Yamim Tovimימים טובים

Sources for Tisha B'Av Teaching

This collection spans biblical, rabbinic, and medieval sources on Tisha B'Av, covering the historical calamities commemorated, halakhic observance practices, the theological meaning of the destruction, and textual foundations including Lamentations and prophetic warning.

בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ

14 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The bedrock of any Tisha B'Av shiur is the enumeration of the five calamities that befell Israel on that date, first stated in Mishnah Ta'anit 4:6 — the decree against the wilderness generation, the destruction of the First and Second Temples, the fall of Beitar, and the plowing of Jerusalem — a list that the Gemara in Taanit 26b and Taanit 29a then unpacks, tracing each event to its biblical source.

The theological purpose of these fast days is articulated by the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Fasts 5:1–11), who writes that the fasts are not ends in themselves but are meant to arouse the heart toward repentance, so that by remembering the conduct that brought these calamities upon the ancestors — conduct that resembles our own — we will return and improve.

Sefer Eikha supplies the literary and liturgical core of the day: its opening cry, 'Alas! Lonely sits the city' (Eikha 1:1), is the text read on the night of Tisha B'Av, while Eikha Rabbah 1:1 deepens this by noting that three prophets — Moshe, Yeshayahu, and Yirmiyahu — each used the word 'eikha,' with Yirmiyahu seeing Israel in their degradation.

The day's prohibitions and their structure — fasting, refraining from bathing, wearing sandals, marital relations, and Torah study, as well as the permitted reading of Iyov and the harsh passages of Yirmiyahu — are codified in Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 552–559, with the Mishnah Berurah (552–559) clarifying that the restrictions of the seudah hamafsekes are specifically intended to increase mourning and remembrance of the Destruction.

On the gravity of the fast, Taanit 30b records Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel's ruling that one who eats and drinks on Tisha B'Av is as though eating and drinking on Yom Kippur, and the Gemara there further rules that everyone should conduct themselves as a Torah scholar and abstain from labor so as to feel the full weight of the fast.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Lamentations 1-5

איכה א׳-ה׳

Lamentations 1-5

The five chapters of Eikhah are the core biblical text for Tisha B'Av, describing ירושלים's destruction, exile, communal grief, confession, and the search for hope amid suffering.

אֵיכָ֣ה ׀ יָשְׁבָ֣ה בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙ רַבָּ֣תִי עָ֔ם הָיְתָ֖ה כְּאַלְמָנָ֑ה רַבָּ֣תִי בַגּוֹיִ֗ם שָׂרָ֙תִי֙ בַּמְּדִינ֔וֹת הָיְתָ֖ה לָמַֽס׃ {ס} בָּכ֨וֹ תִבְכֶּ֜ה בַּלַּ֗יְלָה וְדִמְעָתָהּ֙ עַ֣ל לֶֽחֱיָ֔הּ אֵֽין־לָ֥הּ מְנַחֵ֖ם מִכׇּל־אֹהֲבֶ֑יהָ כׇּל־רֵעֶ֙יהָ֙ בָּ֣גְדוּ בָ֔הּ הָ֥יוּ לָ֖הּ לְאֹיְבִֽים׃ {ס} גָּֽלְתָ֨ה יְהוּדָ֤ה מֵעֹ֙נִי֙ וּמֵרֹ֣ב עֲבֹדָ֔ה הִ֚יא יָשְׁבָ֣ה בַגּוֹיִ֔ם לֹ֥א מָצְאָ֖ה מָנ֑וֹחַ כׇּל־רֹדְפֶ֥יהָ הִשִּׂיג֖וּהָ בֵּ֥ין הַמְּצָרִֽים׃ {ס}

א Alas! Lonely sits the city Once great with people! She that was great among nations Is become like a widow; The princess among states Is become a thrall. ב Bitterly she weeps in the night, Her cheek wet with tears. There is none to comfort her Of all her friends. All her allies have betrayed her; They have become her foes. ג Judah has gone into exile Because of misery and harsh oppression; When she settled among the nations, She found no rest; All her pursuers overtook her In the narrow places.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 7:1-15

ירמיהו ז׳:א׳-ט״ו

Jeremiah 7:1-15

Yirmeyahu rebukes false security in the Temple and warns that sin can lead to destruction even in the presence of the Mikdash—an important prophetic backdrop for Tisha B'Av.

