Rambam discusses the different levels of knowing God and creation, distinguishing between comprehension of principles (bina) and direct apprehension of truths — providing a philosophical-halakhic basis for understanding distinct cognitive levels.
נֶפֶשׁ כָּל בָּשָׂר הִיא צוּרָתוֹ שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ הָאֵל וְהַדַּעַת הַיְתֵרָה הַמְּצוּיָה בְּנַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם הִיא צוּרַת הָאָדָם הַשָּׁלֵם בְּדַעְתּוֹ. וְעַל צוּרָה זוֹ נֶאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁתִּהְיֶה לוֹ צוּרָה הַיּוֹדַעַת וּמַשֶּׂגֶת הַדֵּעוֹת שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם גֹּלֶם כְּמוֹ הַמַּלְאָכִים שֶׁהֵם צוּרָה בְּלֹא גֹּלֶם עַד שֶׁיִּדְמֶה לָהֶן. וְאֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר עַל צוּרָה זוֹ הַנִּכֶּרֶת לָעֵינַיִם שֶׁהִיא הַפֶּה וְהַחֹטֶם וְהַלְּסָתוֹת וּשְׁאָר רשֶׁם הַגּוּף שֶׁזּוֹ תֹּאַר שְׁמָהּ. וְאֵינָהּ הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַמְּצוּיָה לְכָל נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה שֶׁבָּהּ אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה וּמוֹלִיד וּמַרְגִּישׁ וּמְהַרְהֵר. אֶלָּא הַדֵּעָה שֶׁהִיא צוּרַת הַנֶּפֶשׁ וּבְצוּרַת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ. וּפְעָמִים רַבּוֹת תִּקָּרֵא זֹאת הַצּוּרָה נֶפֶשׁ וְרוּחַ. וּלְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לְהִזָּהֵר בִּשְׁמוֹתָן שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעֶה אָדָם בָּהֶן. וְכָל שֵׁם וְשֵׁם יִלָּמֵד מֵעִנְיָנוֹ: אֵין צוּרַת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַזֹּאת מְחֻבֶּרֶת מִן הַיְסוֹדוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּפָּרֵד לָהֶם, וְאֵינָהּ מִכֹּחַ הַנְּשָׁמָה עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא צְרִיכָה לַנְּשָׁמָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַנְּשָׁמָה צְרִיכָה לַגּוּף. אֶלָּא מֵאֵת ה' מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם הִיא. לְפִיכָךְ כְּשֶׁיִּפָּרֵד הַגֹּלֶם שֶׁהוּא מְחֻבָּר מִן הַיְסוֹדוֹת וְתֹאבַד הַנְּשָׁמָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְצוּיָה אֶלָּא עִם הַגּוּף וּצְרִיכָה לַגּוּף בְּכָל מַעֲשֶׂיהָ לֹא תִּכָּרֵת הַצּוּרָה הַזֹּאת. לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה לַנְּשָׁמָה בְּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ. אֶלָּא יוֹדַעַת וּמַשֶּׂגֶת הַדֵּעוֹת הַפְּרוּדוֹת מִן הַגְּלָמִים וְיוֹדַעַת בּוֹרֵא הַכּל וְעוֹמֶדֶת לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים. הוּא שֶׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה בְּחָכְמָתוֹ (קהלת יב ז) "וְיָשֹׁב הֶעָפָר עַל הָאָרֶץ כְּשֶׁהָיָה וְהָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ":
The soul of all flesh is the form which it was given by God. The extra dimension which is found in the soul of man is the form of man who is perfect in his knowledge. Concerning this form, the Torah states [Genesis 1:26]: "Let us make man in our image and in our likeness" - i.e., granting man a form which knows and comprehends ideas that are not material, like the angels, who are form without body, until he can resemble them.[This statement] does not refer to the form of the body perceived by the eye - i.e., the mouth, the nose, the cheeks, and the remainder of the structure of the body. This is referred to as to'ar (appearance). It is not the soul found in all living flesh which allows it to eat, drink, reproduce, feel, and think. Rather, knowledge is the form of this [dimension of] soul and it is concerning this form of the soul, that the verse states: "in our image and in our likeness." Frequently, this form is referred to as nefesh or ruach. Therefore, one must be careful regarding these names, lest another person err regarding them. Each name reveals its characteristics. The form of this soul is not a combination of the fundamental [elements] into which it will ultimately decompose, nor does it come from the neshamah so that it would require the neshamah, as the neshamah requires the body. Rather, it is from God, from heaven. Therefore, when the matter [of the body], which is a combination of the fundamental [elements], decomposes, and the neshamah ceases to exist - for [the neshamah] exists only together with the body and requires the body for all its deeds - this form will not be cut off, for this form does not require the neshamah for its deeds. Rather, it knows and comprehends knowledge which is above matter, knows the Creator of all things, and exists forever. In his wisdom, Solomon [gave this description (Ecclesiastes 12:7 ]: "The dust will return to the Earth as it [originally] was, and the ruach will return to God who granted it."