מי השלוח, חלק א, ספר במדבר, מטות — ד"ה וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה אֶל רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת לִבְנֵי
Mei HaShiloach presents Parshas Matos through the idea that each tribe has a distinct spiritual pathway and that speech, commitments, and leadership must align with inner truth. The parshah's laws of vows and conflict are read as revelations of deeper divine order.
וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה אֶל רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר זֶה הַדָּבָר כוּ'. (בַּגְּמָרָא) (ספרי מטות ב') כָּל הַנְּבִיאִים נִתְנַבְּאוּ בְּ"כֹה" הוֹסִיף עֲלֵיהֶם מֹשֶׁה שֶׁנִּתְנַבֵּא בְּ"זֶה הַדָּבָר". וְדָבָר זֶה לֹא הָיָה נוֹהֵג אֶלָּא בַּדּוֹר הַזֶּה, וְהוּא כִּי כָל הַנְּבִיאִים הָיָה שְׁלִיחוּתָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַאֲמַר נְבִיאָתָם כְּפִי הָעֵת וְהַזְּמַן וּכְפִי כֹּחַ הַשָּׂגָתָם כֵּן הִתְנַבְּאוּ, וְעָלָה בְּרוּחַ נְבִיאָתָם אֲשֶׁר דְּבַר נְבוּאָה הַלָּז יִהְיֶה קַיָּם לְעוֹלְמֵי עַד, אַךְ בֶּאֱמֶת נִמְצָא שִׁנּוּיִם כְּפִי עֵרֶךְ דּוֹר וָדוֹר, וְעַל זֶה הוֹסִיף עֲלֵיהֶם מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם לְהִתְנַבּוֹת בְּ"זֶה הַדָּבָר", הַיְינוּ שֶׁהוּא הִשִּׂיג כָּל דָּבָר לְפִי שְׁעָתוֹ וּמְקוֹמוֹ וְהֵבִין כִּי הַנְּבוּאָה אֵינָהּ רַק לִזְמַן וּלְאַחַר זְמַן יַחְפּוֹץ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּעִנְיָן אַחֵר, וְלָכֵן בְּפָרָשַׁת נְדָרִים נֶאֱמַר "זֶה הַדָּבָר" אַף שֶׁהוּא נוֹהֵג לְדוֹרוֹת כִּדְיָלֵיף בַּגְּמָרָא (בבא בתרא ק"כ:) מִשְּׁחוּטֵי חוּץ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן נֶאֱמַר "זֶה הַדָּבָר", כִּי הַנּוֹדֵר מִדָּבָר הוּא לְפִי עֵרֶךְ הַשָּׂגָתוֹ שֶׁדָּבָר הַזֶּה יָרַע לוֹ לַעֲבוֹדַת ה' וְגַם שֶׁאֵין בַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה שׁוּם טוֹבָה, וְלָכֵן נֶאֱמַר "זֶה הַדָּבָר" שֶׁצָּרִיךְ הָאָדָם לְהָבִין כִּי לֹא נֶאֱסַר לוֹ רַק לִזְמַן, וְהַש"י יוּכַל לִתֵּן לוֹ כֹּחַ לְקַבֵּל כָּל הַטּוֹבוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם וְלֹא יִנָּתֵק מֵעֲבוֹדַת הַש"י. אִישׁ כִּי יִדֹּר נֶדֶר. זש"ה (תהלים ק"ד, כ"ד) "מָה רַבּוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ ה' כֻּלָּם בְּחָכְמָה עָשִׂיתָ מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ קִנְיָנֶךָ". כִּי שֹׁרֶשׁ עִנְיַן אִסּוּר נְדָרִים לַאֲשֶׁר בֶּאֱמֶת כָּל הַגְּדָרִים וְהַסְּיָגִים הֵן בְּקוּם וַעֲשֵׂה וְהֵן בְּשֵׁב וְאַל תַּעֲשֶׂה כֻּלָּם הֵם נִכְלָלִים בְּהַתַּרְיַ"ג מִצְוֹת, אַךְ הַתַּרְיַ"ג מִצְוֹת הֵם נִצְרָכִים בְּכָל עֵת וּבְכָל זְמַן לְכָל אָדָם הַכֹּל בְּלִי שִׁנּוּי וּתְמוּרָה בְּשׁוּם עִנְיָן, וְלַאֲשֶׁר נִמְצָא דְּבָרִים בָּעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר לְפִי הַשָּׁעָה הֵם אֲסוּרִים וְלָכֵן אַף אִם יַשְׂכִּיל אֶחָד לֶאֱסֹר עַל עַצְמוֹ אוֹ עַל דּוֹרוֹ וּלְהַגְדִּיר לְפִי הָעֵת עִם כָּל זֶה לֹא הָיָה רַק כְּאִסּוּר דְּרַבָּנָן וְגָדֵר, וְלָכֵן נִתַּן פָּרָשַׁת נְדָרִים, אֲשֶׁר כָּל גָּדֵר לְפִי הָעֵת שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִצְרָךְ יִהְיֶה נִכְלָל בְּדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה וְיִהְיֶה כְּאִסּוּר דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, כִּי בְּעֵת שֶׁנִּצְרָךְ הוּא בֶּאֱמֶת כְּכָל הַתַּרְיַ"ג מִצְוֹת שֶׁנִּמְסְרוּ לְמֹשֶׁה אַךְ שֶׁהֵם מְקַבְּלִים שִׁנּוּי לְפִי הָעֵת וְהַזְּמַן. וְלָכֵן בְּעֵת אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה כָּל אָדָם הַנֶּדֶר בָּעֵת הַהוּא לְהַגְדִּיר אֶת עַצְמוֹ הוּא מַשְׁלִים לְדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה כַּמְבֹאָר בַּגְּמָרָא (שבת קי"ט:) כָּל הָאוֹמֵר "וַיְכֻלּוּ" כְּאִלּוּ נַעֲשָׂה שֻׁתָּף לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית, כִּי תַּכְלִית בְּרִיאַת הָעוֹלָם הָיָה לְמַעַן יִתְהַלֵּל שֵׁם ה', נִמְצָא בְּעֵת אֲשֶׁר כָּל אֶחָד עוֹמֵד לְשַׁבֵּחַ וּלְהוֹדוֹת עַל הַבְּרִיאָה הַזֹּאת הוּא מַשְׁלִים, כְּאִלּוּ נַעֲשָׂה שֻׁתָּף, וּכְמוֹ כֵן בְּעֵת עֲשִׂיַּת גָּדֵר וְנֶדֶר לְפִי הָעֵת מַשְׁלִים אָז לִכְבוֹד הַתּוֹרָה, וְעַל זֶה כָּתוּב [שם] "מָה רַבּוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ ה' כוּ' מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ" כוּ', הַיְנוּ כִּי מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ אַף עַתָּה בְּכָל שָׁעָה וְשָׁעָה "קִנְיָנֶיךָ" הַיְנוּ הַשְׁלָמַת דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה לַעֲשׂוֹת הַשְׁלָמָה בִּדְבָרִים וּסְיָגִים לְאִסּוּר דְּאוֹרַיְתָא. אִישׁ כִּי יִדֹּר נֶדֶר. אִיתָא בְּמַסֶּכֶת נְדָרִים [י.] מַאי קוֹנָם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר לְשׁוֹן נָכְרִים הֵן רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר לָשׁוֹן שֶׁבָּדוּ לָהֶם חֲכָמִים. הָעִנְיָן בָּזֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (איוב כ"ח,כ"ח) "יִרְאַת ה' הִיא חָכְמָה וְסוּר מֵרָע בִּינָה". חָכְמָה, הוּא שֶׁהָאָדָם יַשְׂכִּיל עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְיָבִין לַאֲשׁוּרוֹ אִם נָכוֹן לְפָנָיו לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ וְהַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִכְשַׁר לְפָנָיו יַגְדִּיר אֶת עַצְמוֹ מִמֶּנָּה. וּבִינָה, הִיא כְּשֶׁלֵּב הָאָדָם מְזֻכָּךְ שֶׁלֹּא יָבֹא בְּלִבּוֹ שׁוּם דָּבָר נֶגֶד רְצוֹן הַש"י וְלֹא שׁוּם חֵשֶׁק נֶגֶד רְצוֹן ה'. וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵין עוֹד לִבּוֹ מְזֻכָּךְ צָרִיךְ לִגְדָרִים וּסְיָגִים שֶׁלֹּא יָבֹא לִידֵי מִכְשׁוֹל, וְלָכֵן אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כִּי כָל הַלְּשׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁל נְדָרִים לְשׁוֹן נָכְרִים הֵן כִּי כָל לְשׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁל נָכְרִים נִקְרָא עִלְּגֵי לָשׁוֹן כַּיָּדוּעַ, וְגַם זֶה הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר עֲדַיִן לֹא בָּא לִכְלַל בִּינָה לִהְיוֹת קָבוּעַ בְּלִבּוֹ לְבַל יוּצְטָרֵךְ עוֹד לִגְדָרִים וּסְיָגִים עַל כֵּן לְשׁוֹן נָכְרִים נִקְרָא, וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר לָשׁוֹן שֶׁבָּדוּ לָהֶם חֲכָמִים, כָּל אֶחָד אָמַר לְפִי שָׁרְשׁוֹ, כִּי רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הָיָה צַדִּיק מֵעִקָּרוֹ וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר לְפִי שָׁרְשׁוֹ כִּי רַב חֶסֶד מַטֶּה כְּלַפֵּי חֶסֶד, אַף הַלְּשׁוֹנוֹת הָאֵלּוּ לְשׁוֹן חֲכָמִים הֵם. כִּי ה' בְּרֹב רַחֲמָיו לֹא יַעֲזֹב אֲפִלּוּ כַּוָּנָה לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם אַף שֶׁעוֹדֶנָּה לֹא נִגְמְרָה.
“And Moshe spoke to the heads of the tribes of the children of Israel saying, this is the word which God has commanded.” (Bamidbar, 30:2) “All the prophets prophesied with ‘Ko,’ ‘thus [spoke God],’ Moshe was superior to them all, saying, ‘Ze haDavar,’ ‘this is the word’” (Sifrei Mattot, 2). Moshe’s level of prophecy only occurred in this (Moshe’s) generation. That is to say, all the prophets had a mission to Israel in conveying of their prophecies according to the particular time in which it was said and according to the power of their understanding. They would prophesize within these parameters. It occurred to them in their prophetic spirit that whichever particular word of prophecy they were speaking was enduring for all eternity. Yet truly, there were changes according to the quality of each generation. On this, “Moshe Rabeynu’s level of prophecy was superior to them all, prophesizing with ‘this is the word.’” This means that he understood the prophecy according to its time and place, understanding that a prophecy is only relevant for a particular time, and later God may desire something else. This is why the Parsha’s discussion of the laws of vows opens with “this is the word,” even though it is a commandment incumbent on every generation. This is understood from the Gemara (Baba Batra, 120a–b), “from sacrifices slaughtered outside.” Nonetheless it is introduced with “this is the word,” for one who vows not to do something does so according to the level of his understanding that this abstention will bring him to the service of God. He also understands that this action has nothing inherently good about it. Therefore it is said, “this is the word,” for one must understand that the particular action is only temporarily forbidden to him, and that God can give him the power to receive all the good of the world without being disconnected from the service of the Divine. (When one vows he accepts upon himself to abstain from something permitted, that he won’t eat this food or won’t speak to this person et al, because he knows that he cannot serve God with this action. Zeh hadavar is to say that after the vow is no longer relevant he needs to know that God can give him all manner of goodness from any action that he might have for a vowed to abstain from for a period of time.) “A man who makes a vow .…” (Bamidbar, 30:3) This is as it is written (Tehilim, 104:24), “How great are Your works, God, You have made them all with wisdom, You have filled the land with your possessions.” Here is the root of the matter of the prohibition of vows. Truly, all the boundaries and “fences” (used to protect the source of the law), whether involving an action, or whether involving refraining from an action, are included in the 613 mitzvot. The 613 mitzvot are necessary in every time, for all of Israel, without any kind of change or deviation from the source in any form. Still, we find situations in the world that are temporarily forbidden. In such a case, if one deems it necessary to forbid himself something, or (a legal authority) declares something forbidden to his whole generation, delineated to a specific time, thus it would only carry the weight of a rabbinical prohibition and a “fence.” For this reason, the Torah gives us the discussion of vows, where for the specific time each fence is deemed necessary it will be included in the Torah and carry the weight of a scriptural prohibition. Then when it becomes necessary it will be like one of the 613 mitzvot delivered to Moshe, different only in that it can be changed according to the specific time. Thus any time one takes upon himself a vow, delineating his actions by refraining from something, he is completing the entire structure of the Torah. This is as we have in the Gemara (Shabbat, 119b), “all who say, ‘[thus the heavens and the earth] were completed,’ it is if he is made a partner with the Holy One, blessed be He, in the act of creation.” For the entire purpose of the creation of the world was in order for us to praise God, and at the time each one stands to give praise and thanks for this creation, he is completing it, or made a partner in it, as it were. Similarly, when making a “fence” or a vow for a specific period of time, one is completing the honor of the Torah. On this it is written, “how great are your works, God … You fill the land …” This means “You fill the land,” even now at each and every moment, “with Your possessions,” that is, with the completion of the Torah, to make this completion with words and fences to form Torah-ordained prohibitions. “A man who makes a vow .…” (Bamidbar, 30:3) It is said in the tractate Nedarim (vows) (10a), “what is konam? [Used as a proclamation when one makes a vow of abstinence.] Rabbi Yochanan said it comes from a foreign language. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said that it is a term that sages reserved for vows.” This is similar to what is written (Job, 28:28), “The fear of God is wisdom, to turn from evil is understanding.” Wisdom is when one considers everything carefully, understanding with his approval that the action is proper to do, and separating himself from that which is not proper. Understanding is when his heart is refined to such a degree that nothing against God’s will enters it, nor will he desire anything against the will of the blessed One. For all whose hearts are not yet refined need boundaries and “fences,” so as not to come to failure. Therefore Rabbi Yochanan said that all the terms used for vows of abstention are from foreign languages. In the eyes of the sages foreign languages were likened to stammering, and thus it is with one who has not internalized the concept of understanding, having it fixed in his heart so as not to need the boundaries and fences (of the law). Therefore it is called a “foreign language.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said, “it is a term separated for vows by the sages.” Each one explained konam according to the root of his soul. Rabbi Yochanan was completely righteous from his birth. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, however (a famous Ba’al Teshuva), understood according to his root that “[the Divine attribute of] ‘great mercy’ is a staff tilting those unworthy to the side of mercy” (Rosh Hashanah, 17a). He saw how even those terms from foreign languages were designated by the sages, for God in his great compassion will not abandon any intention for the sake of Heaven even if it is not yet complete.