אַל־תִּבְטְח֣וּ לָכֶ֔ם אֶל־דִּבְרֵ֥י הַשֶּׁ֖קֶר לֵאמֹ֑ר הֵיכַ֤ל יְהֹוָה֙ הֵיכַ֣ל יְהֹוָ֔ה הֵיכַ֥ל יְהֹוָ֖ה הֵֽמָּה׃ וְעָשִׂ֜יתִי לַבַּ֣יִת ׀ אֲשֶׁ֧ר נִֽקְרָא־שְׁמִ֣י עָלָ֗יו אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתֶּם֙ בֹּטְחִ֣ים בּ֔וֹ וְלַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥תִּי לָכֶ֖ם וְלַאֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֖יתִי לְשִׁלֽוֹ׃

Don’t put your trust in illusions and say, “The Temple of GOD, the Temple of GOD, the Temple of GOD are these [buildings].” therefore I will do to the House that bears My name, on which you rely, and to the place that I gave you and your ancestors, just what I did to Shiloh.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 26:1-19

ירמיהו כ״ו:א׳-י״ט

Jeremiah 26:1-19

This passage recounts Yirmeyahu's warning about the fate of the Temple and the city's response, highlighting the tension between prophetic warning and national resistance.

כֹּ֣ה ׀ אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֗ה עֲמֹד֮ בַּחֲצַ֣ר בֵּית־יְהֹוָה֒ וְדִבַּרְתָּ֞ עַל־כׇּל־עָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֗ה הַבָּאִים֙ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֣ת בֵּית־יְהֹוָ֔ה אֵ֚ת כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּיתִ֖יךָ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵיהֶ֑ם אַל־תִּגְרַ֖ע דָּבָֽר׃ וְנָתַתִּ֛י אֶת־הַבַּ֥יִת הַזֶּ֖ה כְּשִׁלֹ֑ה וְאֶת־הָעִ֤יר (הזאתה) [הַזֹּאת֙] אֶתֵּ֣ן לִקְלָלָ֔ה לְכֹ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֥ הָאָֽרֶץ׃ {פ}

“Thus said GOD: Stand in the court of the House of GOD, and speak to [the inhabitants of] all the towns of Judah, who are coming to worship in the House of GOD, all the words that I command you to speak to them. Do not omit anything. then I will make this House like Shiloh, and I will make this city a curse for all the nations of earth.”

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Megillah 5b

מגילה ה׳ ב — ד"ה וְרָחַץ בִּקְרוֹנָהּ שֶׁל צִפּוֹרִי בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר

Megillah 5b:1

Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi sought to abolish the fast of Tisha B'Av when it fell on Shabbat and was postponed, arguing that since it was already deferred from its usual time it should be deferred entirely that year, but the Sages did not agree with him; Rabbi Abba bar Zavda corrected the account of this incident before Rabbi Elazar.

וְרָחַץ בִּקְרוֹנָהּ שֶׁל צִפּוֹרִי בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז, וּבִקֵּשׁ לַעֲקוֹר תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב — וְלֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. אָמַר לְפָנָיו רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר זַבְדָּא: רַבִּי, לֹא כָּךְ הָיָה מַעֲשֶׂה. אֶלָּא תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת הֲוָה, וּדְחִינוּהוּ לְאַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת. וְאָמַר רַבִּי: הוֹאִיל וְנִדְחָה — יִדָּחֶה, וְלֹא הוֹדוּ חֲכָמִים. קָרֵי עֲלֵיהּ: ״טוֹבִים הַשְּׁנַיִם מִן הָאֶחָד״.

And he bathed at the time when the wagons [kerona] were traveling through Tzippori, i.e., on the market day, when the public would know about it, on the seventeenth of Tammuz, to show that bathing is permitted on that day. And he sought to abolish the fast of the Ninth of Av. And with respect to the Ninth of Av, the Sages did not agree with him. Rabbi Abba bar Zavda said to Rabbi Elazar: My teacher, the incident did not occur in this fashion. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi never sought to abolish the fast of the Ninth of Av. Rather, it was a year when the Ninth of Av occurred on Shabbat, and they postponed it until after Shabbat. And Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said about that case: Since it has already been deferred from its usual time, let it be altogether deferred this year. And the Rabbis did not agree with him. Rabbi Elazar read the verse about Rabbi Abba bar Zavda: “Two are better than one” (Ecclesiastes 4:9), meaning, it is good that you were here to provide an accurate report about that incident.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Taanit 26b

