringency that applies to Fire as opposed to Ox is that the one responsible for the fire is considered forewarned from its inception, which is not so with regard to an ox. The baraita elucidates: The stringency that applies to the category of Pit as opposed to the category of Fire is that its initial formation, e.g., its digging, is done in a manner that can result in damage, and if one transfers it to the care of a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor and it causes damage, one is liable. This is not so with regard to a fire. The stringency that applies to Fire as opposed to Pit is that the typical manner of a fire is to proceed and cause damage. And the one responsible for it is considered forewarned with regard to its consuming both something that is fitting for it and something that is not fitting for it, i.e., both flammable and non-flammable items. This is not so with regard to a pit.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 3b

בבא קמא ג׳ ב — ד"ה מַאי שְׁנָא אֵשׁ – דְּכֹחַ אַחֵר

Bava Kamma 3b:7

Fire is distinctive because an external force (wind) is involved in causing damage—the fire is your property and you bear responsibility for guarding it to prevent harm—and items falling from a roof involve the same principle: an external force causes damage to your property for which you are responsible, making subcategories of Fire subject to the same liability as the primary category of Fire.

מַאי שְׁנָא אֵשׁ – דְּכֹחַ אַחֵר מְעוֹרָב בָּהֶן, וּמָמוֹנְךָ וּשְׁמִירָתוֹ עָלֶיךָ; הָנֵי נָמֵי – כֹּחַ אַחֵר מְעוֹרָב בָּהֶן, וּמָמוֹנְךָ וּשְׁמִירָתָן עָלֶיךָ! אֶלָּא תּוֹלָדָה דְאֵשׁ כְּאֵשׁ, וְכִי קָאָמַר רַב פָּפָּא – אַתּוֹלָדָה דְרֶגֶל.

If so, what is different about Fire that defines it as a unique category? What is different is that another force, the wind, is involved with the fire in causing damage, as the wind causes the fire to spread, and the fire is your property, and responsibility for its safeguarding, to prevent it from causing damage, is incumbent upon you. In these subcategories of Fire too, another force is involved with the items placed on the roof and causes damage, as the wind causes them to fall, and they are your property, and responsibility for their safeguarding, to prevent them from causing damage, is incumbent upon you. Rather, it is apparent that the status of a subcategory of Fire is like that of the primary category of Fire, and when Rav Pappa says: There are among them some whose subcategories are dissimilar to them, he was referring to a subcategory of Trampling.

Source 7 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 4a

בבא קמא ד׳ א — ד"ה אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי

Bava Kamma 4a:3

Rav Ashi argues that a master is exempt from paying for damage caused by his slave precisely to prevent the slave from taking revenge by, for example, setting fire to another's grain stack, which would otherwise render the master liable for substantial daily damages.

אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: אַטּוּ עֶבֶד וְאָמָה לָאו טַעְמָא רַבָּה אִית בְּהוּ? שֶׁמָּא יַקְנִיטֶנּוּ רַבּוֹ, וְיֵלֵךְ וְיַדְלִיק גְּדִישׁוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, וְנִמְצָא זֶה מְחַיֵּיב אֶת רַבּוֹ מֵאָה מָנֶה בְּכׇל יוֹם!

Rav Ashi said: Is that to say that in a case where one’s slave or maidservant causes damage there is not a substantial reason to exempt the master? In that case there is concern that perhaps his master will provoke him and in retribution he will go and set fire to another’s stack of grain, and it is found that this slave renders his master liable to pay one hundred maneh, ten thousand dinars, each day. Therefore, there is no basis for the notion that an ox that gores would be exempt just as a slave is exempt, as perhaps, fundamentally, one is liable to pay for damage caused by his slave. A master is exempt from payment to prevent a situation where a slave would exploit that situation to take revenge against his master.

Source 8 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 4

בבא קמא ד׳ — ד"ה וְלֹא רְאִי הַשֵּׁן – שֶׁאֵין כַּוּוֹנָתוֹ

Bava Kamma 4:1

Rav Ashi argues that a master is exempted from liability for a slave's damage to prevent the slave from taking revenge by setting fire to a neighbor's grain stack, which could otherwise render the master liable for enormous sums; Rav Zevid disputes the classification of Maveh and Fire as two distinct categories of damage, objecting that if Maveh is itself Fire then the mishna's enumeration would yield only three primary categories rather than four.

אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: אַטּוּ עֶבֶד וְאָמָה לָאו טַעְמָא רַבָּה אִית בְּהוּ? שֶׁמָּא יַקְנִיטֶנּוּ רַבּוֹ, וְיֵלֵךְ וְיַדְלִיק גְּדִישׁוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, וְנִמְצָא זֶה מְחַיֵּיב אֶת רַבּוֹ מֵאָה מָנֶה בְּכׇל יוֹם! מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב זְבִיד: וְאֵימָא ״מַבְעֶה״ זֶה הָאֵשׁ, דְּכִי כְּתִיב ״תִּבְעֶה״ – בְּאֵשׁ הוּא דִּכְתִיב! אִי הָכִי, מַאי ״הַמַּבְעֶה וְהַהֶבְעֵר״? וְכִי תֵּימָא פָּרוֹשֵׁי קָמְפָרֵשׁ; אִי הָכִי, אַרְבָּעָה?! שְׁלֹשָׁה הָווּ!

Rav Ashi said: Is that to say that in a case where one’s slave or maidservant causes damage there is not a substantial reason to exempt the master? In that case there is concern that perhaps his master will provoke him and in retribution he will go and set fire to another’s stack of grain, and it is found that this slave renders his master liable to pay one hundred maneh, ten thousand dinars, each day. Therefore, there is no basis for the notion that an ox that gores would be exempt just as a slave is exempt, as perhaps, fundamentally, one is liable to pay for damage caused by his slave. A master is exempt from payment to prevent a situation where a slave would exploit that situation to take revenge against his master. Rav Zevid objects to the Gemara’s initial suggestion that the dispute between Rav and Shmuel with regard to the meaning of Maveh is based on biblical terms with similar etymology. He suggests: But why not say that Maveh, this is the primary category of Fire, as when the term “tiveh” is written in the verse cited by Rav Mari, it is written with regard to Fire. The Gemara rejects this: If so, what is the meaning when the mishna enumerates the primary categories of damage: The category of Maveh and the category of Fire, indicating that they are two distinct categories? And if you would say that these are not two distinct categories but rather the mishna is explaining the meaning of Maveh, if so, why does the mishna say: There are four primary categories of damage? There are only three.

Source 9 · Chazal
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recovered from “Bava Kamma 60a

Bava Kamma 60a-b

בבא קמא ו׳ א — ד"ה לְאֵתוֹיֵי לִיחֲכָה נִירוֹ וְסִכְסְכָה אֲבָנָיו

Bava Kamma 6a:1

The passage discusses whether a person is liable for damage caused by fire spreading to a neighbor's field, debating whether fire should be classified like a pit (where the owner is liable) or like an ox (where liability depends on the animal's nature), ultimately establishing that fire's nature is to spread and cause damage, making the owner responsible.

לְאֵתוֹיֵי לִיחֲכָה נִירוֹ וְסִכְסְכָה אֲבָנָיו. מָה לְאֵשׁ – שֶׁכֵּן דַּרְכּוֹ לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק.

The Gemara answers: It serves to add cases where the fire scorched another’s plowed field and cases in which it singed his stones. Even though the damaged object remains intact and is not consumed by the fire, one is still liable to pay for the damage caused. The Gemara questions the derivation from Fire: What is notable about Fire? It is notable in that its typical manner is to proceed from one place to another and cause damage. Will you say the same with regard to these objects propelled by the wind into the public domain, where it is not their typical manner to proceed and cause damage? Accordingly, how can one learn the halakha in this case from that of Fire?

Source 10 · Chazal
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recovered from “Bava Kamma 23a

Bava Kamma

בבא קמא כ״ב א — ד"ה אִתְּמַר

Bava Kamma 22a:3

The passage discusses liability for damage caused by fire, including disagreement between two authorities about whether a dog owner is liable for fire damage based on the dog being compared to arrows (the owner's tool) or to property, with examples of a dog carrying burning straw and a camel carrying flax that catches fire in a shop.

אִתְּמַר, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: אִשּׁוֹ – מִשּׁוּם חִצָּיו. וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר: אִשּׁוֹ – מִשּׁוּם מָמוֹנוֹ. וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ – מַאי טַעְמָא לָא אָמַר כְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן? אָמַר לָךְ: חִצָּיו – מִכֹּחוֹ קָאָזְלִי, הַאי – לָא מִכֹּחוֹ קָאָזֵיל. וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן – מַאי טַעְמָא לָא אָמַר כְּרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ? אָמַר לָךְ: מָמוֹנָא – אִית בֵּיהּ מַמָּשָׁא, הָא – לֵית בֵּיהּ מַמָּשָׁא.

With regard to damage caused by a fire lit by one person spreading to a location other than where it was lit, the Gemara cites a dispute among the amora’im: It was stated: Rabbi Yoḥanan says: His liability for damage caused by his fire is due to its similarity to his arrows, meaning that damage caused by a fire in a location other than where it was lit is comparable to damage caused by an arrow shot at a distant target. And Reish Lakish says: His liability for the damage caused by his fire is due to its similarity to his property; he is responsible for this damage just as he is responsible for damage caused elsewhere by any of his possessions, e.g., one of his animals. The Gemara asks: And what is the reason that Reish Lakish did not state his opinion in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan? The Gemara answers: He could have said to you that fire is not comparable to an arrow, as an arrow proceeds as a result of his direct force, while this fire does not proceed as a result of his direct force, but requires a wind to carry it from the location where it was lit to the location of the damage. The Gemara asks about the other opinion: And what is the reason that Rabbi Yoḥanan did not state his opinion in accordance with the opinion of Reish Lakish? The Gemara answers: He could have said to you that one’s fire is not comparable to his possessions, as property is a tangible substance but this fire is not a tangible substance.

Source 11 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 61b

בבא קמא ס״א ב — ד"ה מַתְנִי׳ הַמַּדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ

Bava Kamma 61b:2

This passage addresses the obligation to compensate when fire damage spreads beyond the expected area, especially when there is negligence or failure to guard the fire. It is one of the core Talmudic texts for assessing liability.

מַתְנִי׳ הַמַּדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ, עַד כַּמָּה תַּעֲבוֹר הַדְּלֵיקָה? רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹמֵר: רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִילּוּ הוּא בְּאֶמְצַע בֵּית כּוֹר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמּוֹת, כְּדֶרֶךְ רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: חֲמִשִּׁים אַמָּה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: ״שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּבְעִר אֶת הַבְּעֵרָה״ – הַכֹּל לְפִי הַדְּלֵיקָה. גְּמָ׳ אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: מַחֲלוֹקֶת בְּמַדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ וְהָלְכָה וְאָכְלָה בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ – דְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְחַיַּיב אַנִּזְקֵי טָמוּן בָּאֵשׁ, וְרַבָּנַן פָּטְרִי; אֲבָל בְּמַדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ – דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּל מְשַׁלֵּם כׇּל מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ.

MISHNA: In a case of one who kindles a fire on his own premises, up to what distance may the fire travel within his property for him to still bear liability for damage caused? Rabbi Elazar ben Azaria says: The court views his location where he kindled the fire as if it were in the center of a beit kor. Therefore, if the fire spreads and causes damage farther away than half a beit kor, the one who kindled the fire is exempt, since he could not anticipate that the fire would spread so far. Rabbi Eliezer says: One is liable up to a distance of sixteen cubits, like the width of a public thoroughfare. Rabbi Akiva says: One is liable up to a distance of fifty cubits. Rabbi Shimon says: The verse states: “The one who kindled the fire shall pay [shallem yeshallem] compensation” (Exodus 22:5), to teach that everything is according to the fire. GEMARA: Rav Kahana says: This dispute between the Rabbis and Rabbi Yehuda concerning vessels concealed in a stack is referring specifically to a case where one kindled a fire on his own premises and the fire spread and consumed the stack on another’s property. In that case, Rabbi Yehuda deems the one who kindled the fire liable for damage to concealed articles damaged by a fire, but the Rabbis exempt him. But in a case of one who kindles a fire on another’s premises, all agree that he pays compensation for everything that is contained within it.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, One Who Injures a Person or Property 7:7

Mishneh Torah, One Who Injures a Person or Property 7:7

One who causes damage to another's property must pay full compensation from the best of his possessions, like other tortfeasors; even if he did not directly cause the damage himself, he is liable if he was the primary cause that set the chain of events in motion.

כָּל הַגּוֹרֵם לְהַזִּיק מָמוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם נֵזֶק שָׁלֵם מִן הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבִּנְכָסָיו כִּשְׁאָר הַמַּזִּיקִין. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ הוּא הַמַּזִּיק זֶה הַנֵּזֶק עַצְמוֹ בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה הוֹאִיל וְהוּא הַגּוֹרֵם הָרִאשׁוֹן חַיָּב.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 1:1-4

משנה תורה, הלכות נזקי ממון א׳:א׳-ד׳

Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 1:1-4

The owner of any living animal that causes damage must pay compensation; if the animal caused damage through its ordinary habits (such as eating or treading), the owner pays full damages from his best property, but if the animal acted contrary to its nature (such as goring or biting), the owner pays only half damages from the animal itself.

כָּל נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה שֶׁהִיא בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם שֶׁהִזִּיקָה הַבְּעָלִים חַיָּבִין לְשַׁלֵּם שֶׁהֲרֵי מָמוֹנָם הִזִּיק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא לה) "כִי יִגֹּף שׁוֹר אִישׁ אֶת שׁוֹר רֵעֵהוּ". אֶחָד הַשּׁוֹר וְאֶחָד שְׁאָר בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף. לֹא דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בְּשׁוֹר אֶלָּא בַּהוֹוֶה: וְכַמָּה מְשַׁלֵּם. אִם הִזִּיקָה בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁדַּרְכָּהּ לַעֲשׂוֹתָם תָּמִיד כְּמִנְהַג בְּרִיָּתָהּ. כְּגוֹן בְּהֵמָה שֶׁאָכְלָה תֶּבֶן אוֹ עָמִיר אוֹ שֶׁהִזִּיקָה בְּרַגְלָהּ בְּדֶרֶךְ הִלּוּכָהּ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם נֵזֶק שָׁלֵם מִן הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבִּנְכָסָיו שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב ד) "מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ וּמֵיטַב כַּרְמוֹ יְשַׁלֵּם". וְאִם שִׁנְּתָה וְעָשְׂתָה מַעֲשִׂים שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לַעֲשׂוֹתָם תָּמִיד וְהִזִּיקָה בָּהֶן. כְּגוֹן שׁוֹר שֶׁנָּגַח אוֹ נָשַׁךְ. חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֵזֶק מִגּוּף הַמַּזִּיק עַצְמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא לה) "וּמָכְרוּ אֶת הַשּׁוֹר הַחַי וְחָצוּ אֶת כַּסְפּוֹ" וְגוֹ':

Whenever a living animal owned by a person causes damages, the owner is required to pay, for the damage was caused by his property. [This is implied by Exodus 21:35:] "When a person's ox will gore an ox belonging to a colleague...." These laws apply equally to an ox and to any other animal, beast or fowl. The verse mentions an ox only because that is a common instance. How much must [the owner] pay? If [the animal] caused damage through the performance of an act that it performs frequently and that is its natural habit - e.g., an animal ate straw or fodder, or it caused damage by [treading on an object] with its feet while walking - [the owner] is obligated to pay the full amount of the damage, [giving up, if necessary,] his most choice property, as stated in [Exodus 22:4]: "Payment should be exacted from his choice field and his choice vineyard." If [the animal] deviated from its ordinary habit and performed acts that it does not usually perform and caused damage in this manner - e.g., a ox gored or bit [another animal] - the owner is obligated to pay half the damages caused. [The payment must be exacted] from the animal that caused the damage, as [Exodus 21:35] states: "And they shall sell the ox that is alive and divide the money."

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 1:1-3

משנה תורה, הלכות נזקי ממון א׳:א׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 1:1-3

The owner of any living animal is required to pay for damages it causes; if the animal acted according to its normal habit, the owner pays full damages from his best property, but if the animal deviated from its usual behavior and caused damage through an abnormal act, the owner pays only half damages from the animal itself.

כָּל נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה שֶׁהִיא בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם שֶׁהִזִּיקָה הַבְּעָלִים חַיָּבִין לְשַׁלֵּם שֶׁהֲרֵי מָמוֹנָם הִזִּיק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא לה) "כִי יִגֹּף שׁוֹר אִישׁ אֶת שׁוֹר רֵעֵהוּ". אֶחָד הַשּׁוֹר וְאֶחָד שְׁאָר בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף. לֹא דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בְּשׁוֹר אֶלָּא בַּהוֹוֶה: וְכַמָּה מְשַׁלֵּם. אִם הִזִּיקָה בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁדַּרְכָּהּ לַעֲשׂוֹתָם תָּמִיד כְּמִנְהַג בְּרִיָּתָהּ. כְּגוֹן בְּהֵמָה שֶׁאָכְלָה תֶּבֶן אוֹ עָמִיר אוֹ שֶׁהִזִּיקָה בְּרַגְלָהּ בְּדֶרֶךְ הִלּוּכָהּ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם נֵזֶק שָׁלֵם מִן הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבִּנְכָסָיו שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב ד) "מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ וּמֵיטַב כַּרְמוֹ יְשַׁלֵּם". וְאִם שִׁנְּתָה וְעָשְׂתָה מַעֲשִׂים שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לַעֲשׂוֹתָם תָּמִיד וְהִזִּיקָה בָּהֶן. כְּגוֹן שׁוֹר שֶׁנָּגַח אוֹ נָשַׁךְ. חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֵזֶק מִגּוּף הַמַּזִּיק עַצְמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא לה) "וּמָכְרוּ אֶת הַשּׁוֹר הַחַי וְחָצוּ אֶת כַּסְפּוֹ" וְגוֹ':

Whenever a living animal owned by a person causes damages, the owner is required to pay, for the damage was caused by his property. [This is implied by Exodus 21:35:] "When a person's ox will gore an ox belonging to a colleague...." These laws apply equally to an ox and to any other animal, beast or fowl. The verse mentions an ox only because that is a common instance. How much must [the owner] pay? If [the animal] caused damage through the performance of an act that it performs frequently and that is its natural habit - e.g., an animal ate straw or fodder, or it caused damage by [treading on an object] with its feet while walking - [the owner] is obligated to pay the full amount of the damage, [giving up, if necessary,] his most choice property, as stated in [Exodus 22:4]: "Payment should be exacted from his choice field and his choice vineyard." If [the animal] deviated from its ordinary habit and performed acts that it does not usually perform and caused damage in this manner - e.g., a ox gored or bit [another animal] - the owner is obligated to pay half the damages caused. [The payment must be exacted] from the animal that caused the damage, as [Exodus 21:35] states: "And they shall sell the ox that is alive and divide the money."

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Rashi on Exodus 22:5

רש"י על שמות כ״ב:ה׳

Rashi on Exodus 22:5

One who kindles a fire in his own field is liable to pay full compensation if the fire spreads on its own to a neighbor's field, because he failed to guard his fire from extending and causing damage.

כי תצא אש. אֲפִלּוּ מֵעַצְמָהּ (בבא קמא כ"ב): שלם ישלם המבער. אַעַ"פִּ שֶׁהִדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ, וְהִיא יָצְאָה מֵעַצְמָהּ עַל יְדֵי קוֹצִים שֶׁמָּצְאָה, חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמַר אֶת גַּחַלְתּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא תֵצֵא וְתַזִּיק:

כי תצא אש IF A FIRE GOETH FORTH — i. e. even if it goeth forth (extends) by itself (Bava Kamma 24b) from the field in which it has been lit into another persons field. שלם ישלם המבער HE THAT KINDLED [THE CONFLAGRATION] SHALL SURELY PAY — Although he has lit the fire on his own soil and it extended by itself through the thorns which it came across, he has to make restitution because he did not guard his fire (lit., burning coals) that it should not extend and cause damage.

Source 16 · Rishonim
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Tur, Choshen Mishpat 378

טור, חושן משפט שע״ח

Tur, Choshen Mishpat 378

One who causes damage must pay for it regardless of whether the damage occurs in public property, the victim's property, or the damager's own property; even if the victim placed his property in the damager's property without permission, the damager must pay if he damaged either the person or the property, since although he has the right to remove it he does not have the right to damage it—but this obligation applies only when the damager acted intentionally, whereas if he caused damage unintentionally he is exempt.

כל מקום שמזיק חייב לשלם בין ברשות הרבים בין ברשות הניזק ואפי' ברשות המזיק אם הכניס בו הניזק ממונו שלא ברשות והזיקו ל"ש בגופו ול"ש בממונו חייב לשלם דנהי דיש לו רשות להוציאו אין לו רשות להזיקו ומיהו דוקא במזיקו במזיד אבל אם בשוגג הזיק בו פטור בע"ה:

Source 17 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 14:1-6

משנה תורה, הלכות נזקי ממון י״ד:א׳-ו׳

Mishneh Torah, Damages to Property 14:1-6

Rambam codifies the laws of a fire that spreads: a person is liable for damage caused by a fire he kindled or allowed to spread, with details about direct causation and negligence. This passage is a central halakhic source for who bears financial responsibility when a fire reaches a neighbor's field.

הַמַּדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ שְׂדֵה חֲבִרוֹ וְעָבְרָה הַדְּלֵקָה [וְהִזִּיקָה] חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם נֵזֶק שָׁלֵם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב ה) "כִּי תֵצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָצְאָה קֹצִים וְנֶאֱכַל גָּדִישׁ אוֹ הַקָּמָה" וְגוֹ' שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּבְעִר וְגוֹ'. וְהַבְּעֵרָה מֵאֲבוֹת נְזִיקִין הִיא: הִדְלִיק בְּתוֹךְ רְשׁוּתוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק מִסּוֹף הַמֵּצַר כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תַּעֲבֹר הַדְּלֵקָה לִשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ. וְכַמָּה שִׁעוּר הַהַרְחָקָה הַכּל לְפִי גֹּבַהּ הַדְּלֵקָה. וְאִם לֹא הִרְחִיק כָּרָאוּי וְעָבְרָה הָאֵשׁ וְהִזִּיקָה חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם נֵזֶק שָׁלֵם. הִרְחִיק כָּרָאוּי וְעָבְרָה וְהִזִּיקָה פָּטוּר שֶׁזּוֹ מַכָּה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם הִיא. וְכֵן אִם עָבְרָה נָהָר אוֹ שְׁלוּלִית שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן מַיִם וְרָחְבָּן שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת פָּטוּר:

When a person kindles a fire in a field belonging to someone else and the fire spreads and causes damage, [the person who kindled it] is liable to pay the full extent of the damages, as [Exodus 22:5] states: "When a fire spreads through thorns and consumes bound or standing grain..., [the one who started the fire] must pay." Kindling a fire is considered one of the major categories of sources of damage. When a person kindles [a fire] on his own property, he must retreat a sufficient distance from his boundary to ensure that the fire will not spread to a field belonging to a colleague. How far must he move? Everything depends on the height of the fire. If he did not retreat an adequate distance and the fire spread and caused damage, he is liable to pay the full extent of the damages. If he retreated an appropriate distance, and [the fire] nevertheless spread and caused damage, he is not liable. This is considered an act of heaven. Similarly, if [the fire] crossed a stream or a pond of rainwater that was [at least] eight cubits wide, [the person who kindled the fire] is not liable.

Source 18 · Rishonim
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Tur, Choshen Mishpat 418

טור, חושן משפט תי״ח

Tur, Choshen Mishpat 418

The Tur presents the halakhic framework for fire liability, discussing when the one who lit or maintained the fire is responsible for damage that spreads to another's property. It is the classic precursor to the Shulchan Arukh on this topic.

כתיב כי תצא אש אפי' מעצמה שמדליק בתוך שלו והולך ודולק בשל חבירו אפילו לא שרפה אלא עציו ואבניו או שליחכה נירו שהוא דבר שאינו ראוי לו חייב לשלם הכל אלא אם כן הרחיק כשיעור אבל אם הרחיק כשיעור ויצא והזיק פטור וכמה שיעור הרחקה הכל לפי הדליקה שאם הרחיק מגבול חבירו עד כדי שאין ראויה דליקה כזו שתתפשט עד גבול חבירו וכן אם יש ביניהם גדר ומשערים שדליקה זו אינה ראויה לעבור גדר שביניהם ועברה והזיקה פטור לא הרחיק כל כך חייב ואם יש ביניהם נהר רחב ה' אמות אפי' אם אין בו מים או יאור קטן ויש בו מים פטור ואין צריך לשער וכל זה לא איירי אלא כשמתמרת ועולה למעלה למעלה אבל אם נסרכה לצדיה ועצים מצויין לה אין לה שיעור בין לענין גובה בין לענין רוחב אלא בכל מקום שתעבור חייב לשלם בד"א שיש שיעור לפטור במדליק בתוך שלו אבל המדליק בשל חבירו אין לו שיעור לפטור אלא אפי' עברה כמה מילין חייב:

Source 19 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 378

שולחן ערוך, חושן משפט שע״ח

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 378

One is forbidden to cause financial damage to another's property, and even if one derives no benefit from causing damage, one must pay full compensation whether the damage occurred through negligence or unavoidable circumstance (provided it is not absolute force majeure), such as when an object falls from a roof and breaks a vessel or one stumbles while walking and damages property—in all such cases full compensation is owed; similarly, if something falls from a roof and causes damage, full payment is required whether it fell in ordinary wind conditions or unusual wind conditions (since neither constitutes complete force majeure).

אסור להזיק ממון חבירו ואם הזיקו אע"פ שאינו נהנה חייב לשלם נזק שלם בין שהי' שוגג בין שהיה אנוס (ודווקא שאינו אנוס גמור כמו שיתבאר) כיצד נפל מהגג ושבר את הכלי או שנתקל כשהוא מהלך ונפל על הכלי ושברו חייב נזק שלם: נפל מן הגג והזיק חייב לשלם נזק שלם בין שנפל ברוח מצויה בין שנפל ברוח שאינה מצוי' (דלא מקרי אונס גמור) (טור):

Source 20 · Acharonim
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Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 378

ערוך השולחן, חושן משפט שע״ח

Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 378

When damage occurs through direct action by hand, the damager is liable whether or not he intended to cause harm; if damage occurs on the damager's own property and he knew it was there, he is liable, but if he did not know at all, he is liable only if he intended the damage, whereas on the injured party's property the damager is always liable even without knowledge and even if unavoidable, since a person must guard most carefully on another's property.

וקא בהיזק דממילא כגון שהמזיק עמד במקומו והניזק או בהמתו וכליו נתקלו בו אבל בהזיק בידים בין שהיה מתכוין להזיק ובין שלא היה מתכוין להזיק חייב ואפילו ברשות המזיק אם רק ידע בו הדין כן דזהו כשניהם ברשות וכשלא ידע כלל שברשותו הוא אינו חייב אא"כ מתכוין להזיק וברשות הניזק לעולם חייב אף כשלא ידע כלל ואפילו באונס כמ"ש דברשותו של ניזק צריך האדם לשמור ביותר ובזה אמרו אדם מועד לעולם:

Source 21 · Acharonim
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Beit Yosef, Choshen Mishpat 378:1

בית יוסף, חושן משפט שע״ח:א׳

Beit Yosef, Choshen Mishpat 378:1

Just as theft and robbery of another's property are forbidden, so too one is forbidden to damage another's property even without benefiting from it; one who causes damage—whether negligently or intentionally—is liable to pay, as stated in the second chapter of Bava Kamma.

כשם שאסור לגנוב ולגזול ממון חבירו כך אסור להזיק ממון שלו אפילו שאינו נהנה כיון שמזיקו בין בשוגג בין במזיד חייב לשלם משנה בפרק ב' דב"ק:

Source 22 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 418

שולחן ערוך, חושן משפט תי״ח

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 418

The Shulchan Arukh rules on liability for fire damage and related forms of damage when a blaze spreads from one's property to another's. It is the governing practical code for determining who pays when a neighbor's field is damaged by a fire.

כתיב כי תצא אש אפילו מעצמה שהדליק בתוך שלו והלך ודלק בתוך של חבירו אפי' לא שרפה אלא עציו ואבניו או שליחכה נירו חייב לשלם הכל אא"כ הרחיק כשיעור אבל אם הרחיק כשיעור ויצא והזיק פטור: הרחיק כראוי ועברה והזיקה פטור שזו מכה בידי שמים הוא וכן אם עברה נהר או שלולית שיש בהם מים ורחבם שמונה אמות פטור (וי"א דאם הנהר רחב שמונה אמות אפי' אין בו מים והיאור אפי' כל שהוא ויש בו מים פטור) (טור ס"א) עברה גדר אומדים גובה הגדר וגובה הדליקה והעצי' והקוצי' המצויים שם אם אינה ראויה לעבור פטור ואם ראויה לעבור חייב:

Source 23 · Acharonim
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Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 418

ערוך השולחן, חושן משפט תי״ח — ד"ה [דיני נזקי אש וכל חיוביו ותולדותיו

Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 418:1

Arukh HaShulchan revisits the laws of fire damage and explains how the codified rules apply in practice, including factors of negligence and foreseeable spread. It is a strong later practical-halakhah companion to Shulchan Arukh on this siman.

[דיני נזקי אש וכל חיוביו ותולדותיו ובו ל"ח סעיפים]: אש הוא מאבות נזיקין כדכתיב כי תצא אש ומצאה קוצים ונאכל גדיש או הקמה שלם ישלם המבעיר את הבערה ואין חילוק בין הבעיר בעצמו את האש ובין שלא שמר גחלתו או שארי דברים העלולים להבעיר כמו גפרית וכיוצא בו הוה כמו שהדליק בעצמו והרי הפסוק התחיל בכי תצא אש ולא כי יבעיר אלא תצא מעצמה ומסיים המבעיר את הבערה שהבעיר בעצמו אלא דכל שלא שימר גחלתו הוה כהדליק בעצמו [תוס' [ב"ק כ"ב.]: וזה שבארנו דכשלא שימר גחלתו חיובו דוקא כשהגחלת שלו זהו אפילו כשנעשה גחלת שלו שלא ברצונו כגון שנפלה דליקה בחצירו והיה יכול לגדור חצירו שלא ילך האש הלאה ולא גדרה חייב דהא האש שלו הוא אע"פ שאין רצונו בהאש מ"מ סוף סוף בוער את עציו ונעשה הגחלת שלו וחייב כשלא שמרה וזהו שכתבו הרמב"ם והטור וש"ע בסעיף ו' נפלה דליקה בחצירו ונפל גדר שלא מחמת הדליקה ועברה הדליקה בחצר אחרת אם היה יכול לגדור הגדר שנפל ולא גדרו חייב למה הדבר דומה לשורו שיצא והזיק שהיה לו לשמרו ולא שמרו עכ"ל: