Machshavaמחשבה

Scoffing and Levity as Obstacles to Piety

Rabbinic and philosophical sources examine the spiritual dangers of mockery, jest, and frivolous laughter. These texts explain how habitual scoffing corrupts moral character, dulls sensitivity to spiritual truth, and creates a pathway toward sin and transgression.

שְׂחוֹק וְקַלּוּת רֹאשׁ מַרְגִּילִין אֶת הָאָדָם לְעֶרְוָה

5 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Rambam rules in Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 2:7 that a person must not be a habitual jester and scoffer, citing the teaching of the Sages that "laughter and levity habituate a person to illicit relations," while also warning against the opposite extreme of perpetual sadness — the proper middle path is greeting everyone with a pleasant countenance.

The Gemara in Avodah Zarah 18b supplies the underlying logic through a progression: attending places of scoffing and clownery is "the seat of the scornful," and the passage warns that one who goes there will stand, then sit, then become a scoffer himself — with scoffing leading inexorably to the neglect of Torah.

Mesillat Yesharim 5:16 elaborates that laughter and levity are especially severe dangers because they destroy a person's capacity for reason until he is like "a drunkard or a madman" incapable of accepting guidance, citing the same teaching the Rambam invokes — that laughter and levity habituate a person to illicit relations.

The Gemara in Shabbat 30b adds a further dimension: the Divine Presence rests upon a person neither from an atmosphere of laughter nor from one of frivolity, but only from an atmosphere imbued with the joy of a mitzvah — distinguishing legitimate spiritual joy from the corrosive levity the Rambam warns against.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Shabbat 30b

Shabbat

שבת ל׳ ב — ד"ה ״וְשִׁבַּחְתִּי אֲנִי אֶת הַשִּׂמְחָה״ — שִׂמְחָה

Shabbat 30b:5

A man who spent every Sabbath studying died when the Angel of Death came to him because he never stopped studying, and the passage discusses various teachings about the value of human life and the book of Ecclesiastes.

״וְשִׁבַּחְתִּי אֲנִי אֶת הַשִּׂמְחָה״ — שִׂמְחָה שֶׁל מִצְוָה. ״וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה״ — זוֹ שִׂמְחָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁל מִצְוָה. לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁאֵין שְׁכִינָה שׁוֹרָה לֹא מִתּוֹךְ עַצְבוּת וְלֹא מִתּוֹךְ עַצְלוּת וְלֹא מִתּוֹךְ שְׂחוֹק וְלֹא מִתּוֹךְ קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ וְלֹא מִתּוֹךְ שִׂיחָה וְלֹא מִתּוֹךְ דְּבָרִים בְּטֵלִים, אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ דְּבַר שִׂמְחָה שֶׁל מִצְוָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעַתָּה קְחוּ לִי מְנַגֵּן וְהָיָה כְּנַגֵּן הַמְנַגֵּן וַתְּהִי עָלָיו יַד ה׳״. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: וְכֵן לִדְבַר הֲלָכָה. אָמַר רָבָא: וְכֵן לַחֲלוֹם טוֹב.

Similarly, “So I commended mirth,” that is the joy of a mitzva. “And of mirth: What does it accomplish?” that is joy that is not the joy of a mitzva. The praise of joy mentioned here is to teach you that the Divine Presence rests upon an individual neither from an atmosphere of sadness, nor from an atmosphere of laziness, nor from an atmosphere of laughter, nor from an atmosphere of frivolity, nor from an atmosphere of idle conversation, nor from an atmosphere of idle chatter, but rather from an atmosphere imbued with the joy of a mitzva. As it was stated with regard to Elisha that after he became angry at the king of Israel, his prophetic spirit left him until he requested: “But now bring me a minstrel; and it came to pass, when the minstrel played, that the hand of the Lord came upon him” (II Kings 3:15). Rav Yehuda said: And, so too, one should be joyful before stating a matter of halakha. Rava said: And, so too, one should be joyful before going to sleep in order to have a good dream.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Avodah Zarah 18b

Avodah Zarah

עבודה זרה י״ח ב — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Avodah Zarah 18b:5

The passage discusses whether one may attend stadiums and theaters where various entertainments and scoffing occur, debating whether such attendance leads to neglect of Torah study and presenting differing rabbinic opinions on the permissibility depending on one's level of participation in such frivolous activities.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַהוֹלֵךְ לְאִיצְטָדִינִין וּלְכַרְקוֹם, וְרָאָה שָׁם אֶת הַנְּחָשִׁים וְאֶת הַחַבָּרִין, בּוּקְיוֹן וּמוּקְיוֹן וּמוּלְיוֹן וְלוּלְיוֹן, בְּלוּרִין סַלְגּוּרִין — הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹשַׁב לֵצִים, וַעֲלֵיהֶם הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר: ״אַשְׁרֵי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא הָלַךְ וְגוֹ׳ כִּי אִם בְּתוֹרַת ה׳ חֶפְצוֹ״, הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁדְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ מְבִיאִין אֶת הָאָדָם לִידֵי בִּיטּוּל תּוֹרָה. אֶלָּא לוֹמַר לָךְ, שֶׁאִם הָלַךְ — סוֹפוֹ לַעֲמוֹד, וְאִם עָמַד — סוֹפוֹ לֵישֵׁב, וְאִם יָשַׁב — סוֹפוֹ לָלוּץ, וְאִם לָץ — עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר: ״אִם חָכַמְתָּ חָכַמְתָּ לָּךְ וְאִם לַצְתָּ לְבַדְּךָ תִשָּׂא״. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר: כׇּל הַמִּתְלוֹצֵץ יִסּוּרִין בָּאִין עָלָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעַתָּה אַל תִּתְלוֹצָצוּ פֶּן יֶחְזְקוּ מוֹסְרֵיכֶם״. אֲמַר לְהוּ רָבָא לְרַבָּנַן: בְּמָטוּתָא בָּעֵינָא מִינַּיְיכוּ דְּלָא תִּתְלוֹצְצוּ, דְּלָא לֵיתוֹ עֲלַיְיכוּ יִסּוּרִין. אָמַר רַב קַטִּינָא: כָּל הַמִּתְלוֹצֵץ מְזוֹנוֹתָיו מִתְמַעֲטִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מָשַׁךְ יָדוֹ אֶת לֹצְצִים״. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: כׇּל הַמִּתְלוֹצֵץ נוֹפֵל בְּגֵיהִנָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״זֵד יָהִיר לֵץ שְׁמוֹ עוֹשֶׂה בְּעֶבְרַת זָדוֹן״, וְאֵין עֶבְרָה אֶלָּא גֵּיהִנָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יוֹם עֶבְרָה הַיּוֹם הַהוּא״.

§ The Sages taught: With regard to one who goes to stadiums [le’itztadinin] where people are killed in contests with gladiators or beasts, or to a camp of besiegers [ulkharkom] where different forms of entertainment are provided for the besieging army, and he sees there the acts of the diviners and those who cast spells, or the acts of the clowns known as bukiyon, or mukiyon, or muliyon, or luliyon, or belurin, or salgurin, this is categorized as “the seat of the scornful”; and with regard to such places the verse states: “Happy is the man that has not walked in the council of the wicked, nor stood in the way of sinners, nor sat in the seat of the scornful. But his delight is in the Torah of the Lord” (Psalms 1:1–2). You learn from here that these matters bring a person to dereliction of the study of Torah, since had he not sat in “the seat of the scornful,” he would delight in the study of Torah. Rather, the verse serves to say to you that if he walked with the wicked, he will ultimately stand with them. And if he stood with them, he will ultimately sit in their company, and if he sat, he will ultimately scorn along with them. And if he scorned, the verse says about him: “If you are wise, you are wise for yourself; and if you scorn, you alone shall bear it” (Proverbs 9:12). Rabbi Eliezer says: Concerning anyone who scoffs, suffering will befall him, as it is stated: “Now therefore do not be scoffers, lest your suffering be made strong” (Isaiah 28:22). Similarly, Rava said to the Sages who were sitting before him: Please, I ask of you that you not scoff, so that suffering will not befall you. Rav Ketina says: Concerning anyone who scoffs, his sustenance is lessened, as it is stated: “He stretches out his hand with scorners” (Hosea 7:5), meaning that God withdraws His providence from scoffers and does not provide for them. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: Anyone who scoffs falls into Gehenna, as it is stated: “A proud and haughty man, scorner is his name, he acts in arrogant wrath” (Proverbs 21:24). And wrath means nothing other than Gehenna, as it is stated with regard to the Day of Judgment: “That day is a day of wrath” (Zephaniah 1:15).

Source 3 · Geonim
Verified

HaEmunot veHaDeot, [Treatise X] Moral Conduct; Thought and Belief 3

HaEmunot veHaDeot, [Treatise X] Moral Conduct; Thought and Belief 3

The passage states that if a person devotes himself to pursuing only laughter and joy, this too becomes futile, as illustrated by Kohelet's account of seeking pleasure; during laughter and merriment, a person senses a diminishment and degradation in himself, having entered into bestial traits, which Kohelet describes as calling laughter madness and joy foolishness.

ואחר כן שנה בשמחה ובשחוק בלבד, ואמר אם ישים האדם ‏דעתו לפנות אליה ולהשגיח עליה, יהיה לו זה גם כן הבל, כמ"ש (שם ב' א') אמרתי אני בלבי לכה ‏נא אנסכה בשמחה וראה בטוב; וזכר העלה בו מה היא, כי האדם בעת ההיא מרגיש מעצמו בעת ‏השחוק והשמחה פחיתות וגנות, וכבר נכנס במדות הבהמות, והוא אמרו (שם ב') לשחוק אמרתי ‏מחולל ולשמחה.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 2:7

משנה תורה, הלכות דעות ב׳:ז׳

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 2:7

Rambam discusses the need to distance oneself from extremes in character and to cultivate a balanced temperament. This supports the idea that levity and scoffing are corrupting habits that damage moral seriousness.

לֹא יְהֵא אָדָם בַּעַל שְׂחוֹק וּמַהֲתַלּוֹת וְלֹא עָצֵב וְאוֹנֵן אֶלָּא שָׂמֵחַ. כָּךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים שְׂחוֹק וְקַלּוּת רֹאשׁ מַרְגִּילִין אֶת הָאָדָם לְעֶרְוָה. וְצִוּוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא אָדָם פָּרוּץ בִּצְחוֹק וְלֹא עָצֵב וּמִתְאַבֵּל אֶלָּא מְקַבֵּל אֶת כָּל הָאָדָם בְּסֵבֶר פָּנִים יָפוֹת.

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Mesillat Yesharim 5

מסילת ישרים ה׳ — ד"ה אַךְ הַשֵּׁנִי

Mesillat Yesharim 5:16

Ramchal explains that mockery and levity are among the great obstacles to piety because they dull a person’s sensitivity to spiritual truth. He describes them as a gateway to sin by making wrongdoing seem trivial.

אַךְ הַשֵּׁנִי, הִנֵּה הוּא קָשֶׁה מְאֹד, וְהוּא הַשְּׂחוֹק וְהַלָּצוֹן, כִּי מִי שֶׁטּוֹבֵעַ בָּם, הוּא כְּמִי שֶׁטּוֹבֵעַ בַּיָּם הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁקָּשֶׁה מְאֹד לְהִמָּלֵט מִמֶּנּוּ. כִּי הִנֵּה הַשְּׂחוֹק הוּא מְאַבֵּד אֶת לֵב הָאָדָם, שֶׁכְּבָר אֵין הַטַּעַם וְהַדֵּעָה מוֹשֶׁלֶת בּוֹ, וַהֲרֵי הוּא כְּשִׁכּוֹר אוֹ שׁוֹטֶה אֲשֶׁר אִי אֶפְשָׁר לָתֵת לָהֶם עָרְמָה אוֹ לְהַנְהִיגָם, כִּי אֵינָם מְקַבְּלִים הַנְהָגָה. וְהוּא מָה שֶׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה הַמֶּלֶךְ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם (קהלת ב): לִשְׂחוֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זּוֹ עוֹשָׂה. וַחֲכָמִים זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה אָמְרוּ (אבות פרק ג): שְׂחוֹק וְקַלּוּת רֹאשׁ מַרְגִּילִים אֶת הָאָדָם לְעֶרְוָה. כִּי אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחֲמוּרָה הִיא הָעֶרְוָה אֵצֶל כָּל בֶּן דַּעַת וְלִבּוֹ יָרֵא מִקְּרֹב אֵלֶיהָ מִכֹּחַ הַצִּיּוּר שֶׁכְּבָר נִצְטַיֵּר בְּשִׂכְלוֹ מַאֲמִיתַת גֹּדֶל פִּשְׁעָהּ וְרֹב עָנְשָׁהּ, הִנֵּה הַשְּׂחֹק וְקַלּוּת רֹאשׁ מַמְשִׁיכִים אוֹתוֹ מְעַט מְעַט וּמַקְרִיבִים אוֹתוֹ הָלוֹךְ וְקָרֵב שֶׁתִּהְיֶה הַיִּרְאָה סָרָה מֵעָלָיו מְעַט מְעַט מַדְרֵגָה אַחַר מַדְרֵגָה, עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ אֶל הֶעָוֹן עַצְמוֹ וְיַעֲשֵׂהוּ. וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה, לְפִי, שֶׁכְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּל מְצִיאוּת הַזְּהִירוּת תָּלוּי בְּשִׂימַת הַלֵּב עַל הַדָּבָר, כֵּן כָּל עַצְמוֹ שֶׁל הַשְּׂחוֹק אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מֵסִיר הַלֵּב מִן הַמַּחֲשָׁבוֹת הַיְּשָׁרוֹת וְהָעִיּוּנִיּוֹת, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא יָבוֹאוּ הִרְהוּרֵי הַיִּרְאָה בְּלִבּוֹ כְּלָל. וְתִרְאֶה קֹשִׁי הַלָּצוֹן וְהַשְׁחָתָתוֹ הָרַבָּה, כִּי כְּמוֹ הַמָּגֵן הַמָּשׁוּחַ בְּשֶׁמֶן אֲשֶׁר יַשְׁמִיט וְיַפִּיל מֵעָלָיו הַחִצִּים וּמַשְׁלִיכָם לָאָרֶץ וְלֹא יַנִּיחַ אוֹתָם שֶׁיַּגִּיעוּ אֶל גּוּף הָאָדָם כֵּן הַלָּצוֹן מִפְּנֵי הַתּוֹכָחָה וְהַמַּרְדּוּת, כִּי בְּלֵיצָנוּת אֶחָד וּבִשְׂחוֹק קָטָן יַפִּיל הָאָדָם מֵעָלָיו רִבּוּי גָּדוֹל מִן הַהִתְעוֹרְרוּת וְהַהִתְפַּעֲלוּת מָה שֶׁהַלֵּב מִתְעוֹרֵר וּמִתְפַּעֵל בְּעַצְמוֹ מִדֵּי רְאוֹתוֹ אוֹ שָׁמְעוֹ עִנְיָנִים שֶׁיְּעִירוּהוּ אֶל הַחֶשְׁבּוֹן וְהַפִּשְׁפּוּשׁ בַּמַּעֲשִׂים. וּבְכֹחַ הַלֵּיצָנוּת יַפִּיל הַכֹּל לָאָרֶץ וְלֹא יַעֲשֶׂה בּוֹ רֹשֶׁם כְּלָל. וְלֹא מִפְּנֵי חֻלְשַׁת הָעִנְיָנִים וְלֹא מִפְּנֵי חֶסְרוֹן הֲבָנַת הַלֵּב, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי כֹּחַ הַלָּצוֹן הַהוֹרֵס כָּל עִנְיְנֵי הַמּוּסָר וְהַיִּרְאָה.

The second detrimental factor, laughter and levity, is very severe. For one who is immersed in these is like one immersed in the great sea, from which it is extremely difficult to escape. For behold, laughter destroys a man's heart until reason and knowledge no longer rule in him. He becomes like a drunkard or a madman whereby it is impossible to give counsel or guide them for they are incapable of accepting any direction. This was said by King Shlomo, peace be unto him: "I said of laughter, it is madness; and of merriment, what use is it?" (Ecc. 2:2). And the Sages of blessed of memory, said: "laughter and light-headedness habituate a person to illicit relations" (Avot 3:13). For even though sexual immorality is regarded as severe by every man of faith, and his heart fears approaching it, due to the vivid picture that has been imprinted in his mind of the enormity of the sin and the severe punishment it incurs, nevertheless, laughter and light-headedness draw him on little by little, advancing him nearer till the fear of sin leaves him bit by bit, degree after degree, until he reaches the sin itself and commits it. Why is this so? Because just like the essence of "watchfulness" involves putting matters to mind, so the essence of laughter is to remove from one's mind straight, rational thinking so that thoughts of fearing G-d do not enter his heart at all. Consider the severity of levity and its destructive power. For just like a shield smeared with oil deflects and drops arrows from him, causing them to fall to the ground, preventing them from reaching the body of the man, so too is levity before rebuke and reprimand. For with one act of levity or a little laughter, a man casts from himself a great many rousings and impressions that the heart was made to feel due to stimulation in seeing or hearing matters that awakened him to an accounting and examination of his deeds. The power of levity knocks it all to the ground thus not making any impression whatsoever on him. This is not due to the ineffectiveness of the matters nor to lack of understanding on his part, but rather to the power of levity which demolishes all matters of Mussar (ethics) and fear of G-d.