תענית כ״ו ב — ד"ה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא

Taanit 26b:2

Tisha Bav commemorates the decree that the ancestors would not enter Eretz Yisrael, the two destructions of the Temple, the fall of Beitar, and the plowing of Jerusalem; from the beginning of Av one decreases rejoicing, and the week of Tisha Bav prohibits haircuts and laundry (except Thursday if Tisha Bav falls on Friday), the eve prohibits two cooked dishes in one meal and forbids meat and wine, with Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel requiring one to reduce food consumption and Rabbi Yehuda requiring bed overturning, though the Rabbis disagreed with the latter.

בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה, וְנִלְכְּדָה בֵּיתֵּר, וְנֶחְרְשָׁה הָעִיר. מִשֶּׁנִּכְנָס אָב מְמַעֲטִין בְּשִׂמְחָה. שַׁבָּת שֶׁחָל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹכָהּ אָסוּר מִלְּסַפֵּר וּמִלְּכַבֵּס, וּבַחֲמִישִׁי מוּתָּרִין מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. עֶרֶב תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לֹא יֹאכַל אָדָם שְׁנֵי תַבְשִׁילִין, לֹא יֹאכַל בָּשָׂר וְלֹא יִשְׁתֶּה יַיִן. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: יְשַׁנֶּה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְחַיֵּיב בִּכְפִיַּית הַמִּטָּה, וְלֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים.

On the Ninth of Av it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would all die in the wilderness and not enter Eretz Yisrael; and the Temple was destroyed the first time, in the days of Nebuchadnezzar, and the second time, by the Romans; and Beitar was captured; and the city of Jerusalem was plowed, as a sign that it would never be rebuilt. Not only does one fast on the Ninth of Av, but from when the month of Av begins, one decreases acts of rejoicing. During the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs, it is prohibited to cut one’s hair and to launder clothes, but if the Ninth of Av occurs on a Friday, on Thursday these actions are permitted in deference to Shabbat. On the eve of the Ninth of Av a person may not eat two cooked dishes in one meal. Furthermore, one may neither eat meat nor drink wine. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: One must adjust and decrease the amount he eats. Rabbi Yehuda obligates one to overturn the bed and sleep on the floor like one in a state of mourning, but the Rabbis did not agree with him.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Ta'anit 4:6

משנה תענית ד׳:ו׳

Mishnah Ta'anit 4:6

The Mishnah lists the calamities that occurred on the Seventeenth of Tammuz and the Ninth of Av, establishing the fast-day structure and historical memory behind Tisha B'Av.

חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים אֵרְעוּ אֶת אֲבוֹתֵינוּ בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז וַחֲמִשָּׁה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְאָב. בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת, וּבָטַל הַתָּמִיד, וְהֻבְקְעָה הָעִיר, וְשָׂרַף אַפּוֹסְטֹמוֹס אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, וְהֶעֱמִיד צֶלֶם בַּהֵיכָל. בְּתִשְׁעָה בְאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה, וְנִלְכְּדָה בֵיתָר, וְנֶחְרְשָׁה הָעִיר.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Eikhah Rabbah 1:1

איכה רבה א׳:א׳

Eikhah Rabbah 1:1

The opening derashah reads 'Eikhah' as a lament over the destruction while also opening a path toward repair through divine-human relationship and moral self-examination.

אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה, שְׁלשָׁה נִתְנַבְּאוּ בְּלָשׁוֹן אֵיכָה, משֶׁה, יְשַׁעְיָה, וְיִרְמְיָה. אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָשָׁל לְמַטְרוֹנָה שֶׁהָיוּ לָהּ שְׁלשָׁה שׁוֹשְׁבִינִין, אֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ, וְאֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּפַחֲזוּתָהּ, וְאֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּנִוּוּלָהּ. כָּךְ, משֶׁה רָאָה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְבוֹדָם וְשַׁלְוָתָם וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה אֶשָֹּׂא לְבַדִּי טָרְחֲכֶם. יְשַׁעְיָה רָאָה אוֹתָם בְּפַחֲזוּתָם, וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה הָיְתָה לְזוֹנָה. יִרְמְיָה רָאָה אוֹתָם בְּנִוּוּלָם, וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה.

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Eikhah Rabbah 1:23

איכה רבה א׳:כ״ג

Eikhah Rabbah 1:23

This midrash expands on the tragedy of exile and the loss of Zion, drawing out the emotional and theological dimensions of national mourning.

אֶזְכְּרָה נְגִינָתִי בַּלָּיְלָה עִם לְבָבִי אָשִׂיחָה וַיְחַפֵּשׂ רוּחִי (תהלים עז, ז), רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן וְרַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי, לְפִי שֶׁחָטְאוּ מֵאָלֶ"ף וְעַד תָּי"ו, מִתְנַחֲמִין מֵאָלֶ"ף וְעַד תָּי"ו. וְכֵן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁכָּל נְבוּאוֹת קָשׁוֹת שֶׁנִּתְנַבֵּא יִרְמְיָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל הִקְדִּים יְשַׁעְיָה וְרִפְּאָן, יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה מט, כא):

“I remember my song in the night; I meditate with my heart, and my spirit searches” (Psalms 77:7). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon and Rabbi Aivu. The Rabbis say: Because they sinned from alef through tav, they are consoled from alef through tav.

Source 9 · Chazal
Verified

Ta'anit 30b

תענית ל׳ ב — ד"ה תְּנַן הָתָם

Taanit 30b:2

The Gemara discusses the prohibitions and mourning practices of Tisha B'Av, including the dictum that whoever mourns for Jerusalem merits to see its joy.

תְּנַן הָתָם: מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב — עוֹשִׂין, מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲשׂוֹת — אֵין עוֹשִׂין. וּבְכׇל מָקוֹם, תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בְּטֵלִים. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם יַעֲשֶׂה כָּל אָדָם עַצְמוֹ כְּתַלְמִיד חָכָם. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם יַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם עַצְמוֹ כְּתַלְמִיד חָכָם, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְעַנֶּה. תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הָאוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב — כְּאִילּוּ אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הָעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב — אֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה סִימַן בְּרָכָה לְעוֹלָם. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: כׇּל הָעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב וְאֵינוֹ מִתְאַבֵּל עַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם — אֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה בְּשִׂמְחָתָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלִַים וְגִילוּ בָהּ כׇּל אֹהֲבֶיהָ שִׂישׂוּ אִתָּהּ מָשׂוֹשׂ כׇּל הַמִּתְאַבְּלִים עָלֶיהָ״, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ: כׇּל הַמִּתְאַבֵּל עַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם — זוֹכֶה וְרוֹאֶה בְּשִׂמְחָתָהּ, וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְאַבֵּל עַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם — אֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה בְּשִׂמְחָתָהּ. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: כׇּל הָאוֹכֵל בָּשָׂר וְשׁוֹתֶה יַיִן בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב — עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר: ״וַתְּהִי עֲוֹנוֹתָם עַל עַצְמוֹתָם״.

§ We learned in a mishna there: In a place where people were accustomed to perform labor on the Ninth of Av, one performs labor. In a place where people were accustomed not to perform labor, one does not perform labor. And in all places, Torah scholars are idle and do not perform labor on the Ninth of Av. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: With regard to the Ninth of Av, a person should always conduct himself as a Torah scholar and refrain from performing labor. This is also taught in a baraita: Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: A person should always conduct himself as a Torah scholar, so that he will feel the hardship of the fast. It is taught in another baraita that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Whoever eats and drinks on the Ninth of Av, although the prohibition was instituted by the Prophets, it is as though he eats and drinks on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Akiva says: Whoever performs labor on the Ninth of Av never sees a sign of a blessing from that work. And the Sages say: Whoever performs labor on the Ninth of Av and does not mourn for Jerusalem will not see her future joy, as it is stated: “Rejoice with Jerusalem and be glad with her, all who love her; rejoice for joy with her, all who mourn for her” (Isaiah 66:10). From here it is stated: Whoever mourns for Jerusalem will merit and see her future joy, and whoever does not mourn for Jerusalem will not see her future joy. This is also taught in a baraita: Whoever eats meat or drinks wine in the meal before the Ninth of Av, about him the verse states: “And whose iniquities are upon their bones, because the terror of the mighty was in the land of the living” (Ezekiel 32:27).

Source 10 · Chazal
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Ta'anit 29a

תענית כ״ט א — ד"ה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא

Taanit 29a:2

The Gemara explains the destruction of both Temples and the many tragedies of the Ninth of Av, and develops the framework of mourning and historical meaning of the day.

בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, מְנָלַן — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן״. וְאָמַר מָר: שָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, שְׁנִיָּה הֵקִים מֹשֶׁה אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְשָׁלַח מְרַגְּלִים. וּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בְּעֶשְׂרִים בַּחֹדֶשׁ נַעֲלָה הֶעָנָן מֵעַל מִשְׁכָּן הָעֵדֻת״. וּכְתִיב: ״וַתִּשָּׂא כׇּל הָעֵדָה וַיִּתְּנוּ אֶת קוֹלָם וַיִּבְכּוּ הָעָם בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא״, אָמַר רַבָּה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ לַיְלָה לֵיל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: אַתֶּם בְּכִיתֶם בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל חִנָּם — וַאֲנִי קוֹבֵעַ לָכֶם בְּכִיָּה לְדוֹרוֹת. חָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי בְּשִׁבְעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים עֶבֶד מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל יְרוּשָׁלִָם וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת בֵּית ה׳ וְגוֹ׳״, וּכְתִיב: ״וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים עָמַד לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְגוֹ׳״. וּתְשִׁיעִי סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁיכָה הֵצִיתוּ בּוֹ אֶת הָאוּר, וְהָיָה דּוֹלֵק וְהוֹלֵךְ כׇּל הַיּוֹם כּוּלּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אוֹי לָנוּ כִּי פָנָה הַיּוֹם כִּי יִנָּטוּ צִלְלֵי עָרֶב״. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אִלְמָלֵי הָיִיתִי בְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר לֹא קְבַעְתִּיו אֶלָּא בָּעֲשִׂירִי, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרוּבּוֹ שֶׁל הֵיכָל בּוֹ נִשְׂרַף. וְרַבָּנַן — אַתְחַלְתָּא דְפוּרְעֲנוּתָא עֲדִיפָא. אָמְרוּ: כְּשֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה, וּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת הָיָה, וּמוֹצָאֵי שְׁבִיעִית הָיְתָה, וּמִשְׁמַרְתָּהּ שֶׁל יְהוֹיָרִיב הָיְתָה. וְהַלְּוִיִּם הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים שִׁירָה, וְעוֹמְדִין עַל דּוּכָנָם. וּמָה שִׁירָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים? ״וַיָּשֶׁב עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת אוֹנָם וּבְרָעָתָם יַצְמִיתֵם״, וְלֹא הִסְפִּיקוּ לוֹמַר ״יַצְמִיתֵם ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ״, עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ נׇכְרִים וּכְבָשׁוּם. וְכֵן בַּשְּׁנִיָּה.

§ The mishna taught: On the Ninth of Av, it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would not enter Eretz Yisrael. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive this? As it is written: “And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the Tabernacle was erected” (Exodus 40:17). And the Master said: In the first year after leaving Egypt, Moses built the Tabernacle. At the beginning of the second year, Moses erected the Tabernacle and sent the spies. And it is written: “And it came to pass in the second year in the second month, on the twentieth day of the month, that the cloud was taken up from the Tabernacle of the Testimony” (Numbers 10:11). And it is further written: “And all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried and the people wept that night” (Numbers 14:1). Rabba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That night was the night of the Ninth of Av. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: You wept needlessly that night, and I will therefore establish for you a true tragedy over which there will be weeping in future generations. § The mishna further taught that on the Ninth of Av the Temple was destroyed the first time. The Gemara explains that this is as it is written: “And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, a servant of the King of Babylon, came to Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lord” (II Kings 25:8–9). And it is also written: “And in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, who served the king of Babylon, came into Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lord” (Jeremiah 52:12–13). And on the ninth, adjacent to nightfall, they set fire to it, and it continuously burned the entire day, as it is stated: “Woe unto us, for the day has declined, for the shadows of the evening are stretched out” (Jeremiah 6:4). This verse is interpreted as a prophecy about the evening when the Temple was burned. And this is what Rabbi Yoḥanan meant when he said: Had I been alive in that generation, I would have established the fast only on the tenth of Av because most of the Sanctuary was burned on that day. And the Sages, who established the fast on the ninth, how do they respond to that comment? They maintain that it is preferable to mark the beginning of the tragedy. The Sages said: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, that day was the Ninth of Av; and it was the conclusion of Shabbat; and it was the year after a Sabbatical Year; and it was the week of the priestly watch of Jehoiarib; and the Levites were singing the song and standing on their platform. And what song were they singing? They were singing the verse: “And He brought upon them their own iniquity, and He will cut them off in their own evil” (Psalms 94:23). And they did not manage to recite the end of the verse: “The Lord our God will cut them off,” before gentiles came and conquered them. And likewise, the same happened when the Second Temple was destroyed.

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Fasts 5:1-11

משנה תורה, הלכות תעניות ה׳:א׳-י״א

Mishneh Torah, Fasts 5:1-11

Rambam codifies the public fasts, the meaning of mourning for ירושלים, and the practices of Tisha B'Av, grounding the day in concrete halakhic structure.

יֵשׁ שָׁם יָמִים שֶׁכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְעַנִּים בָּהֶם מִפְּנֵי הַצָּרוֹת שֶׁאֵרְעוּ בָּהֶן כְּדֵי לְעוֹרֵר הַלְּבָבוֹת לִפְתֹּחַ דַּרְכֵי הַתְּשׁוּבָה וְיִהְיֶה זֶה זִכָּרוֹן לְמַעֲשֵׂינוּ הָרָעִים וּמַעֲשֵׂה אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁהָיָה כְּמַעֲשֵׂינוּ עַתָּה עַד שֶׁגָּרַם לָהֶם וְלָנוּ אוֹתָן הַצָּרוֹת. שֶׁבְּזִכְרוֹן דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ נָשׁוּב לְהֵיטִיב שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כו, מ) "וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת עֲוֹנָם וְאֶת עֲוֹן אֲבֹתָם" וְגוֹ': וְתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים אֵרְעוּ בּוֹ. נִגְזַר עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ. וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה. וְנִלְכְּדָה עִיר גְּדוֹלָה וּבֵיתָר שְׁמָהּ וְהָיוּ בָּהּ אֲלָפִים וּרְבָבוֹת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל וְהָיָה לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְדִמּוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּגְדוֹלֵי הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁהוּא הַמֶּלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ. וְנָפַל בְּיַד הָרוֹמִיִּים וְנֶהֶרְגוּ כֻּלָּם וְהָיְתָה צָרָה גְּדוֹלָה כְּמוֹ חֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. וּבוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַמּוּכָן לְפֻרְעָנוּת חָרַשׁ טוּרְנוּסְרוּפוּס הָרָשָׁע אֶת הַהֵיכָל וְאֶת סְבִיבָיו לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר(ירמיה כו יח) (מיכה ג יב) "צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵחָרֵשׁ": וְאַרְבָּעָה יְמֵי הַצּוֹמוֹת הָאֵלּוּ הֲרֵי הֵן מְפֹרָשִׁין בַּקַּבָּלָה (זכריה ח יט) "צוֹם הָרְבִיעִי וְצוֹם הַחֲמִישִׁי" וְגוֹ'. צוֹם הָרְבִיעִי זֶה שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז שֶׁהוּא בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרְבִיעִי. וְצוֹם הַחֲמִישִׁי זֶה תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב שֶׁהוּא בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי. וְצוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי זֶה שְׁלֹשָׁה בְּתִשְׁרֵי שֶׁהוּא בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי. וְצוֹם הָעֲשִׂירִי זֶה עֲשָׂרָה בְּטֵבֵת שֶׁהוּא בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂירִי:

There are days when the entire Jewish people fast because of the calamities that occurred to them then, to arouse [their] hearts and initiate [them in] the paths of repentance. This will serve as a reminder of our wicked conduct and that of our ancestors, which resembles our present conduct and therefore brought these calamities upon them and upon us. By reminding ourselves of these matters, we will repent and improve [our conduct], as [Leviticus 26:40] states: "And they will confess their sin and the sin of their ancestors." On the Ninth of Av, five tragedies occurred: It was decreed that the Jews in the desert would not enter Eretz Yisrael; The First and the Second Temples were destroyed; A large city named Betar was captured. Thousands and myriads of Jews inhabited it. They were ruled by a great king whom the entire Jewish people and the leading Sages considered to be the Messianic king. The city fell to the Romans and they were all slain, causing a national catastrophe equivalent to that of the Temple's destruction. On that day designated for retribution, the wicked Tineius Rufus plowed the site of the Temple and its surroundings, thereby fulfilling the prophecy [Micah 3:12], "Zion will be plowed like a field." These four fasts are explicitly mentioned in the prophetic tradition [Zechariah 8:19]: "The fast of the fourth [month], the fast of the fifth [month]...." "The fast of the fourth [month]" refers to the Seventeenth of Tammuz, which is in the fourth month; "the fast of the fifth [month]," to Tish'ah B'Av, which is in the fifth month; "the fast of the seventh [month]," to the Third of Tishrei which is in the seventh month; "the fast of the tenth [month]," to the Tenth of Tevet, which is in the tenth month.

Source 12 · Acharonim
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Mishnah Berurah 552-559

משנה ברורה תקנ״ב-תקנ״ט

Mishnah Berurah 552-559

The Mishnah Berurah explains the practical customs and nuances of Tisha B'Av observance, including when mourning practices begin and how the fast is conducted.

(א) לא יאכל וכו' - כדי להרבות אבל ולזכור חורבן הבית ויצטער עליו: (ד) ממעט - היינו בסעודה מפסקת שאם רגיל לשתות בסעודה ד' כוסות ישתה ג' כוסות. ואין לשתות שכר ואם הוא אדם חלש שרי: (יד) שהם מאכלי אבלים - ולא יאכלו תבשיל אחר ודלא כהמון עם שמתחלה אוכלין מין מבושל ואח"ז יושבין לארץ ואוכלין ביצים דאסור וכ"ש דאסור להפסיק ביניהם בברכת המזון דגורם ברכה שא"צ ובס"ט יבואר איך להתנהג בזה:

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Nefesh HaChayim, Gate IV 34:1

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate IV 34:1

After the destruction of the Holy Temple and the exile of Israel from their Father's table, God's glory departed and finds no rest, with only Torah remaining as a source of connection when Israel and the sacred engage with it properly, as the Sages teach in Berakhot that since the Temple's destruction, the Holy One has only the four cubits of halakha in His world.

ומעת חורבן בית קדשנו וגלו הבנים מעל שלחן אביהם. שכינת כבודו יתב' אזלא ומתרכא כביכול ולא תרגיע. ואין שיור רק התורה הזאת כשישראל עם הקדש מצפצפים ומהגים בה כראוי. כמאמרם ז"ל בפ"ק דברכות (ח' ע"א) מיום שחרב בהמ"ק אין לו להקב"ה בעולמו אלא ד"א של הלכה בלבד.

Source 14 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 552-559

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים תקנ״ב-תקנ״ט

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 552-559

These simanim codify the laws of ערב תשעה באב, the fast itself, mourning restrictions, and related practices, making them the central practical halakhic sources for Tisha B'Av.

דין ערב ט' באב. ובו יב סעיפים: ערב תשעה באב לא יאכל אדם בסעודה המפסקת שאוכלה אחר חצות בשר ולא ישתה יין ולא יאכל שני תבשילין: הגה ואף ממשקים אחרים ממעט בשתייתן ממה שרגיל לשתות (טור וב"י בשם תוספות ורוקח) וכן לא יאכל אחר סעודתו צנון ומליח דברים שנוהג בהם בשאר פעמים כדי שיתנהג בפרישות: (מרדכי): דברים האסורים בתשעה באב. ובו כה סעיפים: תשעה באב אסור ברחיצה וסיכה ונעילת הסנדל ותשמיש המיטה ואסור לקרות בתורה נביאים וכתובים ולשנות במשנה ובמדרש ובגמ' בהלכות ובאגדות משום שנאמר פקודי ה' ישרים משמחי לב ותינוקות של בית רבן בטלים בו אבל קורא הוא באיוב ובדברים הרעים שבירמיה ואם יש ביניהם פסוקי נחמה צריך לדלגם: